Abstract

The two-photon excited fluorescence from a dye solution is enhanced when a small amount of micro-meter sized silica beads are added. This observation is made in the simple scattering regime (inter-sphere distance four times larger than their radius) and is shown to depend on the concentration of the silica spheres. For a solution of rhodamine B, the enhancement can reach more than 30 %. As complementary experiments show that the fluorescence efficiency is unchanged, we argue that the non-linear absorption is enhanced due to focussing of the incident beam in the near-field of the spheres, a situation previously referred to as photonic (nano-)jets [3]. Our calculations indeed show that for the parameters of the spheres studied near-field focussing leads to an intensity concentration close to the sphere surface. We suggest that these photonic jets could be used to enhance other non-linear optical effects.

© 2007 Optical Society of America

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References

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2006 (1)

2005 (3)

X. Li, Z. Chen, A. Taflove, and V. Backman, “Optical analysis of nanoparticles via enhanced backscattering facilitated by 3-D photonic nanojets,” Opt. Express. 13, 526–533 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Lecler, Y. Takakura, and P. Meyrueis, “Properties of a 3D photonic jet,” Opt. Lett. 30, 2641–2643 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. V. Itagi and W. A. Challener, “Optics of photonic nanojets,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22, 2847–2858 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

Z. Chen, A. Taflove, and V. Backman, “Photonic nanojet enhancement of backscattering of light by nanoparticles: a potential novel visible-light ultramicroscopy technique,” Opt. Express. 12, 1214–1220 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

C. Favre, V. Boutou, and Steven C. Hill, et al. “White-light nanosource with directional emission,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 37–39 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (3)

2000 (1)

S. C. Hill, V. Boutou, and J. Yuet al. “Enhanced backward-directed multiphoton-excited fluorescence from dielectric microcavities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 54–7 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1998 (1)

1995 (1)

1994 (1)

N. M. Lawandy, R. M. Balachandran, A. S. L. Gomes, and E. Sauvain, “Laser action in strongly scattering media,” Nature 368, 436–438 (1994).
[Crossref]

1987 (2)

1985 (2)

1968 (1)

W. Stöber, A. Fink, and E. Bohn, “Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26, 62–69 (1968).
[Crossref]

1908 (1)

G. Mie, “Beiträge zur Optik trber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen,” Ann. d. Phys. 25377–445 (1908).
[Crossref]

Arnold, S.

Backman, V.

X. Li, Z. Chen, A. Taflove, and V. Backman, “Optical analysis of nanoparticles via enhanced backscattering facilitated by 3-D photonic nanojets,” Opt. Express. 13, 526–533 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Chen, A. Taflove, and V. Backman, “Photonic nanojet enhancement of backscattering of light by nanoparticles: a potential novel visible-light ultramicroscopy technique,” Opt. Express. 12, 1214–1220 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Balachandran, R. M.

N. M. Lawandy, R. M. Balachandran, A. S. L. Gomes, and E. Sauvain, “Laser action in strongly scattering media,” Nature 368, 436–438 (1994).
[Crossref]

Barber, P. W.

Barton, J. P.

Benincasa, D. S.

Bertsch, M.

H. J. Munzer, M. Mosbacher, M. Bertsch, J. Zimmermann, P. Leiderer, and J. Boneberg, “Local field enhancement effects for nanostructuring of surfaces,” J. Microsc. 202, 129–135 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bohn, E.

W. Stöber, A. Fink, and E. Bohn, “Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26, 62–69 (1968).
[Crossref]

Boneberg, J.

H. J. Munzer, M. Mosbacher, M. Bertsch, J. Zimmermann, P. Leiderer, and J. Boneberg, “Local field enhancement effects for nanostructuring of surfaces,” J. Microsc. 202, 129–135 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Born, M.

M. Born and E. Wolf, Principle of optics ed.7, (Pergamon Press, p.633, 1980).

Boutou, V.

C. Favre, V. Boutou, and Steven C. Hill, et al. “White-light nanosource with directional emission,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 37–39 (2002).
[Crossref]

S. C. Hill, V. Boutou, and J. Yuet al. “Enhanced backward-directed multiphoton-excited fluorescence from dielectric microcavities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 54–7 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Challener, W. A.

Chang, R. K.

Chen, Z.

X. Li, Z. Chen, A. Taflove, and V. Backman, “Optical analysis of nanoparticles via enhanced backscattering facilitated by 3-D photonic nanojets,” Opt. Express. 13, 526–533 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Chen, A. Taflove, and V. Backman, “Photonic nanojet enhancement of backscattering of light by nanoparticles: a potential novel visible-light ultramicroscopy technique,” Opt. Express. 12, 1214–1220 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chylek, P.

Cremer, C.

Favre, C.

C. Favre, V. Boutou, and Steven C. Hill, et al. “White-light nanosource with directional emission,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 37–39 (2002).
[Crossref]

Fink, A.

