Spatially selective photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence and application to background reduction for biomolecule detection assays

Vikram Chaudhery; Cheng-Sheng Huang; Anusha Pokhriyal; James Polans; Brian T. Cunningham

doi:10.1364/OE.19.023327

Spatially selective photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence and application to background reduction for biomolecule detection assays

Vikram Chaudhery, Cheng-Sheng Huang, Anusha Pokhriyal, James Polans, and Brian T. Cunningham

Optics Express
Vol. 19,
Issue 23,
pp. 23327-23340
(2011)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.023327

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Vikram Chaudhery, Cheng-Sheng Huang, Anusha Pokhriyal, James Polans, and Brian T. Cunningham, "Spatially selective photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence and application to background reduction for biomolecule detection assays," Opt. Express 19, 23327-23340 (2011)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Photonic Crystals and Devices
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Photonic crystals (050.5298)
- Fluorescence microscopy (180.2520)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: September 14, 2011
- Revised Manuscript: October 14, 2011
- Manuscript Accepted: October 16, 2011
- Published: November 1, 2011
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 7, Iss. 1

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

By combining photonic crystal label-free biosensor imaging with photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence, it is possible to selectively enhance the fluorescence emission from regions of the PC surface based upon the density of immobilized capture molecules. A label-free image of the capture molecules enables determination of optimal coupling conditions of the laser used for fluorescence imaging of the photonic crystal surface on a pixel-by-pixel basis, allowing maximization of fluorescence enhancement factor from regions incorporating a biomolecule capture spot and minimization of background autofluorescence from areas between capture spots. This capability significantly improves the contrast of enhanced fluorescent images, and when applied to an antibody protein microarray, provides a substantial advantage over conventional fluorescence microscopy. Using the new approach, we demonstrate detection limits as low as 0.97 pg/ml for a representative protein biomarker in buffer.

