Bismuth nanosheets as a Q-switcher for a mid-infrared erbium-doped SrF<sub>2</sub> laser

Jingjing Liu; Hao Huang; Feng Zhang; Zhen Zhang; Jie Liu; Han Zhang; Liangbi Su

doi:10.1364/PRJ.6.000762

Bismuth nanosheets as a Q-switcher for a mid-infrared erbium-doped SrF₂ laser

Jingjing Liu, Hao Huang, Feng Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Jie Liu, Han Zhang, and Liangbi Su

Photonics Research
Vol. 6,
Issue 8,
pp. 762-767
(2018)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.6.000762

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Jingjing Liu, Hao Huang, Feng Zhang, Zhen Zhang, Jie Liu, Han Zhang, and Liangbi Su, "Bismuth nanosheets as a Q-switcher for a mid-infrared erbium-doped SrF₂ laser," Photon. Res. 6, 762-767 (2018)

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Table of Contents Category
- Lasers and Laser Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Laser materials (140.3380)
- Lasers, erbium (140.3500)
- Lasers, Q-switched (140.3540)
- Lasers, solid-state (140.3580)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: April 6, 2018
- Revised Manuscript: May 3, 2018
- Manuscript Accepted: May 26, 2018
- Published: July 5, 2018

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Abstract

Bismuth nanosheets (Bi-NSs) were successfully prepared and employed as saturable absorbers to generate a diode-pumped dual-wavelength ${Er}^{3 +} : {SrF}_{2}$ laser in the mid-infrared region. $Q$ -switched pulses with a maximum output power of 0.226 W were obtained at an absorbed pump power of 1.97 W. A repetition rate of 56.20 kHz and a minimum pulse duration of 980 ns were achieved. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first application of Bi-NSs in a mid-infrared all-solid-state laser. The results prove that Bi-NSs may be applied as an optical modulator in mid-infrared photonic devices or as a mode-locker and $Q$ -switcher.

1. INTRODUCTION

Mid-infrared solid-state lasers have attracted increasing attention owing to their broad applications in the military, medical treatments, and air pollution monitoring [1,2]. Mid-infrared solid-state lasers have a low cost, simple structure, and rare-earth ions doped crystals as the gain medium. They are directly pumped by the laser diode (LD) and can thus effectively achieve miniaturization and high efficiency. ${Tm}^{3 +}$ , ${Er}^{3 +}$ , and ${Ho}^{3 +}$ are the main rare-earth ions emitting at 2–5 μm in the mid-infrared region [3–7]. Indeed, ${Er}^{3 +}$ -doped lasers have efficient emissions involving a transition from the ${}^{4}{I_{11 / 2}}$ to the ${}^{4}{I_{13 / 2}}$ state around 2.8 μm, which is in the strong absorption region of water. They are thus an ideal pumping source for mid-infrared and far-infrared optical parametric oscillations (OPOs) [8].

However, the lifetime of the upper laser energy level ( ${Er}^{3 +} : {}^{4}{I_{11 / 2}}$ ) is always shorter than that of the lower laser energy level ( ${Er}^{3 +} : {}^{4}{I_{13 / 2}}$ ) in 2.8 μm ${Er}^{3 +}$ -doped laser materials. This phenomenon is known as the self-terminating process. Generally, this problem can be easily solved. Improving the doping concentration of ${Er}^{3 +}$ is one effective way to achieve the desired laser output: with the increase in ${Er}^{3 +}$ doping concentrations, the lifetime of ${Er}^{3 +} : {}^{4}{I_{13 / 2}}$ decreases faster than that of ${Er}^{3 +} : {}^{4}{I_{11 / 2}}$ owing to the cross relaxation between the two levels. Furthermore, codoping with deactivating ions such as $\Pr^{3 +}$ and ${Nd}^{3 +}$ is another effective way to depopulate the ${Er}^{3 +} : {}^{4}{I_{13 / 2}}$ level [9–11]. However, only few studies have reported successful laser outputs. In ${SrF}_{2}$ and ${CaF}_{2}$ crystals, the trivalent rare-earth ions tend to form clusters even at low doping concentrations [12]. Furthermore, the phonon energy is lower in fluoride materials than in oxide materials, which can greatly reduce the probability of nonradiative transitions [13].

In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted much attention owing to their outstanding properties and widespread applications, particularly as optical modulators in pulse lasers. Owing to the large operating bandwidth, controllable bandgap, and easy fabrication method, 2D materials, including the graphene family [14–19], transition metal dichalcogenides [20–23], topological insulators [24–28], phosphorus [29–34], and the recently discovered MXene [35] and antimonene [36,37], have been considered as low-cost substitutes for saturable absorbers (SAs) in semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) devices. Bismuth nanostructures, a novel 2D material, show unique electronic and optical properties. With their moderate bandgap, high carrier mobility, and high stability at room temperature, bismuth nanostructures have become an increasingly interesting topic of discussion for researchers [38]. The saturable absorption property of bismuthene was first demonstrated in a 1559 nm fiber laser by Lu et al. [39]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the application of bismuth nanosheets (Bi-NSs) as an SA in the mid-infrared spectral region has not been reported.

In this work, by using Bi-NSs as an SA, a stable passively $Q$ -switched ${Er}^{3 +} : {SrF}_{2}$ laser was obtained. The saturable absorption behavior of Bi-NSs is demonstrated at 2.8 μm. In addition, this study provides a detailed analysis of the passively $Q$ -switched laser, including the variation of output power, pulse width, and repetition rate under different transmissions of output mirrors.

2. CHARACTERIZATIONS OF THE BI-NSs SA AND EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The Bi-NSs were synthesized from bismuth powder using a sonication method. In a typical procedure, 200 mg of bismuth powder was added into a glass bottle with 100 mL of pure $N$ -methylpyrrolidone (NMP), followed by 6 h in an ice bath (SBL-22DT, with a power of 70% of 600 W). Then, the solution was probe sonicated for 24 h (BILON-1800Y, with a power of 60% of 1800 W) and kept in an ice bath for another 6 h. After that, the solution was centrifuged for 20 min at a speed of 3000 r/min. The supernatant was collected and centrifuged for another 20 min at a speed of 7000 r/min, and the Bi-NSs were finally obtained as the precipitate. The precipitate was washed twice with deionized water. Then, trichloromethane was added, and the solution was obtained after ultrasonication for 2 h. Finally, 100 μL of solution was spin coated at a speed of 1000 r/min for 15 s for the uniform adhesion of the Bi-NSs on fused quartz plates (JGS3 with 1 mm thickness). The structure of the Bi-NSs was confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), as shown in Fig. 1(a). The Raman spectrum of Bi-NSs is shown in Fig. 1(b). Two peaks near 69 and $95 {cm}^{- 1}$ are indicative of the bismuth structure, which correspond to an earlier report [40]. To identify the thickness of the Bi-NSs, the atomic force microscopy (AFM) was taken. As shown in Figs. 1(c) and 1(d), the AFM image shows that the thickness of the Bi-NSs was no more than 2.5 nm.

Fig. 1. (a) HRTEM image, (b) Raman spectrum, (c) AFM image of the bismuth nanosheets, and (d) typical height profiles.

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The nonlinear absorption mechanism of the Bi-NSs has been described in detail in Ref. [38]. The nonlinear optical properties of Bi-NSs SA were characterized by $Z$ -scan method with a nanosecond pulsed laser at 2.8 μm. The repetition rate is 50 kHz, and the pulse duration is 50 ns. The beam waist was about 60 μm, and the Rayleigh length was about 0.2 mm. The transmittance has a relation with the input optical intensity by the formula [41]

T = 1 - \frac{α_{s}}{1 + I / I_{s}} - α_{ns},

where

α_{s}

is the saturable absorption, also defined as the modulation depth,

α_{ns}

is the nonsaturable loss, and

I_{s}

is the saturable intensity. By fitting the experimental data, the nonlinear transmittance curve is shown in Fig. 2. The modulation depth and saturation fluence are found to be 1.82% and

3.59 kW / {cm}^{2}

, respectively. Considering the Fresnel reflection loss of the JGS3 substrate, the nonsaturable loss of the Bi-NSs SA was calculated to be about 3.7%.