W. Stöber, A. Fink, and E. Bohn, “Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26, 62–69 (1968).
[Crossref]

Fischer, A.

French, R. H.

Gomes, A. S. L.

N. M. Lawandy, R. M. Balachandran, A. S. L. Gomes, and E. Sauvain, “Laser action in strongly scattering media,” Nature 368, 436–438 (1994).
[Crossref]

Hanuska, A. R.

He, Y. J.

Hill, S. C.

S. C. Hill, V. Boutou, and J. Yuet al. “Enhanced backward-directed multiphoton-excited fluorescence from dielectric microcavities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 54–7 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hill, Steven C.

C. Favre, V. Boutou, and Steven C. Hill, et al. “White-light nanosource with directional emission,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 37–39 (2002).
[Crossref]

Hsieh, W. F.

Huang, X. G.

Itagi, A. V.

Jarzembski, M. A.

Lakowicz, J. R.

J. R. Lakowicz, “Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy,” (Kluwer Academic - Plenum Publishers, New York, 1999).

Lawandy, N. M.

N. M. Lawandy, R. M. Balachandran, A. S. L. Gomes, and E. Sauvain, “Laser action in strongly scattering media,” Nature 368, 436–438 (1994).
[Crossref]

Lecler, S.

S. Lecler, Y. Takakura, and P. Meyrueis, “Properties of a 3D photonic jet,” Opt. Lett. 30, 2641–2643 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Lecler, Y. Takakura, and P. Meyrueis, “Generation of a 3D photonic nanojet to enhance scattering of light by nanoparticles: interest for microscopy,” IMVIE symposium, Strasbourg, France, 1–4 march (2005).

S. Lecler, “Light scattering by sub-micrometric particles,” thesis at the Louis Pasteur University (http://www-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr/theses/theselec.html) - Strasbourg -France (2005).

Leiderer, P.

H. J. Munzer, M. Mosbacher, M. Bertsch, J. Zimmermann, P. Leiderer, and J. Boneberg, “Local field enhancement effects for nanostructuring of surfaces,” J. Microsc. 202, 129–135 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, X.

X. Li, Z. Chen, A. Taflove, and V. Backman, “Optical analysis of nanoparticles via enhanced backscattering facilitated by 3-D photonic nanojets,” Opt. Express. 13, 526–533 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

McNeil, L. E.

Meyrueis, P.

S. Lecler, Y. Takakura, and P. Meyrueis, “Properties of a 3D photonic jet,” Opt. Lett. 30, 2641–2643 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Lecler, Y. Takakura, and P. Meyrueis, “Generation of a 3D photonic nanojet to enhance scattering of light by nanoparticles: interest for microscopy,” IMVIE symposium, Strasbourg, France, 1–4 march (2005).

Mie, G.

G. Mie, “Beiträge zur Optik trber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen,” Ann. d. Phys. 25377–445 (1908).
[Crossref]

Mosbacher, M.

H. J. Munzer, M. Mosbacher, M. Bertsch, J. Zimmermann, P. Leiderer, and J. Boneberg, “Local field enhancement effects for nanostructuring of surfaces,” J. Microsc. 202, 129–135 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moskovits, M.

M. Moskovits, ”Surface-enhanced spectroscopy,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 783–826 (1985).
[Crossref]

Munzer, H. J.

H. J. Munzer, M. Mosbacher, M. Bertsch, J. Zimmermann, P. Leiderer, and J. Boneberg, “Local field enhancement effects for nanostructuring of surfaces,” J. Microsc. 202, 129–135 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Qian, S. X.

Sauvain, E.

N. M. Lawandy, R. M. Balachandran, A. S. L. Gomes, and E. Sauvain, “Laser action in strongly scattering media,” Nature 368, 436–438 (1994).
[Crossref]

Snow, J. B.

Srivastava, V.

Stelzer, E. H. K.

Stöber, W.

W. Stöber, A. Fink, and E. Bohn, “Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26, 62–69 (1968).
[Crossref]

Taflove, A.

X. Li, Z. Chen, A. Taflove, and V. Backman, “Optical analysis of nanoparticles via enhanced backscattering facilitated by 3-D photonic nanojets,” Opt. Express. 13, 526–533 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Chen, A. Taflove, and V. Backman, “Photonic nanojet enhancement of backscattering of light by nanoparticles: a potential novel visible-light ultramicroscopy technique,” Opt. Express. 12, 1214–1220 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Takakura, Y.

S. Lecler, Y. Takakura, and P. Meyrueis, “Properties of a 3D photonic jet,” Opt. Lett. 30, 2641–2643 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Lecler, Y. Takakura, and P. Meyrueis, “Generation of a 3D photonic nanojet to enhance scattering of light by nanoparticles: interest for microscopy,” IMVIE symposium, Strasbourg, France, 1–4 march (2005).

Teraoka, I.