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[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. C. Zangar, S. M. Varnum, and N. Bollinger, “Studying cellular processes and detecting disease with protein microarrays,” Drug Metab. Rev. 37(3), 473–487 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. C. Zangar, D. S. Daly, and A. M. White, “ELISA microarray technology as a high-throughput system for cancer biomarker validation,” Expert Rev. Proteomics 3(1), 37–44 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. F. Kingsmore, “Multiplexed protein measurement: technologies and applications of protein and antibody arrays,” Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 5(4), 310–321 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
G. MacBeath and S. L. Schreiber, “Printing proteins as microarrays for high-throughput function determination,” Science 289(5485), 1760–1763 (2000).
[PubMed]
H. Jin and R. C. Zangar, “Protein modifications as potential biomarkers in breast cancer,” Biomark. Insights 4, 191–200 (2009).
[PubMed]
Y. Arima, Y. Teramura, H. Takiguchi, K. Kawano, H. Kotera, and H. Iwata, “Surface plasmon resonance and surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy for sensitive detection of tumor markers,” Methods Mol. Biol. 503, 3–20 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. Shtoyko, E. G. Matveeva, I.-F. Chang, Z. Gryczynski, E. Goldys, and I. Gryczynski, “Enhanced fluorescent immunoassays on silver fractal-like structures,” Anal. Chem. 80(6), 1962–1966 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. D. Geddes, A. Parfenov, D. Roll, M. J. Uddin, and J. R. Lakowicz, “Fluorescence Spectral Properties of Indocyanine Green on a Roughened Platinum Electrode: Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence,” J. Fluoresc. 13(6), 453–457 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Fu and J. R. Lakowicz, “Enhanced fluorescence of Cy5-labeled DNA tethered to silver island films: fluorescence images and time-resolved studies using single-molecule spectroscopy,” Anal. Chem. 78(17), 6238–6245 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. R. Lakowicz, “Radiative decay engineering 5: metal-enhanced fluorescence and plasmon emission,” Anal. Biochem. 337(2), 171–194 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
K. Sokolov, G. Chumanov, and T. M. Cotton, “Enhancement of molecular fluorescence near the surface of colloidal metal films,” Anal. Chem. 70(18), 3898–3905 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Kümmerlen, A. Leitner, H. Brunner, F. R. Aussenegg, and A. Wokaun, “Enhanced dye fluorescence over silver island films: analysis of the distance dependence,” Mol. Phys. 80(5), 1031–1046 (1993).
[Crossref]
A. Pokhriyal, M. Lu, V. Chaudhery, C.-S. Huang, S. Schulz, and B. T. Cunningham, “Photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence using a quartz substrate to reduce limits of detection,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24793–24808 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Y. Wu, W. Zhang, P. C. Mathias, and B. T. Cunningham, “Magnification of photonic crystal fluorescence enhancement via TM resonance excitation and TE resonance extraction on a dielectric nanorod surface,” Nanotechnology 21(12), 125–203 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
N. Ganesh, W. Zhang, P. C. Mathias, E. Chow, J. A. N. T. Soares, V. Malyarchuk, A. D. Smith, and B. T. Cunningham, “Enhanced fluorescence emission from quantum dots on a photonic crystal surface,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 2(8), 515–520 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
N. Ganesh, P. C. Mathias, W. Zhang, and B. T. Cunningham, “Distance dependence of fluorescence enhancement from photonic crystal surfaces,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(8), 083104 (2008).
[Crossref]
I. D. Block, L. L. Chan, and B. T. Cunningham, “Photonic crystal optical biosensor incorporating structured low-index porous dielectric,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 120(1), 187–193 (2006).
[Crossref]
N. Ganesh and B. T. Cunningham, “Photonic-crystal near-ultraviolet reflectance filters fabricated by nanoreplica molding,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(7), 071110–071113 (2006).
[Crossref]
I. D. Block, L. L. Chan, and B. T. Cunningham, “Large-Area submicron replica molding of porous low-k dielectric films and application to photonic crystal biosensor fabrication,” Microelectron. Eng. 84(4), 603–608 (2007).
[Crossref]
S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. Renstrom, “Imprint of sub-25 nm vias and trenches in polymers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(21), 3114–3116 (1995).
[Crossref]
S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. Renstrom, “Imprint Lithography with 25-Nanometer Resolution,” Science 272(5258), 85–87 (1996).
[Crossref]
P. C. Mathias, H.-Y. Wu, and B. T. Cunningham, “Employing two distinct photonic crystal resonances to improve fluorescence enhancement,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(2), 021111 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
I. D. Block, P. C. Mathias, N. Ganesh, S. I. Jones, B. R. Dorvel, V. Chaudhery, L. O. Vodkin, R. Bashir, and B. T. Cunningham, “A detection instrument for enhanced-fluorescence and label-free imaging on photonic crystal surfaces,” Opt. Express 17(15), 13222–13235 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, C. S. Huang, S. George, and B. T. Cunningham, “Photobleaching on photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence surfaces,” J. Fluoresc. 21(2), 707–714 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. C. Mathias, S. I. Jones, H. Y. Wu, F. Yang, N. Ganesh, D. O. Gonzalez, G. Bollero, L. O. Vodkin, and B. T. Cunningham, “Improved sensitivity of DNA microarrays using photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence,” Anal. Chem. 82(16), 6854–6861 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. C. Mathias, N. Ganesh, and B. T. Cunningham, “Application of photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence to a cytokine immunoassay,” Anal. Chem. 80(23), 9013–9020 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C.-S. Huang, S. George, M. Lu, V. Chaudhery, R. Tan, R. C. Zangar, and B. T. Cunningham, “Application of photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence to cancer biomarker microarrays,” Anal. Chem. 83(4), 1425–1430 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. T. Cunningham, B. Lin, J. Qiu, P. Li, J. Pepper, and B. Hugh, “A plastic colorimetric resonant optical biosensor for multiparallel detection of label-free biochemical interactions,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 85(3), 219–226 (2002).
[Crossref]
B. T. Cunningham, P. Li, S. Schulz, B. Lin, C. Baird, J. Gerstenmaier, C. Genick, F. Wang, E. Fine, and L. Laing, “Label-free assays on the BIND system,” J. Biomol. Screen. 9(6), 481–490 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
W. A. Challener, J. D. Edwards, R. W. McGowan, J. Skorjanec, and Z. Yang, “A multilayer grating-based evanescent wave sensing technique,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 71(1-2), 42–46 (2000).
[Crossref]
S. George, I. D. Block, S. I. Jones, P. C. Mathias, V. Chaudhery, P. Vuttipittayamongkol, H. Y. Wu, L. O. Vodkin, and B. T. Cunningham, “Label-free prehybridization DNA microarray imaging using photonic crystals for quantitative spot quality analysis,” Anal. Chem. 82(20), 8551–8557 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, A. Pokhriyal, S. C. Schulz, and B. T. Cunningham, “Angle-scanning photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence microscopy,” IEEE Sens. J. (Accepted).
R. Zangar, R. Woodbury, and S. Varnum, “Development of a user-friendly microarray ELISA for the analysis of potential protein markers of breast cancer,” FASEB J. 17, A986–A986 (2003).
R. L. Woodbury, S. M. Varnum, and R. C. Zangar, “Elevated HGF levels in sera from breast cancer patients detected using a protein microarray ELISA,” J. Proteome Res. 1(3), 233–237 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. L. Seurynck-Servoss, C. L. Baird, K. D. Rodland, and R. C. Zangar, “Surface chemistries for antibody microarrays,” Front. Biosci. 12(8-12), 3956–3964 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. M. Gonzalez, S. L. Seurynck-Servoss, S. A. Crowley, M. Brown, G. S. Omenn, D. F. Hayes, and R. C. Zangar, “Development and validation of sandwich ELISA microarrays with minimal assay interference,” J. Proteome Res. 7(6), 2406–2414 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. C. Zangar, D. S. Daly, A. M. White, S. L. Servoss, R. M. Tan, and J. R. Collett, “ProMAT calibrator: A tool for reducing experimental bias in antibody microarrays,” J. Proteome Res. 8(8), 3937–3943 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. M. Varnum, R. L. Woodbury, and R. C. Zangar, “A protein microarray ELISA for screening biological fluids,” Methods Mol. Biol. 264, 161–172 (2004).
[PubMed]
S. L. Servoss, R. Gonzalez, S. Varnum, and R. C. Zangar, “High-throughput analysis of serum antigens using sandwich ELISAs on microarrays,” Methods Mol. Biol. 520, 143–150 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (2)