Fig. 2. Nonlinear transmission of Bi-NSs SA.

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A schematic of the experimental device is shown in Fig. 3. The pump source was a commercial 972 nm fiber-coupled LD with a core diameter of about 50 μm and a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.15. The pump light was transmitted through the fiber and expanded into the gain medium by a coupling system of 1:2. The 3 at. % ${Er}^{3 +} : {SrF}_{2}$ crystal was grown by the traditional Bridgman method, which is described in detail in Ref. [42]. The uncoated ${Er}^{3 +} : {SrF}_{2}$ crystal was mounted on a copper block stabilized at 12°C by cycling cooling water. The laser resonator consists of a concave mirror (IM) and a plane output coupler (OC), with a physical length of about 48 mm. The IM with a 100 mm radius of curvature was antireflection coated for 974 nm and high-reflection coated for 2.7–2.95 μm. For the OC, we used different coated plane mirrors with transmissions of 1%, 3%, and 5% for 2.7–2.95 μm.

Fig. 3. Schematic of the passively $Q$ -switched ${Er}^{3 +} : {SrF}_{2}$ laser with a Bi-NSs SA.

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Continuous-wave (CW) laser operation was first carried out with different OC transmissions, and the average output powers are shown in Fig. 4. With an OC transmission of 3% at an absorbed pump power of 1.97 W, a maximum output power of 393 mW and corresponding slope efficiency of 21.3% were obtained. The Bi-NSs were used as the SA and inserted into the resonator to operate the laser in the passively $Q$ -switched regime. By carefully adjusting the position and angle of the Bi-NSs SA, the output laser displayed stable pulse repetition rates and uniform pulse trains when the absorbed pump power reached about 1 W. Under the same incident pump power and OC transmission, the maximum average output power was 226 mW, with a slope efficiency of 13.6%. Figure 5 shows the $Q$ -switched output power as a function of the absorbed pump power with different OC transmissions. The inset (a) shows the fluctuation of the maximum output power was about 8.4% for 70 min detection. Figures 6(a) and 6(b) display the laser beam profile and light intensity distribution, respectively, which were recorded by a detector (NS2-Pyro/9/5-PRO, Photon). The results indicate that the generated beam has an excellent ${TEM}_{00}$ transversal profile.

Fig. 4. CW output power versus the absorbed pump power for different OC transmissions.

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Fig. 5. $Q$ -switched output power versus the absorbed pump power for different OC transmissions. Inset (a) shows the maximum output power versus time.

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Fig. 6. (a) Laser beam profile and (b) 3D light intensity distribution recorded at the maximum output power for the $Q$ -switched laser.

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The pulse repetition rate, pulse duration, single-pulse energy, and peak power as functions of the absorbed pump power for different OC transmissions are shown in Figs. 7(a)–7(d). With increasing absorbed pump power, the repetition rate and peak power increased and the pulse duration gradually decreased. The maximum output power, pulse repetition rate, pulse duration, single-pulse energy, peak power, and wavelength under different OC mirrors were recorded at the absorbed power of 1.97 W and are detailed in Table 1. According to these results, the best OC transmission is around 3% under the same conditions. Figure 8 shows the typical pulse trains recorded at different time scales by a digital oscilloscope (Tektronix DPO4104, 1 GHz bandwidth). At the maximum absorbed pump power, the repetition rate recorded at 400 μs/div was 56.2 kHz and the single-pulse duration recorded at 2 μs/div was 980 ns.

Table 1. Experimental Results Achieved under Different OC Mirrors

View Table

Fig. 7. (a) Pulse repetition rate, (b) pulse duration, (c) single-pulse energy, and (d) peak power versus the absorbed pump power for different OC transmissions.

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Fig. 8. $Q$ -switched pulse trains recorded at 2 and 400 μs/div, under an absorbed pump power of 1.97 W for the OC transmission of 3%.

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Figure 9 shows the reliability of the laser emission spectra recorded under the OC transmission of 3% by an optical spectrum analyzer (MS3504i). The central wavelengths are 2729.5 and 2751.7 nm for the CW laser, and the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) are 0.70 and 1.0 nm following a Gaussian fit. The laser emission spectrum is consistent with the emission spectrum of the ${Er}^{3 +} : {SrF}_{2}$ crystal reported in Ref. [42], which exhibits two emission peaks around 2727 and 2745 nm. The simultaneous dual-wavelength laser can be used as a light source for the generation of terahertz emission [43]. For the $Q$ -switched laser operation, the central wavelengths are 2730.5 and 2752.2 nm and the corresponding FWHM are 0.91 and 0.9 nm, respectively. A redshift in the lasing wavelength was observed. Reference [44] describes the cause of the phenomenon in detail. The short wavelengths located near the emission peaks are more likely to oscillate for the CW laser. When inserting Bi-NSs into the cavity, the insertion loss of the fused quartz substrate was high and the gain at different wavelengths was discrepant, so the wavelength shifted toward either longer or shorter wavelengths [45]. As the intracavity loss changed, the Stark energy levels of ${Er}^{3 +}$ split and the laser energy level ( ${Er}^{3 +} : {}^{4}{I_{11 / 2}}$ ) were lowered. The residual population did not decrease efficiently in the lower laser energy level ( ${Er}^{3 +} : {}^{4}{I_{13 / 2}}$ ) as the level has a longer lifetime. Therefore, the laser would oscillate at longer wavelengths.

Fig. 9. Optical spectra recorded in the CW regime and $Q$ -switched regime for OC transmission of 3%.

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4. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we successfully demonstrated the first, to the best of our knowledge, dual-wavelength passively $Q$ -switched ${Er}^{3 +} : {SrF}_{2}$ laser at 2730.5 and 2752.2 nm, with Bi-NSs as the SA. For an absorbed pump power of 1.97 W, a maximum average output power of 226 mW was achieved. The shortest pulse duration of 980 ns was obtained with a repetition rate of 56.2 kHz, corresponding to a single-pulse energy of 4.02 μJ and a peak power of 4.1 W. The results indicate that Bi-NSs, which are affordable and can be easily prepared, exhibit reliable and excellent features as a promising SA for pulse lasers in the mid-infrared region.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (61475089, 61435010, 61635012); Development Projects of Shandong Province Science and Technology (2017GGX30102); National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFB0701002); Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (2016B050501005); Science and Technology Innovation Commission of Shenzhen (KQTD2015032416270385).

