Higher-order modulations of fs laser pulses for GHz frequency domain photon migration system

Huang-Yi Lin; Nanyu Cheng; Sheng-Hao Tseng; Ming-Che Chan

doi:10.1364/OE.22.003950

Higher-order modulations of fs laser pulses for GHz frequency domain photon migration system

Huang-Yi Lin, Nanyu Cheng, Sheng-Hao Tseng, and Ming-Che Chan

Optics Express
Vol. 22,
Issue 4,
pp. 3950-3958
(2014)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.003950

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Huang-Yi Lin, Nanyu Cheng, Sheng-Hao Tseng, and Ming-Che Chan, "Higher-order modulations of fs laser pulses for GHz frequency domain photon migration system," Opt. Express 22, 3950-3958 (2014)

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Abstract

Except the fundamental modulation frequency, by higher-order-harmonic modulations of mode-locked laser pulses and a simple frequency demodulation circuit, a novel approach to GHz frequency-domain-photon-migration (FDPM) system was reported. With this novel approach, a wide-band modulation frequency comb is available without any external modulation devices and the only electronics to extract the optical attenuation and phase properties at a selected modulation frequency in FDPM systems are good mixers and lock-in devices. This approach greatly expands the frequency range that could be achieved by conventional FDPM systems and suggests that our system could extract much more information from biological tissues than the conventional FDPM systems. Moreover, this demonstration will be beneficial for discerning the minute change of tissue properties.

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References

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A. Cerussi, D. Hsiang, N. Shah, R. Mehta, A. Durkin, J. Butler, and B. J. Tromberg, “Predicting response to breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy using diffuse optical spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(10), 4014–4019 (2007).
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S. H. Tseng, C. K. Hsu, J. Yu-Yun Lee, S. Y. Tzeng, W. R. Chen, and Y. K. Liaw, “Noninvasive evaluation of collagen and hemoglobin contents and scattering property of in vivo keloid scars and normal skin using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(7), 077051 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
S. Haykin, Communication Systems (John Wiley, 1994).
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
L. H. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Q. Zheng, “Mcml - Monte-Carlo Modeling of Light Transport in Multilayered Tissues,” Comput. Meth. Prog. Biol. 47(2), 131–146 (1995).
[Crossref]
R. C. Haskell, L. O. Svaasand, T. T. Tsay, T. C. Feng, M. S. McAdams, and B. J. Tromberg, “Boundary Conditions for the Diffusion Equation in Radiative Transfer,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11(10), 2727–2741 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. A. Boas, M. A. O’Leary, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Detection and characterization of optical inhomogeneities with diffuse photon density waves: a signal-to-noise analysis,” Appl. Opt. 36(1), 75–92 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (3)

S. H. Tseng, C. K. Hsu, J. Yu-Yun Lee, S. Y. Tzeng, W. R. Chen, and Y. K. Liaw, “Noninvasive evaluation of collagen and hemoglobin contents and scattering property of in vivo keloid scars and normal skin using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy: pilot study,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(7), 077051 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Bai, D. M. Ren, W. J. Zhao, Y. C. Qu, L. M. Qian, and Z. L. Chen, “Heterodyne Doppler velocity measurement of moving targets by mode-locked pulse laser,” Opt. Express 20(2), 764–768 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. W. Shi, F. M. Kuo, and J. E. Bowers, “Design and Analysis of Ultra-High-Speed Near-Ballistic Uni-Traveling-Carrier Photodiodes Under a 50-Omega Load for High-Power Performance,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24(7), 533–535 (2012).
[Crossref]

A. Cerussi, D. Hsiang, N. Shah, R. Mehta, A. Durkin, J. Butler, and B. J. Tromberg, “Predicting response to breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy using diffuse optical spectroscopy,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(10), 4014–4019 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

F. Bevilacqua, J. S. You, C. K. Hayakawa, and V. Venugopalan, “Sampling tissue volumes using frequency-domain photon migration,” Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. 69(5), 051908 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

J. Johansson, S. Folestad, M. Josefson, A. Sparén, C. Abrahamsson, S. Andersson-Engels, S. Svanberg, and A. Sparen, “Time-Resolved NIR/Vis Spectroscopy for Analysis of Solids: Pharmaceutical Tablets,” Appl. Spectrosc. 56(6), 725–731 (2002).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

T. H. Pham, O. Coquoz, J. B. Fishkin, E. Anderson, and B. J. Tromberg, “Broad bandwidth frequency domain instrument for quantitative tissue optical spectroscopy,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71(6), 2500–2513 (2000).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

D. A. Boas, M. A. O’Leary, B. Chance, and A. G. Yodh, “Detection and characterization of optical inhomogeneities with diffuse photon density waves: a signal-to-noise analysis,” Appl. Opt. 36(1), 75–92 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1995 (2)

L. H. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Q. Zheng, “Mcml - Monte-Carlo Modeling of Light Transport in Multilayered Tissues,” Comput. Meth. Prog. Biol. 47(2), 131–146 (1995).
[Crossref]