V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, C. S. Huang, S. George, and B. T. Cunningham, “Photobleaching on photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence surfaces,” J. Fluoresc. 21(2), 707–714 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C.-S. Huang, S. George, M. Lu, V. Chaudhery, R. Tan, R. C. Zangar, and B. T. Cunningham, “Application of photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence to cancer biomarker microarrays,” Anal. Chem. 83(4), 1425–1430 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (4)

S. George, I. D. Block, S. I. Jones, P. C. Mathias, V. Chaudhery, P. Vuttipittayamongkol, H. Y. Wu, L. O. Vodkin, and B. T. Cunningham, “Label-free prehybridization DNA microarray imaging using photonic crystals for quantitative spot quality analysis,” Anal. Chem. 82(20), 8551–8557 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. C. Mathias, S. I. Jones, H. Y. Wu, F. Yang, N. Ganesh, D. O. Gonzalez, G. Bollero, L. O. Vodkin, and B. T. Cunningham, “Improved sensitivity of DNA microarrays using photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence,” Anal. Chem. 82(16), 6854–6861 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pokhriyal, M. Lu, V. Chaudhery, C.-S. Huang, S. Schulz, and B. T. Cunningham, “Photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence using a quartz substrate to reduce limits of detection,” Opt. Express 18(24), 24793–24808 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Y. Wu, W. Zhang, P. C. Mathias, and B. T. Cunningham, “Magnification of photonic crystal fluorescence enhancement via TM resonance excitation and TE resonance extraction on a dielectric nanorod surface,” Nanotechnology 21(12), 125–203 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (6)

H. Jin and R. C. Zangar, “Protein modifications as potential biomarkers in breast cancer,” Biomark. Insights 4, 191–200 (2009).
[PubMed]

Y. Arima, Y. Teramura, H. Takiguchi, K. Kawano, H. Kotera, and H. Iwata, “Surface plasmon resonance and surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy for sensitive detection of tumor markers,” Methods Mol. Biol. 503, 3–20 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. C. Mathias, H.-Y. Wu, and B. T. Cunningham, “Employing two distinct photonic crystal resonances to improve fluorescence enhancement,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(2), 021111 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. D. Block, P. C. Mathias, N. Ganesh, S. I. Jones, B. R. Dorvel, V. Chaudhery, L. O. Vodkin, R. Bashir, and B. T. Cunningham, “A detection instrument for enhanced-fluorescence and label-free imaging on photonic crystal surfaces,” Opt. Express 17(15), 13222–13235 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. C. Zangar, D. S. Daly, A. M. White, S. L. Servoss, R. M. Tan, and J. R. Collett, “ProMAT calibrator: A tool for reducing experimental bias in antibody microarrays,” J. Proteome Res. 8(8), 3937–3943 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. L. Servoss, R. Gonzalez, S. Varnum, and R. C. Zangar, “High-throughput analysis of serum antigens using sandwich ELISAs on microarrays,” Methods Mol. Biol. 520, 143–150 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (4)