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42. L. B. Su, X. S. Guo, D. P. Jiang, Q. H. Wu, Z. P. Qin, and G. Q. Xie, “Highly-efficient mid-infrared CW laser operation in a lightly-doped 3 at.% Er:SrF₂ single crystal,” Opt. Express 26, 5558–5563 (2018). [CrossRef]

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44. L. Wang, H. T. Huang, D. Y. Shen, J. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. Wang, X. Liu, and D. Y. Tang, “Room temperature continuous-wave laser performance of LD pumped Er:Lu₂O₃ and Er:Y₂O₃ ceramic at 2.7 μm,” Opt. Express 22, 19495–19503 (2014). [CrossRef]

45. Y. Chen, C. J. Zhao, S. Q. Chen, J. Du, P. H. Tang, G. B. Jiang, H. Zhang, S. C. Wen, and D. Y. Tang, “Large energy, wavelength widely tunable, topological insulator Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum 20, 0900508 (2014). [CrossRef]

References

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Article Order
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Year
|
Author
|
Publication

Y. P. Peng, B. X. Jiang, J. T. Fan, X. Q. Yuan, and L. Zhang, “Review of in mid-infrared laser materials directly pumped by laser-diode,” Laser Optoelectron. Prog. 52, 020001 (2015).
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
W. W. Ma, L. B. Su, X. D. Xu, J. Y. Wang, D. P. Jiang, L. H. Zheng, X. W. Fan, C. Li, J. Liu, and J. Xu, “Effect of erbium concentration on spectroscopic properties and 2.79 μm laser performance of Er:CaF2 crystals,” Opt. Mater. Express 6, 409–415 (2016).
[Crossref]
Z. Y. Yan, G. Q. Li, T. Li, S. Z. Zhao, K. J. Yang, S. Y. Zhang, M. Q. Fan, L. Guo, and B. T. Zhang, “Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr:LiLuF4 laser at 2.95 µm using MoSe2,” IEEE Photon. J. 9, 1506207 (2017).
[Crossref]
H. K. Nie, P. X. Zhang, B. T. Zhang, K. J. Yang, L. H. Zhang, T. Li, S. Y. Zhang, J. Q. Xu, Y. Hang, and J. L. He, “Diode-end-pumped Ho, Pr:LiLuF4 bulk laser at 2.95 μm,” Opt. Lett. 42, 699–702 (2017).
[Crossref]
S. Tokita, M. Murakami, S. Shimizu, M. Hashida, and S. Sakabe, “Liquid-cooled 24 W mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 34, 3062–3064 (2009).
[Crossref]
J. J. Liu, X. W. Fan, J. Liu, W. W. Ma, J. Y. Wang, and L. Su, “Mid-infrared self-Q-switched Er, Pr:CaF2 diode-pumped laser,” Opt. Lett. 41, 4660–4663 (2016).
[Crossref]
Y. Y. Guo, Y. Tian, L. Y. Zhang, L. L. Hu, N. K. Chen, and J. J. Zhang, “Pr3+-sensitized Er3+-doped bismuthate glass for generating high inversion rates at 2.7 μm wavelength,” Opt. Lett. 37, 3387–3389 (2012).
[Crossref]
H. Lin, D. Q. Chen, Y. L. Yu, A. P. Yang, and Y. S. Wang, “Enhanced mid-infrared emissions of Er3+ at 2.7 μm via Nd3+ sensitization in chalcohalide glass,” Opt. Lett. 36, 1815–1817 (2011).
[Crossref]
W. W. Ma, X. B. Qian, J. Y. Wang, J. J. Liu, X. W. Fan, J. Liu, L. B. Su, and J. Xu, “Highly efficient dual-wavelength mid-infrared CW laser in diode end-pumped Er:SrF2 single crystals,” Sci. Rep. 6, 36635 (2016).
[Crossref]
J. J. Liu, J. Liu, J. M. Yang, W. W. Ma, Q. H. Wu, and L. B. Su, “Efficient mid-infrared laser under different excitation pump wavelengths,” Opt. Lett. 42, 3908–3911 (2017).
[Crossref]
H. T. Zhu, L. N. Zhao, J. Liu, S. C. Xu, W. Cai, S. Z. Jiang, L. H. Zheng, L. B. Su, and J. Xu, “Monolayer graphene saturable absorber with sandwich structure for ultrafast solid-state laser,” Opt. Eng. 55, 081304 (2016).
[Crossref]
M. Q. Fan, T. Li, G. Q. Li, S. Z. Zhao, K. J. Yang, S. Y. Zhang, B. T. Zhang, J. Q. Xu, and C. Krankel, “Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr:LiLuF4 laser with graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet film,” Opt. Express 25, 12796–12803 (2017).
[Crossref]
H. T. Zhu, W. Cai, J. F. Wei, J. Liu, L. H. Zheng, L. B. Su, J. Xu, and Y. G. Wang, “763 fs passively mode-locked Yb:Y2SiO5 laser with a graphene oxide absorber mirror,” Opt. Laser Technol. 68, 120–123 (2015).
[Crossref]
Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Ni, Y. Yan, Z. Shen, K. Loh, and D. Tang, “Atomic-layer graphene as a saturable absorber for ultrafast pulsed lasers,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3077–3083 (2009).
[Crossref]
X. F. Guan, L. J. Zhan, Z. W. Zhu, B. Xu, H. Y. Xu, Z. P. Cai, W. W. Cai, X. D. Xu, J. Zhang, and J. Xu, “Continuous-wave and CVD-graphene-based passively Q-switched Er:Y2O3 ceramic lasers at 2.7 μm,” Appl. Opt. 57, 371–376 (2018).
[Crossref]
C. Zhang, J. Liu, X. W. Fan, Q. Q. Peng, X. S. Guo, D. P. Jiang, X. B. Qian, and L. B. Su, “Compact passive Q-switching of a diode-pumped Tm, Y:CaF2 laser near 2 μm,” Opt. Laser Technol. 103, 89–92 (2018).
[Crossref]
L. Guo, T. Li, S. Y. Zhang, M. J. Wang, S. Z. Zhao, K. J. Yang, D. C. Li, and Z. Y. Yan, “Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr:LiLuF4 bulk laser at 2.95 μm using WS2 saturable absorbers,” Opt. Mater. Express 7, 2090–2095 (2017).
[Crossref]
S. Y. Zhang, X. X. Liu, L. Guo, M. Q. Fan, F. Lou, P. Gao, G. H. Guo, J. L. Yang, J. J. Liu, T. Li, K. J. Yang, S. Z. Zhao, J. Liu, J. Q. Xu, and Y. Hang, “Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr:LLF bulk slab laser at 2.95 µm based on MoS2 saturable absorber,” IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 29, 2258–2261 (2017).
[Crossref]
P. G. Ge, J. Liu, S. Z. Jiang, Y. Y. Xu, and B. Y. Man, “Compact Q-switched 2 μm Tm:GdVO4 laser with MoS2 absorber,” Photon. Res. 3, 256–259 (2015).
[Crossref]
X. C. Su, B. T. Zhang, Y. R. Wang, G. B. He, G. R. Li, N. Lin, K. J. Yang, J. L. He, and S. D. Liu, “Broadband rhenium disulfide optical modulator for solid-state lasers,” Photon. Res. 6, 498–505 (2018).
[Crossref]
C. J. Zhao, Y. H. Zou, Y. Chen, Z. T. Wang, S. B. Lu, H. Zhang, S. C. Wen, and D. Y. Tang, “Wavelength-tunable picosecond soliton fiber laser with topological insulator: Bi2Se3 as a mode locker,” Opt. Express 20, 27888–27895 (2012).
[Crossref]
J. P. Qiao, S. Z. Zhao, K. J. Yang, W. H. Song, W. C. Qiao, C. L. Wu, J. Zhao, G. Q. Li, D. C. Li, T. Li, H. Liu, and C. K. Lee, “High-quality 2-μm Q-switched pulsed solid-state lasers using spin-coating-coreduction approach synthesized Bi2Te3 topological insulators,” Photon. Res. 6, 314–320 (2018).
[Crossref]
H. Yu, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, C. Zhao, B. Wang, S. Wen, H. Zhang, and J. Wang, “Topological insulator as an optical modulator for pulsed solid-state lasers,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, L77–L83 (2013).
[Crossref]
X. Liu, K. Yang, S. Zhao, T. Li, W. Qiao, H. Zhang, B. Zhang, J. He, J. Bian, L. Zheng, L. Su, and J. Xu, “High-power passively Q-switched 2 μm all-solid-state laser based on a Bi2Te3 saturable absorber,” Photon. Res. 5, 461–466 (2017).
[Crossref]
Z. Luo, Y. Huang, J. Weng, H. Cheng, Z. Lin, B. Xu, Z. Cai, and H. Xu, “1.06 μm Q-switched ytterbium-dope fiber laser using few-layer topological insulator Bi2Se3 as a saturable absorber,” Opt. Express 21, 29516–29522 (2013).
[Crossref]
J. J. Liu, J. Liu, Z. N. Guo, H. Zhang, W. W. Ma, J. Y. Wang, and L. B. Su, “Dual-wavelength Q-switched Er:SrF2 laser with a black phosphorus absorber in the mid-infrared region,” Opt. Express 24, 30289–30295 (2016).
[Crossref]
Z. N. Guo, H. Zhang, S. B. Lu, Z. T. Wang, S. Y. Tang, J. D. Shao, Z. B. Sun, H. H. Xie, H. Y. Wang, X. F. Yu, and P. K. Chu, “From black phosphorus to phosphorene: basic solvent exfoliation, evolution of Raman scattering, and applications to ultrafast photonics,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 6996–7002 (2015).
[Crossref]
B. T. Zhang, F. Lou, R. W. Zhao, J. L. He, J. Li, X. C. Su, J. Ning, and K. J. Yang, “Exfoliated layers of black phosphorus as saturable absorber for ultrafast solid-state laser,” Opt. Lett. 40, 3691–3694 (2015).
[Crossref]
X. Su, Y. Wang, B. Zhang, R. Zhao, K. Yang, J. He, Q. Hu, Z. Jia, and X. Tao, “Femtosecond solid-state laser based on a few-layered black phosphorus saturable absorber,” Opt. Lett. 41, 1945–1948 (2016).
[Crossref]
Y. Xu, Z. Wang, Z. Guo, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, H. Zhang, and X. F. Yu, “Solvothermal synthesis and ultrafast photonics of black phosphorus quantum dots,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 4, 1223–1229 (2016).
[Crossref]
Y. Song, S. Chen, Q. Zhang, L. Li, L. Zhao, H. Zhang, and D. Tang, “Vector soliton fiber laser passively mode locked by few layer black phosphorus-based optical saturable absorber,” Opt. Express 24, 25933–25942 (2016).
[Crossref]
X. T. Jiang, S. X. Liu, W. Y. Liang, S. J. Luo, Z. L. He, Y. Q. Ge, H. D. Wang, R. Cao, F. Zhang, Q. Wen, J. Q. Li, Q. L. Bao, D. Y. Fan, and H. Zhang, “Broadband nonlinear photonics in few-layer MXene Ti3C2Tx (T = F, O, or OH),” Laser Photon. Rev. 12, 1700229 (2018).
[Crossref]
L. Lu, X. Tang, R. Cao, L. Wu, Z. Li, G. Jing, B. Dong, S. Lu, Y. Li, Y. Xiang, J. Li, D. Fan, and H. Zhang, “Broadband nonlinear optical response in few-layer antimonene and antimonene quantum dots: a promising optical Kerr media with enhanced stability,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 5, 1700301 (2017).
[Crossref]
Y. Song, Z. Liang, X. Jiang, Y. Chen, Z. Li, L. Lu, Y. Ge, K. Wang, J. Zheng, S. Lu, J. Ji, and H. Zhang, “Few-layer antimonene decorated microfiber: ultra-short pulse generation and all-optical thresholding with enhanced long term stability,” 2D Mater. 4, 045010 (2017).
[Crossref]
Y. Guo, F. Pan, M. Ye, X. T. Sun, Y. Y. Wang, J. Z. Li, X. Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, Y. Y. Pan, Z. G. Song, J. B. Yang, and J. Lu, “Monolayer bismuthene-metal contacts: a theoretical study,” ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 9, 23128–23140 (2017).
[Crossref]
L. Lu, Z. M. Liang, L. M. Wu, Y. X. Chen, Y. F. Song, S. C. Dhanabalan, J. S. Ponraj, B. Q. Dong, Y. J. Xiang, F. Xing, D. Y. Fan, and H. Zhang, “Few-layer bismuthene: sonochemical exfoliation, nonlinear optics and applications for ultrafast photonics with enhanced stability,” Laser Photon. Rev. 12, 1700221 (2017).
[Crossref]
P. Kumar, J. Singh, and A. C. Pandey, “Rational low temperature synthesis and structural investigations of ultrathin bismuth nanosheets,” RSC Adv. 3, 2313–2317 (2013).
[Crossref]
S. B. Lu, L. L. Miao, Z. N. Guo, X. Qi, C. J. Zhao, H. Zhang, S. C. Wen, D. Y. Tang, and D. Y. Fan, “Broadband nonlinear optical response in multilayer black phosphorus: an emerging infrared and mid-infrared optical material,” Opt. Express 23, 11183–11194 (2015).
[Crossref]
L. B. Su, X. S. Guo, D. P. Jiang, Q. H. Wu, Z. P. Qin, and G. Q. Xie, “Highly-efficient mid-infrared CW laser operation in a lightly-doped 3 at.% Er:SrF2 single crystal,” Opt. Express 26, 5558–5563 (2018).
[Crossref]
W. L. Gao, J. Ma, G. Q. Xie, J. Zhang, D. W. Luo, H. Yang, D. Y. Tang, J. Ma, P. Yuan, and L. J. Qian, “Highly efficient 2 μm Tm:YAG ceramic laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 1076–1078 (2012).
[Crossref]
L. Wang, H. T. Huang, D. Y. Shen, J. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. Wang, X. Liu, and D. Y. Tang, “Room temperature continuous-wave laser performance of LD pumped Er:Lu2O3 and Er:Y2O3 ceramic at 2.7 μm,” Opt. Express 22, 19495–19503 (2014).
[Crossref]
Y. Chen, C. J. Zhao, S. Q. Chen, J. Du, P. H. Tang, G. B. Jiang, H. Zhang, S. C. Wen, and D. Y. Tang, “Large energy, wavelength widely tunable, topological insulator Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum 20, 0900508 (2014).
[Crossref]