J. B. Fishkin, P. T. C. So, A. E. Cerussi, S. Fantini, M. A. Franceschini, and E. Gratton, “Frequency-Domain Method for Measuring Spectral Properties in Multiple-Scattering Media: Methemoglobin Absorption Spectrum in a Tissuelike Phantom,” Appl. Opt. 34(7), 1143–1155 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1994 (1)

R. C. Haskell, L. O. Svaasand, T. T. Tsay, T. C. Feng, M. S. McAdams, and B. J. Tromberg, “Boundary Conditions for the Diffusion Equation in Radiative Transfer,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11(10), 2727–2741 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1993 (2)

B. J. Tromberg, L. O. Svaasand, T. T. Tsay, and R. C. Haskell, “Properties of photon density waves in multiple-scattering media,” Appl. Opt. 32(4), 607–616 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. A. Prahl, M. J. van Gemert, and A. J. Welch, “Determining the optical properties of turbid mediaby using the adding-doubling method,” Appl. Opt. 32(4), 559–568 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Abrahamsson, C.

Anderson, E.

Andersson-Engels, S.

Bai, Y.

Bargo, P.

Bassi, A.

Bevilacqua, F.

Boas, D. A.

Bowers, J. E.

Butler, J.

Cerussi, A.

Cerussi, A. E.

Chance, B.

Chen, W. R.

Chen, Z. L.

Coquoz, O.

Cubeddu, R.

D’Andrea, C.

Dehaes, M.

Durkin, A.

Fantini, S.

Farina, A.

Feng, T. C.

Fishkin, J. B.

Folestad, S.

Franceschini, M. A.

Grant, P. E.

Gratton, E.

Haskell, R. C.

B. J. Tromberg, L. O. Svaasand, T. T. Tsay, and R. C. Haskell, “Properties of photon density waves in multiple-scattering media,” Appl. Opt. 32(4), 607–616 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hayakawa, C. K.

Hsiang, D.

Hsu, C. K.

Jacques, S. L.

L. H. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Q. Zheng, “Mcml - Monte-Carlo Modeling of Light Transport in Multilayered Tissues,” Comput. Meth. Prog. Biol. 47(2), 131–146 (1995).
[Crossref]

Jiang, S. D.

Johansson, J.

Josefson, M.

Kollias, N.

Kuo, F. M.

Liaw, Y. K.

McAdams, M. S.

Mehta, R.

Nevin, A.

O’Leary, M. A.

Paulsen, K. D.

Pham, T. H.

Pienaar, R.

Pifferi, A.

Pogue, B. W.

Prahl, S. A.

S. A. Prahl, M. J. van Gemert, and A. J. Welch, “Determining the optical properties of turbid mediaby using the adding-doubling method,” Appl. Opt. 32(4), 559–568 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Qian, L. M.

Qu, Y. C.

Ren, D. M.

Roche-Labarbe, N.

Selb, J.

Shah, N.

Shi, J. W.

Sliva, D. D.

So, P. T. C.

Sparen, A.

Sparén, A.

Svaasand, L. O.

B. J. Tromberg, L. O. Svaasand, T. T. Tsay, and R. C. Haskell, “Properties of photon density waves in multiple-scattering media,” Appl. Opt. 32(4), 607–616 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Svanberg, S.

Tromberg, B. J.

B. J. Tromberg, L. O. Svaasand, T. T. Tsay, and R. C. Haskell, “Properties of photon density waves in multiple-scattering media,” Appl. Opt. 32(4), 607–616 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tsay, T. T.

B. J. Tromberg, L. O. Svaasand, T. T. Tsay, and R. C. Haskell, “Properties of photon density waves in multiple-scattering media,” Appl. Opt. 32(4), 607–616 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tseng, S. H.

Tzeng, S. Y.

Valentini, G.

van Gemert, M. J.

S. A. Prahl, M. J. van Gemert, and A. J. Welch, “Determining the optical properties of turbid mediaby using the adding-doubling method,” Appl. Opt. 32(4), 559–568 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Venugopalan, V.

Wang, J.

Wang, L. H.

L. H. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Q. Zheng, “Mcml - Monte-Carlo Modeling of Light Transport in Multilayered Tissues,” Comput. Meth. Prog. Biol. 47(2), 131–146 (1995).
[Crossref]

Welch, A. J.

S. A. Prahl, M. J. van Gemert, and A. J. Welch, “Determining the optical properties of turbid mediaby using the adding-doubling method,” Appl. Opt. 32(4), 559–568 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yodh, A. G.

You, J. S.

Yu-Yun Lee, J.

Zhao, W. J.

Zheng, L. Q.