R. M. Gonzalez, S. L. Seurynck-Servoss, S. A. Crowley, M. Brown, G. S. Omenn, D. F. Hayes, and R. C. Zangar, “Development and validation of sandwich ELISA microarrays with minimal assay interference,” J. Proteome Res. 7(6), 2406–2414 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. C. Mathias, N. Ganesh, and B. T. Cunningham, “Application of photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence to a cytokine immunoassay,” Anal. Chem. 80(23), 9013–9020 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Ganesh, P. C. Mathias, W. Zhang, and B. T. Cunningham, “Distance dependence of fluorescence enhancement from photonic crystal surfaces,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(8), 083104 (2008).
[Crossref]

T. Shtoyko, E. G. Matveeva, I.-F. Chang, Z. Gryczynski, E. Goldys, and I. Gryczynski, “Enhanced fluorescent immunoassays on silver fractal-like structures,” Anal. Chem. 80(6), 1962–1966 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (3)

N. Ganesh, W. Zhang, P. C. Mathias, E. Chow, J. A. N. T. Soares, V. Malyarchuk, A. D. Smith, and B. T. Cunningham, “Enhanced fluorescence emission from quantum dots on a photonic crystal surface,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 2(8), 515–520 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. D. Block, L. L. Chan, and B. T. Cunningham, “Large-Area submicron replica molding of porous low-k dielectric films and application to photonic crystal biosensor fabrication,” Microelectron. Eng. 84(4), 603–608 (2007).
[Crossref]

S. L. Seurynck-Servoss, C. L. Baird, K. D. Rodland, and R. C. Zangar, “Surface chemistries for antibody microarrays,” Front. Biosci. 12(8-12), 3956–3964 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (7)

I. D. Block, L. L. Chan, and B. T. Cunningham, “Photonic crystal optical biosensor incorporating structured low-index porous dielectric,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 120(1), 187–193 (2006).
[Crossref]

N. Ganesh and B. T. Cunningham, “Photonic-crystal near-ultraviolet reflectance filters fabricated by nanoreplica molding,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(7), 071110–071113 (2006).
[Crossref]

R. C. Zangar, D. S. Daly, and A. M. White, “ELISA microarray technology as a high-throughput system for cancer biomarker validation,” Expert Rev. Proteomics 3(1), 37–44 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. F. Kingsmore, “Multiplexed protein measurement: technologies and applications of protein and antibody arrays,” Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 5(4), 310–321 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Fu and J. R. Lakowicz, “Enhanced fluorescence of Cy5-labeled DNA tethered to silver island films: fluorescence images and time-resolved studies using single-molecule spectroscopy,” Anal. Chem. 78(17), 6238–6245 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. R. Sabanayagam and J. R. Lakowicz, “Increasing the sensitivity of DNA microarrays by metal-enhanced fluorescence using surface-bound silver nanoparticles,” Nucleic Acids Res. 35(2), e13 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (3)

R. C. Zangar, S. M. Varnum, and N. Bollinger, “Studying cellular processes and detecting disease with protein microarrays,” Drug Metab. Rev. 37(3), 473–487 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. A. Irizarry, D. Warren, F. Spencer, I. F. Kim, S. Biswal, B. C. Frank, E. Gabrielson, J. G. Garcia, J. Geoghegan, G. Germino, C. Griffin, S. C. Hilmer, E. Hoffman, A. E. Jedlicka, E. Kawasaki, F. Martínez-Murillo, L. Morsberger, H. Lee, D. Petersen, J. Quackenbush, A. Scott, M. Wilson, Y. Yang, S. Q. Ye, and W. Yu, “Multiple-laboratory comparison of microarray platforms,” Nat. Methods 2(5), 345–350 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. R. Lakowicz, “Radiative decay engineering 5: metal-enhanced fluorescence and plasmon emission,” Anal. Biochem. 337(2), 171–194 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (2)

B. T. Cunningham, P. Li, S. Schulz, B. Lin, C. Baird, J. Gerstenmaier, C. Genick, F. Wang, E. Fine, and L. Laing, “Label-free assays on the BIND system,” J. Biomol. Screen. 9(6), 481–490 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. M. Varnum, R. L. Woodbury, and R. C. Zangar, “A protein microarray ELISA for screening biological fluids,” Methods Mol. Biol. 264, 161–172 (2004).
[PubMed]

2003 (2)

R. Zangar, R. Woodbury, and S. Varnum, “Development of a user-friendly microarray ELISA for the analysis of potential protein markers of breast cancer,” FASEB J. 17, A986–A986 (2003).