Thomas, B.

B. Thomas, “Effets propagatifs d’impulsions lumineuses femtosecondes dans des tunnels optiques,” thesis at the Louis Pasteur University - Strasbourg -France (2002).

Van de Hulst, H. C.

H. C. Van de Hulst, Light scattering by small particles, (Dover publications, 1981).

Wang, H. Z.

Wolf, E.

M. Born and E. Wolf, Principle of optics ed.7, (Pergamon Press, p.633, 1980).

Yu, J.

S. C. Hill, V. Boutou, and J. Yuet al. “Enhanced backward-directed multiphoton-excited fluorescence from dielectric microcavities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 54–7 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, J. Z.

Zhao, F. L.

Zheng, X. G.

Zimmermann, J.

H. J. Munzer, M. Mosbacher, M. Bertsch, J. Zimmermann, P. Leiderer, and J. Boneberg, “Local field enhancement effects for nanostructuring of surfaces,” J. Microsc. 202, 129–135 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ann. d. Phys. (1)

G. Mie, “Beiträge zur Optik trber Medien, speziell kolloidaler Metallösungen,” Ann. d. Phys. 25377–445 (1908).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (5)

J. Colloid Interface Sci. (1)

W. Stöber, A. Fink, and E. Bohn, “Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26, 62–69 (1968).
[Crossref]

J. Microsc. (1)

H. J. Munzer, M. Mosbacher, M. Bertsch, J. Zimmermann, P. Leiderer, and J. Boneberg, “Local field enhancement effects for nanostructuring of surfaces,” J. Microsc. 202, 129–135 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

Nature (1)

N. M. Lawandy, R. M. Balachandran, A. S. L. Gomes, and E. Sauvain, “Laser action in strongly scattering media,” Nature 368, 436–438 (1994).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express. (2)

Z. Chen, A. Taflove, and V. Backman, “Photonic nanojet enhancement of backscattering of light by nanoparticles: a potential novel visible-light ultramicroscopy technique,” Opt. Express. 12, 1214–1220 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Li, Z. Chen, A. Taflove, and V. Backman, “Optical analysis of nanoparticles via enhanced backscattering facilitated by 3-D photonic nanojets,” Opt. Express. 13, 526–533 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (3)

Phys. Rev. Lett. (2)

S. C. Hill, V. Boutou, and J. Yuet al. “Enhanced backward-directed multiphoton-excited fluorescence from dielectric microcavities,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 54–7 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Favre, V. Boutou, and Steven C. Hill, et al. “White-light nanosource with directional emission,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 37–39 (2002).
[Crossref]

Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)

M. Moskovits, ”Surface-enhanced spectroscopy,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 783–826 (1985).
[Crossref]

Other (6)

S. Lecler, Y. Takakura, and P. Meyrueis, “Generation of a 3D photonic nanojet to enhance scattering of light by nanoparticles: interest for microscopy,” IMVIE symposium, Strasbourg, France, 1–4 march (2005).

M. Born and E. Wolf, Principle of optics ed.7, (Pergamon Press, p.633, 1980).

S. Lecler, “Light scattering by sub-micrometric particles,” thesis at the Louis Pasteur University (http://www-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr/theses/theselec.html) - Strasbourg -France (2005).

B. Thomas, “Effets propagatifs d’impulsions lumineuses femtosecondes dans des tunnels optiques,” thesis at the Louis Pasteur University - Strasbourg -France (2002).

H. C. Van de Hulst, Light scattering by small particles, (Dover publications, 1981).

J. R. Lakowicz, “Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy,” (Kluwer Academic - Plenum Publishers, New York, 1999).

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Figures (4)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

Electric field intensity map, around the silica sphere (map) and on the optical axis (curve), for an unitary plane wave. D = 590 nm, λ o = 795 nm, n 1 = 1.36, n 2 = 1.495. The incident wave is linearly polarized along the x-axis and propagates in the z direction. The sphere is centered on the 0 position.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

Schematic description of the experimental setup. The Ti:sapphire laser produces 35–40 fs pulses at 795 nm with a repetition rate of 27Mhz.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.

Two photon excited fluorescence of Rhodamine B with and without micro-spheres (5 × 1011 spheres/L). Excitation wavelength is λo = 795 nm, with 115 mW average power. Inset: Excitation power dependence of the spectrally integrated fluorescence of a sample with silica spheres (7 × 1011 spheres/L). The spectrum is observed with small deformation due to the BG39 filter. See text for details.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.

Spectrally integrated fluorescence of Rhodamine as a function of sphere concentration for three incident powers. Fluorescence has been normalized to one when there is no sphere. Excitation wavelength is λo = 795 nm. Average power are 170 (o), 115 (.) and 4.6 (+) mW. The continuous line is a guide-to-the-eye. Inset: optical density per millimeter of rhodamine with (7×1011 spheres/L) and without spheres.

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