2018 (6)

X. F. Guan, L. J. Zhan, Z. W. Zhu, B. Xu, H. Y. Xu, Z. P. Cai, W. W. Cai, X. D. Xu, J. Zhang, and J. Xu, “Continuous-wave and CVD-graphene-based passively Q-switched Er:Y2O3 ceramic lasers at 2.7 μm,” Appl. Opt. 57, 371–376 (2018).
[Crossref]

C. Zhang, J. Liu, X. W. Fan, Q. Q. Peng, X. S. Guo, D. P. Jiang, X. B. Qian, and L. B. Su, “Compact passive Q-switching of a diode-pumped Tm, Y:CaF2 laser near 2 μm,” Opt. Laser Technol. 103, 89–92 (2018).
[Crossref]

X. C. Su, B. T. Zhang, Y. R. Wang, G. B. He, G. R. Li, N. Lin, K. J. Yang, J. L. He, and S. D. Liu, “Broadband rhenium disulfide optical modulator for solid-state lasers,” Photon. Res. 6, 498–505 (2018).
[Crossref]

J. P. Qiao, S. Z. Zhao, K. J. Yang, W. H. Song, W. C. Qiao, C. L. Wu, J. Zhao, G. Q. Li, D. C. Li, T. Li, H. Liu, and C. K. Lee, “High-quality 2-μm Q-switched pulsed solid-state lasers using spin-coating-coreduction approach synthesized Bi2Te3 topological insulators,” Photon. Res. 6, 314–320 (2018).
[Crossref]

X. T. Jiang, S. X. Liu, W. Y. Liang, S. J. Luo, Z. L. He, Y. Q. Ge, H. D. Wang, R. Cao, F. Zhang, Q. Wen, J. Q. Li, Q. L. Bao, D. Y. Fan, and H. Zhang, “Broadband nonlinear photonics in few-layer MXene Ti3C2Tx (T = F, O, or OH),” Laser Photon. Rev. 12, 1700229 (2018).
[Crossref]