C. D. Geddes, A. Parfenov, D. Roll, M. J. Uddin, and J. R. Lakowicz, “Fluorescence Spectral Properties of Indocyanine Green on a Roughened Platinum Electrode: Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence,” J. Fluoresc. 13(6), 453–457 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (2)

R. L. Woodbury, S. M. Varnum, and R. C. Zangar, “Elevated HGF levels in sera from breast cancer patients detected using a protein microarray ELISA,” J. Proteome Res. 1(3), 233–237 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. T. Cunningham, B. Lin, J. Qiu, P. Li, J. Pepper, and B. Hugh, “A plastic colorimetric resonant optical biosensor for multiparallel detection of label-free biochemical interactions,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 85(3), 219–226 (2002).
[Crossref]

2000 (2)

W. A. Challener, J. D. Edwards, R. W. McGowan, J. Skorjanec, and Z. Yang, “A multilayer grating-based evanescent wave sensing technique,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 71(1-2), 42–46 (2000).
[Crossref]

G. MacBeath and S. L. Schreiber, “Printing proteins as microarrays for high-throughput function determination,” Science 289(5485), 1760–1763 (2000).
[PubMed]

1998 (1)

K. Sokolov, G. Chumanov, and T. M. Cotton, “Enhancement of molecular fluorescence near the surface of colloidal metal films,” Anal. Chem. 70(18), 3898–3905 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (1)

S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. Renstrom, “Imprint Lithography with 25-Nanometer Resolution,” Science 272(5258), 85–87 (1996).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. Renstrom, “Imprint of sub-25 nm vias and trenches in polymers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(21), 3114–3116 (1995).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

J. Kümmerlen, A. Leitner, H. Brunner, F. R. Aussenegg, and A. Wokaun, “Enhanced dye fluorescence over silver island films: analysis of the distance dependence,” Mol. Phys. 80(5), 1031–1046 (1993).
[Crossref]

Arima, Y.

Aussenegg, F. R.

Baird, C.

Baird, C. L.

S. L. Seurynck-Servoss, C. L. Baird, K. D. Rodland, and R. C. Zangar, “Surface chemistries for antibody microarrays,” Front. Biosci. 12(8-12), 3956–3964 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bashir, R.

Biswal, S.

Block, I. D.

Bollero, G.

Bollinger, N.

R. C. Zangar, S. M. Varnum, and N. Bollinger, “Studying cellular processes and detecting disease with protein microarrays,” Drug Metab. Rev. 37(3), 473–487 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Brown, M.

Brunner, H.

Challener, W. A.

Chan, L. L.

Chang, I.-F.

Chaudhery, V.

V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, C. S. Huang, S. George, and B. T. Cunningham, “Photobleaching on photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence surfaces,” J. Fluoresc. 21(2), 707–714 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, A. Pokhriyal, S. C. Schulz, and B. T. Cunningham, “Angle-scanning photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence microscopy,” IEEE Sens. J. (Accepted).

Chou, S. Y.

S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. Renstrom, “Imprint Lithography with 25-Nanometer Resolution,” Science 272(5258), 85–87 (1996).
[Crossref]

S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. Renstrom, “Imprint of sub-25 nm vias and trenches in polymers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(21), 3114–3116 (1995).
[Crossref]

Chow, E.

Chumanov, G.

K. Sokolov, G. Chumanov, and T. M. Cotton, “Enhancement of molecular fluorescence near the surface of colloidal metal films,” Anal. Chem. 70(18), 3898–3905 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Collett, J. R.

Cotton, T. M.

K. Sokolov, G. Chumanov, and T. M. Cotton, “Enhancement of molecular fluorescence near the surface of colloidal metal films,” Anal. Chem. 70(18), 3898–3905 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Crowley, S. A.

Cunningham, B. T.

V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, C. S. Huang, S. George, and B. T. Cunningham, “Photobleaching on photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence surfaces,” J. Fluoresc. 21(2), 707–714 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Ganesh, P. C. Mathias, W. Zhang, and B. T. Cunningham, “Distance dependence of fluorescence enhancement from photonic crystal surfaces,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(8), 083104 (2008).
[Crossref]

P. C. Mathias, N. Ganesh, and B. T. Cunningham, “Application of photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence to a cytokine immunoassay,” Anal. Chem. 80(23), 9013–9020 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Ganesh and B. T. Cunningham, “Photonic-crystal near-ultraviolet reflectance filters fabricated by nanoreplica molding,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(7), 071110–071113 (2006).
[Crossref]

V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, A. Pokhriyal, S. C. Schulz, and B. T. Cunningham, “Angle-scanning photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence microscopy,” IEEE Sens. J. (Accepted).

Daly, D. S.