L. H. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Q. Zheng, “Mcml - Monte-Carlo Modeling of Light Transport in Multilayered Tissues,” Comput. Meth. Prog. Biol. 47(2), 131–146 (1995).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (6)

B. J. Tromberg, L. O. Svaasand, T. T. Tsay, and R. C. Haskell, “Properties of photon density waves in multiple-scattering media,” Appl. Opt. 32(4), 607–616 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. A. Prahl, M. J. van Gemert, and A. J. Welch, “Determining the optical properties of turbid mediaby using the adding-doubling method,” Appl. Opt. 32(4), 559–568 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Spectrosc. (1)

Biomed. Opt. Express (1)

Comput. Meth. Prog. Biol. (1)

L. H. Wang, S. L. Jacques, and L. Q. Zheng, “Mcml - Monte-Carlo Modeling of Light Transport in Multilayered Tissues,” Comput. Meth. Prog. Biol. 47(2), 131–146 (1995).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

J. Biomed. Opt. (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

Opt. Express (3)

Phys. Rev. E Stat. Nonlin. Soft Matter Phys. (1)

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1)

Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1)

Other (3)

S. H. Tseng, A. J. Durkin, P. Wilder-Smith, D. Cuccia, F. Bevilacqua, A. G. Durkin, and B. J. Tromberg, “Diffuse, Near Infrared Spectroscopy of in-vivo Oral Tissues,” poster in Engineering Foundation Conference. 2003. Banff, Canada.

S. Haykin, Communication Systems (John Wiley, 1994).

J. T. Verdeyener, Laser Electronics (Prentice-Hall, 1995).

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Fig. 1

Operation principles of high-frequency FDPM system. (a): Periodic mode-locked laser pulse trains with period T and pulse duration. (b): The Fourier transform of mode-locked laser pulse trains. A(f) means the amplitude in the frequency domain and is equal to the Fourier transform of A(t). (c): The bandwidth Fourier transforms in the frequency domain is determined by the pulse width. The fundamental modulation frequency (demonstrated in previous report) is labeled by a green line and the higher-order modulation frequencies (demonstrated in this report) are labeled by blue lines.

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Fig. 2

(a) Schematic for proposed FDPM system. Abbreviations: BS beam splitter, PD1 and PD2 photodetector, LPF 10MHz electrical low-pass filters. (b) Operation principles of frequency demodulation circuits. δ is the detuning frequency for lock-in detection.

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Fig. 3

(a) Optical spectrum and (b) auto-correlation traces of the excitation femtosecond pulses. (c) Electrical spectrum of the modulated signals. (d) The relationship between OMF and EDF in previous work and this work.

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Fig. 4

(a) Amplitude ratio and (b) phase difference as a function of frequency. Squares and lines represent the raw data and the best fit of the diffusion theory, respectively.

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Equations (4)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

R F = \sum_{K} A_{K} \cos (2 π f_{K} t + Φ_{K})

L O = A_{C} \cos (2 π f_{C} t + Φ_{C})

R F = A_{N} \cos (2 π f_{N} t + Φ_{N})

\begin{array}{l} I F = \\ (\frac{1}{2}) A_{N} A_{C} \cos [2 π (2 f_{N} t + δ) t + (Φ_{N} + Φ_{C})] + (\frac{1}{2}) A_{N} A_{C} \cos [2 π (δ) t + (Φ_{N} - Φ_{C})] \end{array}

Abstract

References

2012 (3)

2011 (1)

2009 (3)

2007 (2)

2004 (1)

2002 (1)

2000 (1)

1997 (1)

1995 (2)

1994 (1)

1993 (2)

Abrahamsson, C.

Anderson, E.

Andersson-Engels, S.

Bai, Y.

Bargo, P.

Bassi, A.

Bevilacqua, F.

Boas, D. A.

Bowers, J. E.

Butler, J.

Cerussi, A.

Cerussi, A. E.

Chance, B.

Chen, W. R.

Chen, Z. L.

Coquoz, O.

Cubeddu, R.

D’Andrea, C.

Dehaes, M.

Durkin, A.

Fantini, S.

Farina, A.

Feng, T. C.

Fishkin, J. B.

Folestad, S.

Franceschini, M. A.

Grant, P. E.

Gratton, E.

Haskell, R. C.

Hayakawa, C. K.

Hsiang, D.

Hsu, C. K.

Jacques, S. L.

Jiang, S. D.

Johansson, J.

Josefson, M.

Kollias, N.

Kuo, F. M.

Liaw, Y. K.

McAdams, M. S.

Mehta, R.

Nevin, A.

O’Leary, M. A.

Paulsen, K. D.

Pham, T. H.

Pienaar, R.

Pifferi, A.

Pogue, B. W.

Prahl, S. A.

Qian, L. M.

Qu, Y. C.

Ren, D. M.

Roche-Labarbe, N.

Selb, J.

Shah, N.

Shi, J. W.

Sliva, D. D.

So, P. T. C.

Sparen, A.

Sparén, A.

Svaasand, L. O.

Svanberg, S.

Tromberg, B. J.

Tsay, T. T.

Tseng, S. H.

Tzeng, S. Y.

Valentini, G.