L. B. Su, X. S. Guo, D. P. Jiang, Q. H. Wu, Z. P. Qin, and G. Q. Xie, “Highly-efficient mid-infrared CW laser operation in a lightly-doped 3 at.% Er:SrF2 single crystal,” Opt. Express 26, 5558–5563 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (11)

L. Lu, X. Tang, R. Cao, L. Wu, Z. Li, G. Jing, B. Dong, S. Lu, Y. Li, Y. Xiang, J. Li, D. Fan, and H. Zhang, “Broadband nonlinear optical response in few-layer antimonene and antimonene quantum dots: a promising optical Kerr media with enhanced stability,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 5, 1700301 (2017).
[Crossref]

Y. Song, Z. Liang, X. Jiang, Y. Chen, Z. Li, L. Lu, Y. Ge, K. Wang, J. Zheng, S. Lu, J. Ji, and H. Zhang, “Few-layer antimonene decorated microfiber: ultra-short pulse generation and all-optical thresholding with enhanced long term stability,” 2D Mater. 4, 045010 (2017).
[Crossref]

Y. Guo, F. Pan, M. Ye, X. T. Sun, Y. Y. Wang, J. Z. Li, X. Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, Y. Y. Pan, Z. G. Song, J. B. Yang, and J. Lu, “Monolayer bismuthene-metal contacts: a theoretical study,” ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 9, 23128–23140 (2017).
[Crossref]

L. Lu, Z. M. Liang, L. M. Wu, Y. X. Chen, Y. F. Song, S. C. Dhanabalan, J. S. Ponraj, B. Q. Dong, Y. J. Xiang, F. Xing, D. Y. Fan, and H. Zhang, “Few-layer bismuthene: sonochemical exfoliation, nonlinear optics and applications for ultrafast photonics with enhanced stability,” Laser Photon. Rev. 12, 1700221 (2017).
[Crossref]

X. Liu, K. Yang, S. Zhao, T. Li, W. Qiao, H. Zhang, B. Zhang, J. He, J. Bian, L. Zheng, L. Su, and J. Xu, “High-power passively Q-switched 2 μm all-solid-state laser based on a Bi2Te3 saturable absorber,” Photon. Res. 5, 461–466 (2017).
[Crossref]

M. Q. Fan, T. Li, G. Q. Li, S. Z. Zhao, K. J. Yang, S. Y. Zhang, B. T. Zhang, J. Q. Xu, and C. Krankel, “Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr:LiLuF4 laser with graphitic carbon nitride nanosheet film,” Opt. Express 25, 12796–12803 (2017).
[Crossref]

L. Guo, T. Li, S. Y. Zhang, M. J. Wang, S. Z. Zhao, K. J. Yang, D. C. Li, and Z. Y. Yan, “Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr:LiLuF4 bulk laser at 2.95 μm using WS2 saturable absorbers,” Opt. Mater. Express 7, 2090–2095 (2017).
[Crossref]

S. Y. Zhang, X. X. Liu, L. Guo, M. Q. Fan, F. Lou, P. Gao, G. H. Guo, J. L. Yang, J. J. Liu, T. Li, K. J. Yang, S. Z. Zhao, J. Liu, J. Q. Xu, and Y. Hang, “Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr:LLF bulk slab laser at 2.95 µm based on MoS2 saturable absorber,” IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 29, 2258–2261 (2017).
[Crossref]

J. J. Liu, J. Liu, J. M. Yang, W. W. Ma, Q. H. Wu, and L. B. Su, “Efficient mid-infrared laser under different excitation pump wavelengths,” Opt. Lett. 42, 3908–3911 (2017).
[Crossref]

Z. Y. Yan, G. Q. Li, T. Li, S. Z. Zhao, K. J. Yang, S. Y. Zhang, M. Q. Fan, L. Guo, and B. T. Zhang, “Passively Q-switched Ho, Pr:LiLuF4 laser at 2.95 µm using MoSe2,” IEEE Photon. J. 9, 1506207 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. K. Nie, P. X. Zhang, B. T. Zhang, K. J. Yang, L. H. Zhang, T. Li, S. Y. Zhang, J. Q. Xu, Y. Hang, and J. L. He, “Diode-end-pumped Ho, Pr:LiLuF4 bulk laser at 2.95 μm,” Opt. Lett. 42, 699–702 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (8)

J. J. Liu, X. W. Fan, J. Liu, W. W. Ma, J. Y. Wang, and L. Su, “Mid-infrared self-Q-switched Er, Pr:CaF2 diode-pumped laser,” Opt. Lett. 41, 4660–4663 (2016).
[Crossref]

H. T. Zhu, L. N. Zhao, J. Liu, S. C. Xu, W. Cai, S. Z. Jiang, L. H. Zheng, L. B. Su, and J. Xu, “Monolayer graphene saturable absorber with sandwich structure for ultrafast solid-state laser,” Opt. Eng. 55, 081304 (2016).
[Crossref]

W. W. Ma, L. B. Su, X. D. Xu, J. Y. Wang, D. P. Jiang, L. H. Zheng, X. W. Fan, C. Li, J. Liu, and J. Xu, “Effect of erbium concentration on spectroscopic properties and 2.79 μm laser performance of Er:CaF2 crystals,” Opt. Mater. Express 6, 409–415 (2016).
[Crossref]

W. W. Ma, X. B. Qian, J. Y. Wang, J. J. Liu, X. W. Fan, J. Liu, L. B. Su, and J. Xu, “Highly efficient dual-wavelength mid-infrared CW laser in diode end-pumped Er:SrF2 single crystals,” Sci. Rep. 6, 36635 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. J. Liu, J. Liu, Z. N. Guo, H. Zhang, W. W. Ma, J. Y. Wang, and L. B. Su, “Dual-wavelength Q-switched Er:SrF2 laser with a black phosphorus absorber in the mid-infrared region,” Opt. Express 24, 30289–30295 (2016).
[Crossref]

X. Su, Y. Wang, B. Zhang, R. Zhao, K. Yang, J. He, Q. Hu, Z. Jia, and X. Tao, “Femtosecond solid-state laser based on a few-layered black phosphorus saturable absorber,” Opt. Lett. 41, 1945–1948 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. Xu, Z. Wang, Z. Guo, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, H. Zhang, and X. F. Yu, “Solvothermal synthesis and ultrafast photonics of black phosphorus quantum dots,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 4, 1223–1229 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. Song, S. Chen, Q. Zhang, L. Li, L. Zhao, H. Zhang, and D. Tang, “Vector soliton fiber laser passively mode locked by few layer black phosphorus-based optical saturable absorber,” Opt. Express 24, 25933–25942 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (6)

Z. N. Guo, H. Zhang, S. B. Lu, Z. T. Wang, S. Y. Tang, J. D. Shao, Z. B. Sun, H. H. Xie, H. Y. Wang, X. F. Yu, and P. K. Chu, “From black phosphorus to phosphorene: basic solvent exfoliation, evolution of Raman scattering, and applications to ultrafast photonics,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 6996–7002 (2015).
[Crossref]

B. T. Zhang, F. Lou, R. W. Zhao, J. L. He, J. Li, X. C. Su, J. Ning, and K. J. Yang, “Exfoliated layers of black phosphorus as saturable absorber for ultrafast solid-state laser,” Opt. Lett. 40, 3691–3694 (2015).
[Crossref]

H. T. Zhu, W. Cai, J. F. Wei, J. Liu, L. H. Zheng, L. B. Su, J. Xu, and Y. G. Wang, “763 fs passively mode-locked Yb:Y2SiO5 laser with a graphene oxide absorber mirror,” Opt. Laser Technol. 68, 120–123 (2015).
[Crossref]

P. G. Ge, J. Liu, S. Z. Jiang, Y. Y. Xu, and B. Y. Man, “Compact Q-switched 2 μm Tm:GdVO4 laser with MoS2 absorber,” Photon. Res. 3, 256–259 (2015).
[Crossref]

Y. P. Peng, B. X. Jiang, J. T. Fan, X. Q. Yuan, and L. Zhang, “Review of in mid-infrared laser materials directly pumped by laser-diode,” Laser Optoelectron. Prog. 52, 020001 (2015).