Dorvel, B. R.

Edwards, J. D.

Fine, E.

Frank, B. C.

Fu, Y.

Gabrielson, E.

Ganesh, N.

N. Ganesh, P. C. Mathias, W. Zhang, and B. T. Cunningham, “Distance dependence of fluorescence enhancement from photonic crystal surfaces,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(8), 083104 (2008).
[Crossref]

P. C. Mathias, N. Ganesh, and B. T. Cunningham, “Application of photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence to a cytokine immunoassay,” Anal. Chem. 80(23), 9013–9020 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Ganesh and B. T. Cunningham, “Photonic-crystal near-ultraviolet reflectance filters fabricated by nanoreplica molding,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(7), 071110–071113 (2006).
[Crossref]

Garcia, J. G.

Geddes, C. D.

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V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, C. S. Huang, S. George, and B. T. Cunningham, “Photobleaching on photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence surfaces,” J. Fluoresc. 21(2), 707–714 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Germino, G.

Gerstenmaier, J.

Goldys, E.

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Gryczynski, Z.

Hayes, D. F.

Hilmer, S. C.

Hoffman, E.

Huang, C. S.

V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, C. S. Huang, S. George, and B. T. Cunningham, “Photobleaching on photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence surfaces,” J. Fluoresc. 21(2), 707–714 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Huang, C.-S.

Hugh, B.

Irizarry, R. A.

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H. Jin and R. C. Zangar, “Protein modifications as potential biomarkers in breast cancer,” Biomark. Insights 4, 191–200 (2009).
[PubMed]

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Kawano, K.

Kawasaki, E.

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S. F. Kingsmore, “Multiplexed protein measurement: technologies and applications of protein and antibody arrays,” Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 5(4), 310–321 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kotera, H.

Krauss, P. R.

S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. Renstrom, “Imprint Lithography with 25-Nanometer Resolution,” Science 272(5258), 85–87 (1996).
[Crossref]

S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. Renstrom, “Imprint of sub-25 nm vias and trenches in polymers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(21), 3114–3116 (1995).
[Crossref]

Kümmerlen, J.

Laing, L.

Lakowicz, J. R.

J. R. Lakowicz, “Radiative decay engineering 5: metal-enhanced fluorescence and plasmon emission,” Anal. Biochem. 337(2), 171–194 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, H.

Leitner, A.

Li, P.

Lin, B.

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V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, C. S. Huang, S. George, and B. T. Cunningham, “Photobleaching on photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence surfaces,” J. Fluoresc. 21(2), 707–714 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, A. Pokhriyal, S. C. Schulz, and B. T. Cunningham, “Angle-scanning photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence microscopy,” IEEE Sens. J. (Accepted).

MacBeath, G.

G. MacBeath and S. L. Schreiber, “Printing proteins as microarrays for high-throughput function determination,” Science 289(5485), 1760–1763 (2000).
[PubMed]

Malyarchuk, V.

Martínez-Murillo, F.

Mathias, P. C.

N. Ganesh, P. C. Mathias, W. Zhang, and B. T. Cunningham, “Distance dependence of fluorescence enhancement from photonic crystal surfaces,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(8), 083104 (2008).
[Crossref]

P. C. Mathias, N. Ganesh, and B. T. Cunningham, “Application of photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence to a cytokine immunoassay,” Anal. Chem. 80(23), 9013–9020 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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McGowan, R. W.

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Pokhriyal, A.

V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, A. Pokhriyal, S. C. Schulz, and B. T. Cunningham, “Angle-scanning photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence microscopy,” IEEE Sens. J. (Accepted).

Qiu, J.

Quackenbush, J.

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S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. Renstrom, “Imprint Lithography with 25-Nanometer Resolution,” Science 272(5258), 85–87 (1996).
[Crossref]

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[Crossref]

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S. L. Seurynck-Servoss, C. L. Baird, K. D. Rodland, and R. C. Zangar, “Surface chemistries for antibody microarrays,” Front. Biosci. 12(8-12), 3956–3964 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Sabanayagam, C. R.

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G. MacBeath and S. L. Schreiber, “Printing proteins as microarrays for high-throughput function determination,” Science 289(5485), 1760–1763 (2000).
[PubMed]

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Schulz, S. C.

V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, A. Pokhriyal, S. C. Schulz, and B. T. Cunningham, “Angle-scanning photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence microscopy,” IEEE Sens. J. (Accepted).

Scott, A.

Servoss, S. L.

Seurynck-Servoss, S. L.