S. B. Lu, L. L. Miao, Z. N. Guo, X. Qi, C. J. Zhao, H. Zhang, S. C. Wen, D. Y. Tang, and D. Y. Fan, “Broadband nonlinear optical response in multilayer black phosphorus: an emerging infrared and mid-infrared optical material,” Opt. Express 23, 11183–11194 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (2)

L. Wang, H. T. Huang, D. Y. Shen, J. Zhang, H. Chen, Y. Wang, X. Liu, and D. Y. Tang, “Room temperature continuous-wave laser performance of LD pumped Er:Lu2O3 and Er:Y2O3 ceramic at 2.7 μm,” Opt. Express 22, 19495–19503 (2014).
[Crossref]

Y. Chen, C. J. Zhao, S. Q. Chen, J. Du, P. H. Tang, G. B. Jiang, H. Zhang, S. C. Wen, and D. Y. Tang, “Large energy, wavelength widely tunable, topological insulator Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum 20, 0900508 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (3)

Z. Luo, Y. Huang, J. Weng, H. Cheng, Z. Lin, B. Xu, Z. Cai, and H. Xu, “1.06 μm Q-switched ytterbium-dope fiber laser using few-layer topological insulator Bi2Se3 as a saturable absorber,” Opt. Express 21, 29516–29522 (2013).
[Crossref]

H. Yu, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, C. Zhao, B. Wang, S. Wen, H. Zhang, and J. Wang, “Topological insulator as an optical modulator for pulsed solid-state lasers,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, L77–L83 (2013).
[Crossref]

P. Kumar, J. Singh, and A. C. Pandey, “Rational low temperature synthesis and structural investigations of ultrathin bismuth nanosheets,” RSC Adv. 3, 2313–2317 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (4)

C. J. Zhao, Y. H. Zou, Y. Chen, Z. T. Wang, S. B. Lu, H. Zhang, S. C. Wen, and D. Y. Tang, “Wavelength-tunable picosecond soliton fiber laser with topological insulator: Bi2Se3 as a mode locker,” Opt. Express 20, 27888–27895 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Liu, Y. G. Wang, Z. S. Qu, and X. W. Fan, “2 μm passive Q-switched mode-locked Tm3+:YAP laser with single-walled carbon nanotube absorber,” Opt. Laser Technol. 44, 960–962 (2012).
[Crossref]

Y. Y. Guo, Y. Tian, L. Y. Zhang, L. L. Hu, N. K. Chen, and J. J. Zhang, “Pr3+-sensitized Er3+-doped bismuthate glass for generating high inversion rates at 2.7 μm wavelength,” Opt. Lett. 37, 3387–3389 (2012).
[Crossref]

W. L. Gao, J. Ma, G. Q. Xie, J. Zhang, D. W. Luo, H. Yang, D. Y. Tang, J. Ma, P. Yuan, and L. J. Qian, “Highly efficient 2 μm Tm:YAG ceramic laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 1076–1078 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

H. Lin, D. Q. Chen, Y. L. Yu, A. P. Yang, and Y. S. Wang, “Enhanced mid-infrared emissions of Er3+ at 2.7 μm via Nd3+ sensitization in chalcohalide glass,” Opt. Lett. 36, 1815–1817 (2011).
[Crossref]

2009 (2)

S. Tokita, M. Murakami, S. Shimizu, M. Hashida, and S. Sakabe, “Liquid-cooled 24 W mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 34, 3062–3064 (2009).
[Crossref]

Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Ni, Y. Yan, Z. Shen, K. Loh, and D. Tang, “Atomic-layer graphene as a saturable absorber for ultrafast pulsed lasers,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3077–3083 (2009).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

A. Godard, “Infrared (2–12 μm) solid-state laser sources: a review,” C. R. Physique 8, 1100–1128 (2007).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

K. Scholle, E. Heumann, and G. Huber, “Single mode Tm and Tm, Ho:LuAG lasers for LIDAR applications,” Laser Phys. Lett. 1, 285–290 (2004).
[Crossref]

Bao, Q.

Bao, Q. L.

Bian, J.

Cai, W.

Cai, W. W.

Cai, Z.

Cai, Z. P.

Cao, R.

Chen, D. Q.

Chen, H.

Chen, N. K.

Chen, S.

Chen, S. Q.

Chen, Y.

Chen, Y. X.

Cheng, H.

Chu, P. K.

Dhanabalan, S. C.

Dong, B.

Dong, B. Q.

Du, J.

Fan, D.

Fan, D. Y.

Fan, J. T.

Y. P. Peng, B. X. Jiang, J. T. Fan, X. Q. Yuan, and L. Zhang, “Review of in mid-infrared laser materials directly pumped by laser-diode,” Laser Optoelectron. Prog. 52, 020001 (2015).

Fan, M. Q.

Fan, X. W.

J. J. Liu, X. W. Fan, J. Liu, W. W. Ma, J. Y. Wang, and L. Su, “Mid-infrared self-Q-switched Er, Pr:CaF2 diode-pumped laser,” Opt. Lett. 41, 4660–4663 (2016).
[Crossref]

Gao, P.

Gao, W. L.

W. L. Gao, J. Ma, G. Q. Xie, J. Zhang, D. W. Luo, H. Yang, D. Y. Tang, J. Ma, P. Yuan, and L. J. Qian, “Highly efficient 2 μm Tm:YAG ceramic laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 1076–1078 (2012).
[Crossref]

Ge, P. G.

P. G. Ge, J. Liu, S. Z. Jiang, Y. Y. Xu, and B. Y. Man, “Compact Q-switched 2 μm Tm:GdVO4 laser with MoS2 absorber,” Photon. Res. 3, 256–259 (2015).
[Crossref]

Ge, Y.

Ge, Y. Q.

Godard, A.

A. Godard, “Infrared (2–12 μm) solid-state laser sources: a review,” C. R. Physique 8, 1100–1128 (2007).
[Crossref]

Guan, X. F.

Guo, G. H.

Guo, L.

Guo, X. S.

Guo, Y.

Guo, Y. Y.

Guo, Z.

Guo, Z. N.

Hang, Y.

Hashida, M.

S. Tokita, M. Murakami, S. Shimizu, M. Hashida, and S. Sakabe, “Liquid-cooled 24 W mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 34, 3062–3064 (2009).
[Crossref]

He, G. B.

He, J.

He, J. L.

He, Z. L.

Heumann, E.

K. Scholle, E. Heumann, and G. Huber, “Single mode Tm and Tm, Ho:LuAG lasers for LIDAR applications,” Laser Phys. Lett. 1, 285–290 (2004).
[Crossref]

Hu, L. L.

Hu, Q.

Huang, H.

Huang, H. T.

Huang, Y.

Huber, G.

K. Scholle, E. Heumann, and G. Huber, “Single mode Tm and Tm, Ho:LuAG lasers for LIDAR applications,” Laser Phys. Lett. 1, 285–290 (2004).
[Crossref]

Ji, J.

Jia, Z.

Jiang, B. X.

Y. P. Peng, B. X. Jiang, J. T. Fan, X. Q. Yuan, and L. Zhang, “Review of in mid-infrared laser materials directly pumped by laser-diode,” Laser Optoelectron. Prog. 52, 020001 (2015).

Jiang, D. P.

Jiang, G. B.

Jiang, S. Z.

P. G. Ge, J. Liu, S. Z. Jiang, Y. Y. Xu, and B. Y. Man, “Compact Q-switched 2 μm Tm:GdVO4 laser with MoS2 absorber,” Photon. Res. 3, 256–259 (2015).
[Crossref]

Jiang, X.

Jiang, X. T.

Jing, G.

Krankel, C.

Kumar, P.

P. Kumar, J. Singh, and A. C. Pandey, “Rational low temperature synthesis and structural investigations of ultrathin bismuth nanosheets,” RSC Adv. 3, 2313–2317 (2013).
[Crossref]

Lee, C. K.

Li, C.

Li, D. C.

Li, G. Q.

Li, G. R.

Li, J.

Li, J. Q.

Li, J. Z.

Li, L.

Li, T.

Li, Y.

Li, Z.

Liang, W. Y.

Liang, Z.

Liang, Z. M.

Lin, H.

Lin, N.

Lin, Z.

Liu, H.

Liu, J.

J. J. Liu, J. Liu, J. M. Yang, W. W. Ma, Q. H. Wu, and L. B. Su, “Efficient mid-infrared laser under different excitation pump wavelengths,” Opt. Lett. 42, 3908–3911 (2017).
[Crossref]

J. J. Liu, X. W. Fan, J. Liu, W. W. Ma, J. Y. Wang, and L. Su, “Mid-infrared self-Q-switched Er, Pr:CaF2 diode-pumped laser,” Opt. Lett. 41, 4660–4663 (2016).
[Crossref]

P. G. Ge, J. Liu, S. Z. Jiang, Y. Y. Xu, and B. Y. Man, “Compact Q-switched 2 μm Tm:GdVO4 laser with MoS2 absorber,” Photon. Res. 3, 256–259 (2015).
[Crossref]

Liu, J. J.

J. J. Liu, J. Liu, J. M. Yang, W. W. Ma, Q. H. Wu, and L. B. Su, “Efficient mid-infrared laser under different excitation pump wavelengths,” Opt. Lett. 42, 3908–3911 (2017).
[Crossref]

J. J. Liu, X. W. Fan, J. Liu, W. W. Ma, J. Y. Wang, and L. Su, “Mid-infrared self-Q-switched Er, Pr:CaF2 diode-pumped laser,” Opt. Lett. 41, 4660–4663 (2016).
[Crossref]

Liu, S. D.

Liu, S. X.

Liu, X.

Liu, X. X.

Loh, K.

Lou, F.

Lu, J.

Lu, L.

Lu, S.

Lu, S. B.

Luo, D. W.

W. L. Gao, J. Ma, G. Q. Xie, J. Zhang, D. W. Luo, H. Yang, D. Y. Tang, J. Ma, P. Yuan, and L. J. Qian, “Highly efficient 2 μm Tm:YAG ceramic laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 1076–1078 (2012).
[Crossref]

Luo, S. J.

Luo, Z.

Miao, L. L.

Murakami, M.

S. Tokita, M. Murakami, S. Shimizu, M. Hashida, and S. Sakabe, “Liquid-cooled 24 W mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 34, 3062–3064 (2009).
[Crossref]

Ni, Z.

Nie, H. K.

Ning, J.

Pan, F.

Pan, Y. Y.

Pandey, A. C.

P. Kumar, J. Singh, and A. C. Pandey, “Rational low temperature synthesis and structural investigations of ultrathin bismuth nanosheets,” RSC Adv. 3, 2313–2317 (2013).
[Crossref]

Peng, Q. Q.

Peng, Y. P.

Y. P. Peng, B. X. Jiang, J. T. Fan, X. Q. Yuan, and L. Zhang, “Review of in mid-infrared laser materials directly pumped by laser-diode,” Laser Optoelectron. Prog. 52, 020001 (2015).

Ponraj, J. S.

Qi, X.

Qian, L. J.

W. L. Gao, J. Ma, G. Q. Xie, J. Zhang, D. W. Luo, H. Yang, D. Y. Tang, J. Ma, P. Yuan, and L. J. Qian, “Highly efficient 2 μm Tm:YAG ceramic laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 1076–1078 (2012).
[Crossref]

Qian, X. B.

Qiao, J. P.

Qiao, W.

Qiao, W. C.

Qin, Z. P.

Qu, Z. S.

Sakabe, S.

S. Tokita, M. Murakami, S. Shimizu, M. Hashida, and S. Sakabe, “Liquid-cooled 24 W mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 34, 3062–3064 (2009).
[Crossref]

Scholle, K.

K. Scholle, E. Heumann, and G. Huber, “Single mode Tm and Tm, Ho:LuAG lasers for LIDAR applications,” Laser Phys. Lett. 1, 285–290 (2004).
[Crossref]

Shao, J. D.

Shen, D. Y.

Shen, Z.

Shimizu, S.

S. Tokita, M. Murakami, S. Shimizu, M. Hashida, and S. Sakabe, “Liquid-cooled 24 W mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 34, 3062–3064 (2009).
[Crossref]

Singh, J.

P. Kumar, J. Singh, and A. C. Pandey, “Rational low temperature synthesis and structural investigations of ultrathin bismuth nanosheets,” RSC Adv. 3, 2313–2317 (2013).
[Crossref]

Song, W. H.

Song, Y.

Song, Y. F.

Song, Z. G.

Su, L.

J. J. Liu, X. W. Fan, J. Liu, W. W. Ma, J. Y. Wang, and L. Su, “Mid-infrared self-Q-switched Er, Pr:CaF2 diode-pumped laser,” Opt. Lett. 41, 4660–4663 (2016).
[Crossref]

Su, L. B.

J. J. Liu, J. Liu, J. M. Yang, W. W. Ma, Q. H. Wu, and L. B. Su, “Efficient mid-infrared laser under different excitation pump wavelengths,” Opt. Lett. 42, 3908–3911 (2017).
[Crossref]

Su, X.

Su, X. C.

Sun, X. T.

Sun, Z. B.

Tang, D.

Tang, D. Y.

W. L. Gao, J. Ma, G. Q. Xie, J. Zhang, D. W. Luo, H. Yang, D. Y. Tang, J. Ma, P. Yuan, and L. J. Qian, “Highly efficient 2 μm Tm:YAG ceramic laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 1076–1078 (2012).
[Crossref]

Tang, P. H.

Tang, S. Y.

Tang, X.

Tao, X.

Tian, Y.

Tokita, S.

S. Tokita, M. Murakami, S. Shimizu, M. Hashida, and S. Sakabe, “Liquid-cooled 24 W mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 34, 3062–3064 (2009).
[Crossref]

Wang, B.

Wang, H. D.

Wang, H. Y.

Wang, J.

Wang, J. Y.

J. J. Liu, X. W. Fan, J. Liu, W. W. Ma, J. Y. Wang, and L. Su, “Mid-infrared self-Q-switched Er, Pr:CaF2 diode-pumped laser,” Opt. Lett. 41, 4660–4663 (2016).
[Crossref]

Wang, K.

Wang, L.

Wang, M. J.

Wang, Y.

Wang, Y. G.

Wang, Y. R.

Wang, Y. S.

Wang, Y. Y.

Wang, Z.

Wang, Z. T.

Wei, J. F.

Wen, Q.

Wen, S.

Wen, S. C.

Weng, J.

Wu, C. L.

Wu, L.

Wu, L. M.

Wu, Q. H.

J. J. Liu, J. Liu, J. M. Yang, W. W. Ma, Q. H. Wu, and L. B. Su, “Efficient mid-infrared laser under different excitation pump wavelengths,” Opt. Lett. 42, 3908–3911 (2017).
[Crossref]

Xiang, Y.

Xiang, Y. J.

Xiao, Q.

Xie, G. Q.