S. L. Seurynck-Servoss, C. L. Baird, K. D. Rodland, and R. C. Zangar, “Surface chemistries for antibody microarrays,” Front. Biosci. 12(8-12), 3956–3964 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shtoyko, T.

Skorjanec, J.

Smith, A. D.

Soares, J. A. N. T.

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K. Sokolov, G. Chumanov, and T. M. Cotton, “Enhancement of molecular fluorescence near the surface of colloidal metal films,” Anal. Chem. 70(18), 3898–3905 (1998).
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Takiguchi, H.

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Varnum, S. M.

R. C. Zangar, S. M. Varnum, and N. Bollinger, “Studying cellular processes and detecting disease with protein microarrays,” Drug Metab. Rev. 37(3), 473–487 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. M. Varnum, R. L. Woodbury, and R. C. Zangar, “A protein microarray ELISA for screening biological fluids,” Methods Mol. Biol. 264, 161–172 (2004).
[PubMed]

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Vuttipittayamongkol, P.

Wang, F.

Warren, D.

White, A. M.

Wilson, M.

Wokaun, A.

Woodbury, R.

R. Zangar, R. Woodbury, and S. Varnum, “Development of a user-friendly microarray ELISA for the analysis of potential protein markers of breast cancer,” FASEB J. 17, A986–A986 (2003).

Woodbury, R. L.

S. M. Varnum, R. L. Woodbury, and R. C. Zangar, “A protein microarray ELISA for screening biological fluids,” Methods Mol. Biol. 264, 161–172 (2004).
[PubMed]

Wu, H. Y.

Wu, H.-Y.

Yang, F.

Yang, Y.

Yang, Z.

Ye, S. Q.

Yu, W.

Zangar, R.

R. Zangar, R. Woodbury, and S. Varnum, “Development of a user-friendly microarray ELISA for the analysis of potential protein markers of breast cancer,” FASEB J. 17, A986–A986 (2003).

Zangar, R. C.

H. Jin and R. C. Zangar, “Protein modifications as potential biomarkers in breast cancer,” Biomark. Insights 4, 191–200 (2009).
[PubMed]

S. L. Seurynck-Servoss, C. L. Baird, K. D. Rodland, and R. C. Zangar, “Surface chemistries for antibody microarrays,” Front. Biosci. 12(8-12), 3956–3964 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. C. Zangar, S. M. Varnum, and N. Bollinger, “Studying cellular processes and detecting disease with protein microarrays,” Drug Metab. Rev. 37(3), 473–487 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. M. Varnum, R. L. Woodbury, and R. C. Zangar, “A protein microarray ELISA for screening biological fluids,” Methods Mol. Biol. 264, 161–172 (2004).
[PubMed]

Zhang, W.

N. Ganesh, P. C. Mathias, W. Zhang, and B. T. Cunningham, “Distance dependence of fluorescence enhancement from photonic crystal surfaces,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(8), 083104 (2008).
[Crossref]

Anal. Biochem. (1)

J. R. Lakowicz, “Radiative decay engineering 5: metal-enhanced fluorescence and plasmon emission,” Anal. Biochem. 337(2), 171–194 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Anal. Chem. (8)

K. Sokolov, G. Chumanov, and T. M. Cotton, “Enhancement of molecular fluorescence near the surface of colloidal metal films,” Anal. Chem. 70(18), 3898–3905 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. C. Mathias, N. Ganesh, and B. T. Cunningham, “Application of photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence to a cytokine immunoassay,” Anal. Chem. 80(23), 9013–9020 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (3)

N. Ganesh and B. T. Cunningham, “Photonic-crystal near-ultraviolet reflectance filters fabricated by nanoreplica molding,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(7), 071110–071113 (2006).
[Crossref]

S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. Renstrom, “Imprint of sub-25 nm vias and trenches in polymers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 67(21), 3114–3116 (1995).
[Crossref]

Biomark. Insights (1)

H. Jin and R. C. Zangar, “Protein modifications as potential biomarkers in breast cancer,” Biomark. Insights 4, 191–200 (2009).
[PubMed]

Drug Metab. Rev. (1)

R. C. Zangar, S. M. Varnum, and N. Bollinger, “Studying cellular processes and detecting disease with protein microarrays,” Drug Metab. Rev. 37(3), 473–487 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Expert Rev. Proteomics (1)

FASEB J. (1)

R. Zangar, R. Woodbury, and S. Varnum, “Development of a user-friendly microarray ELISA for the analysis of potential protein markers of breast cancer,” FASEB J. 17, A986–A986 (2003).