W. L. Gao, J. Ma, G. Q. Xie, J. Zhang, D. W. Luo, H. Yang, D. Y. Tang, J. Ma, P. Yuan, and L. J. Qian, “Highly efficient 2 μm Tm:YAG ceramic laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 1076–1078 (2012).
[Crossref]

Xie, H. H.

Xing, F.

Xu, B.

Xu, H.

Xu, H. Y.

Xu, J.

Xu, J. Q.

Xu, S. C.

Xu, X. D.

Xu, Y.

Xu, Y. Y.

P. G. Ge, J. Liu, S. Z. Jiang, Y. Y. Xu, and B. Y. Man, “Compact Q-switched 2 μm Tm:GdVO4 laser with MoS2 absorber,” Photon. Res. 3, 256–259 (2015).
[Crossref]

Yan, Y.

Yan, Z. Y.

Yang, A. P.

Yang, H.

W. L. Gao, J. Ma, G. Q. Xie, J. Zhang, D. W. Luo, H. Yang, D. Y. Tang, J. Ma, P. Yuan, and L. J. Qian, “Highly efficient 2 μm Tm:YAG ceramic laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 1076–1078 (2012).
[Crossref]

Yang, J. B.

Yang, J. L.

Yang, J. M.

J. J. Liu, J. Liu, J. M. Yang, W. W. Ma, Q. H. Wu, and L. B. Su, “Efficient mid-infrared laser under different excitation pump wavelengths,” Opt. Lett. 42, 3908–3911 (2017).
[Crossref]

Yang, K.

Yang, K. J.

Ye, M.

Yu, H.

Yu, X. F.

Yu, Y. L.

Yuan, P.

W. L. Gao, J. Ma, G. Q. Xie, J. Zhang, D. W. Luo, H. Yang, D. Y. Tang, J. Ma, P. Yuan, and L. J. Qian, “Highly efficient 2 μm Tm:YAG ceramic laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 1076–1078 (2012).
[Crossref]

Yuan, X. Q.

Y. P. Peng, B. X. Jiang, J. T. Fan, X. Q. Yuan, and L. Zhang, “Review of in mid-infrared laser materials directly pumped by laser-diode,” Laser Optoelectron. Prog. 52, 020001 (2015).

Zhan, L. J.

Zhang, B.

Zhang, B. T.

Zhang, C.

Zhang, F.

Zhang, H.

Zhang, J.

W. L. Gao, J. Ma, G. Q. Xie, J. Zhang, D. W. Luo, H. Yang, D. Y. Tang, J. Ma, P. Yuan, and L. J. Qian, “Highly efficient 2 μm Tm:YAG ceramic laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 1076–1078 (2012).
[Crossref]

Zhang, J. J.

Zhang, L.

Y. P. Peng, B. X. Jiang, J. T. Fan, X. Q. Yuan, and L. Zhang, “Review of in mid-infrared laser materials directly pumped by laser-diode,” Laser Optoelectron. Prog. 52, 020001 (2015).

Zhang, L. H.

Zhang, L. Y.

Zhang, P. X.

Zhang, Q.

Zhang, S. Y.

Zhang, X. Y.

Zhao, C.

Zhao, C. J.

Zhao, J.

Zhao, L.

Zhao, L. N.

Zhao, R.

Zhao, R. W.

Zhao, S.

Zhao, S. Z.

Zheng, J.

Zheng, L.

Zheng, L. H.

Zhu, H. T.

Zhu, Z. W.

Zou, Y. H.

2D Mater. (1)

ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. (1)

Adv. Funct. Mater. (2)

Adv. Opt. Mater. (2)

Appl. Opt. (1)

C. R. Physique (1)

A. Godard, “Infrared (2–12 μm) solid-state laser sources: a review,” C. R. Physique 8, 1100–1128 (2007).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum (1)

IEEE Photon. J. (1)

IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. (1)

Laser Optoelectron. Prog. (1)

Y. P. Peng, B. X. Jiang, J. T. Fan, X. Q. Yuan, and L. Zhang, “Review of in mid-infrared laser materials directly pumped by laser-diode,” Laser Optoelectron. Prog. 52, 020001 (2015).

Laser Photon. Rev. (3)

Laser Phys. Lett. (1)

K. Scholle, E. Heumann, and G. Huber, “Single mode Tm and Tm, Ho:LuAG lasers for LIDAR applications,” Laser Phys. Lett. 1, 285–290 (2004).
[Crossref]

Opt. Eng. (1)

Opt. Express (8)

Opt. Laser Technol. (3)

Opt. Lett. (9)

S. Tokita, M. Murakami, S. Shimizu, M. Hashida, and S. Sakabe, “Liquid-cooled 24 W mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 34, 3062–3064 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. J. Liu, X. W. Fan, J. Liu, W. W. Ma, J. Y. Wang, and L. Su, “Mid-infrared self-Q-switched Er, Pr:CaF2 diode-pumped laser,” Opt. Lett. 41, 4660–4663 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. J. Liu, J. Liu, J. M. Yang, W. W. Ma, Q. H. Wu, and L. B. Su, “Efficient mid-infrared laser under different excitation pump wavelengths,” Opt. Lett. 42, 3908–3911 (2017).
[Crossref]

W. L. Gao, J. Ma, G. Q. Xie, J. Zhang, D. W. Luo, H. Yang, D. Y. Tang, J. Ma, P. Yuan, and L. J. Qian, “Highly efficient 2 μm Tm:YAG ceramic laser,” Opt. Lett. 37, 1076–1078 (2012).
[Crossref]

Opt. Mater. Express (2)

Photon. Res. (4)

P. G. Ge, J. Liu, S. Z. Jiang, Y. Y. Xu, and B. Y. Man, “Compact Q-switched 2 μm Tm:GdVO4 laser with MoS2 absorber,” Photon. Res. 3, 256–259 (2015).
[Crossref]

RSC Adv. (1)

P. Kumar, J. Singh, and A. C. Pandey, “Rational low temperature synthesis and structural investigations of ultrathin bismuth nanosheets,” RSC Adv. 3, 2313–2317 (2013).
[Crossref]

Sci. Rep. (1)

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Fig. 1. (a) HRTEM image, (b) Raman spectrum, (c) AFM image of the bismuth nanosheets, and (d) typical height profiles.

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Fig. 2. Nonlinear transmission of Bi-NSs SA.

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Fig. 3. Schematic of the passively

Q

-switched

{Er}^{3 +} : {SrF}_{2}

laser with a Bi-NSs SA.

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Fig. 4. CW output power versus the absorbed pump power for different OC transmissions.

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Fig. 5.

Q

-switched output power versus the absorbed pump power for different OC transmissions. Inset (a) shows the maximum output power versus time.

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Fig. 6. (a) Laser beam profile and (b) 3D light intensity distribution recorded at the maximum output power for the

Q

-switched laser.

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Fig. 7. (a) Pulse repetition rate, (b) pulse duration, (c) single-pulse energy, and (d) peak power versus the absorbed pump power for different OC transmissions.

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Fig. 8.

Q

-switched pulse trains recorded at 2 and 400 μs/div, under an absorbed pump power of 1.97 W for the OC transmission of 3%.

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Fig. 9. Optical spectra recorded in the CW regime and

Q

-switched regime for OC transmission of 3%.

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Tables (1)

Table 1. Experimental Results Achieved under Different OC Mirrors

View Table

Equations (1)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

T = 1 - \frac{α_{s}}{1 + I / I_{s}} - α_{ns},

OC Transmission	Max. Output Power (mW)	Repetition Rate (kHz)	Pulse Width (ns)	Single-Pulse Energy (μJ)	Peak Power (W)	Wavelength (nm)
1%	162	39.1	1170	4.14	3.54	2799.1
3%	226	56.2	980	4.02	4.10	$2730.5 + 2752.2$
5%	205	47.6	1237	4.30	3.48	$2732.6 + 2737.0$