Front. Biosci. (1)

S. L. Seurynck-Servoss, C. L. Baird, K. D. Rodland, and R. C. Zangar, “Surface chemistries for antibody microarrays,” Front. Biosci. 12(8-12), 3956–3964 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

IEEE Sens. J. (1)

V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, A. Pokhriyal, S. C. Schulz, and B. T. Cunningham, “Angle-scanning photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence microscopy,” IEEE Sens. J. (Accepted).

J. Appl. Phys. (1)

N. Ganesh, P. C. Mathias, W. Zhang, and B. T. Cunningham, “Distance dependence of fluorescence enhancement from photonic crystal surfaces,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(8), 083104 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. Biomol. Screen. (1)

J. Fluoresc. (2)

V. Chaudhery, M. Lu, C. S. Huang, S. George, and B. T. Cunningham, “Photobleaching on photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence surfaces,” J. Fluoresc. 21(2), 707–714 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Proteome Res. (3)

Methods Mol. Biol. (3)

S. M. Varnum, R. L. Woodbury, and R. C. Zangar, “A protein microarray ELISA for screening biological fluids,” Methods Mol. Biol. 264, 161–172 (2004).
[PubMed]

Microelectron. Eng. (1)

Mol. Phys. (1)

Nanotechnology (1)

Nat. Methods (1)

Nat. Nanotechnol. (1)

Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. (1)

S. F. Kingsmore, “Multiplexed protein measurement: technologies and applications of protein and antibody arrays,” Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 5(4), 310–321 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nucleic Acids Res. (1)

Opt. Express (2)

Science (2)

S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. Renstrom, “Imprint Lithography with 25-Nanometer Resolution,” Science 272(5258), 85–87 (1996).
[Crossref]

G. MacBeath and S. L. Schreiber, “Printing proteins as microarrays for high-throughput function determination,” Science 289(5485), 1760–1763 (2000).
[PubMed]

Sens. Actuators B Chem. (3)

Other (2)

M. Schena and R. W. Davis, “Genes, Genomes, and chips,” in DNA Microarrays: A Practical Approach, M. Schena, ed. (Oxford Press, New York, 1999).

R. Beneke, “Microarray detection with laser scanning device,” in Advanced Methods: DNA Microarrays, U. A. Nuber, ed. (Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 2005).

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Fig. 1

(a) Schematic diagram of the PC surface. The grating structure is patterned on a quartz substrate with period and duty cycle of 400 nm and 50%, respectively. (b) Cross sectional SEM image of the PC. (c) A photograph of a full 1×3 in² PC device.

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Fig. 2

Simulated dispersion diagram for the PC structure of Fig. 1. The plot shows minima in transmission efficiency (corresponding to on-resonant coupling) at λ=690 nm and λ=633 nm for particular angles of incidence.

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Fig. 3

Schematic diagram of the PCEM using λ = 633 nm and λ = 690 nm lasers.

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Fig. 4

(a) Label-free image of the PC with a pattern of deposited 10 nm SiO₂ film. The image clearly highlights the variation in resonance angle in the transparent and opaque areas of the pattern Our selection of a negative control region is highlighted with a white dashed box. (b) Transmission spectrum of the pattern showing the difference in angle of resonance (minima in transmission) for the areas with and without additional SiO₂. More SiO₂ gives a larger resonance angle. (c) Histogram showing the distribution of resonance angle versus the number of pixels used to make our selection of the threshold angle. The inset image shows the mask generated by using the threshold set by θ_TA = 1.28 °. The green region has a resonance angle above the threshold angle and the yellow region has a resonance angle below the threshold angle.

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Fig. 5

(a) Fluorescence images taken at single angle θ = 11.52 ° where the region with the SiO₂ coating satisfying resonant condition (b) Fluorescence images taken at single angles θ = 11.9 ° where the region without SiO₂ coating is satisfying the resonant condition. (c) Selectively enhanced “signal” fluorescence image showing superior contrast to (a). (d) Selectively enhanced “background” fluorescence image showing superior contrast to (b).

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Fig. 6

TNF-α detection performed on a PC using a sandwich ELISA assay. The antigen concentration decreases from left to right. (a) Label-free image of the PC surface showing the presence of capture antibody spots on the sensor. (b) Fluorescence detection at a single resonance angle of 10° after assay is completed. (c) Fluorescence detection using the masked detection for the same PC surface showing improved contrast, recognition and uniformly higher fluorescence output.

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Fig. 7

Plot comparing the fluorescence intensities versus concentration of TNF-α for a measuremnet performed at a fixed angle of 10° and a scanned-angle measurement using the masked detection method.

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