Abstract

We experimentally demonstrate the nonlinear interaction between two chirped broadband single-photon-level coherent states. Each chirped coherent state is generated in independent fiber Bragg gratings. They are simultaneously coupled into a high-efficiency nonlinear waveguide, where they are converted into a narrowband single-photon state with a new frequency by the process of sum-frequency generation (SFG). A higher SFG efficiency of 1.06×10−7 is realized, and this efficiency may achieve heralding entanglement at a distance. This also made it possible to realize long-distance quantum communication, such as device-independent quantum key distribution, by directly using broadband single photons without filtering.

© 2017 Chinese Laser Press

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  1. N. Gisin, S. Pironio, and N. Sangouard, “Proposal for implementing device-independent quantum key distribution based on a heralded qubit amplifier,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 070501 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  2. Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  3. M. Curty, F. H. Xu, W. Cui, C. C. W. Lim, K. Tamaki, and H. K. Lo, “Finite-key analysis for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution,” Nat. Commun. 5, 3732 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  4. Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  5. N. Sangouard, B. Sanguinetti, N. Curtz, N. Gisin, R. Thew, and H. Zbinden, “Faithful entanglement swapping based on sum-frequency generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 120403 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  6. G. Z. Li, Y. P. Chen, H. W. Jiang, and X. F. Chen, “Enhanced Kerr electro-optic nonlinearity and its application in controlling second-harmonic generation,” Photon. Res. 3, 168–172 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  7. N. An, Y. L. Zheng, H. J. Ren, X. H. Zhao, X. W. Deng, and X. F. Chen, “Normal, degenerated, and anomalous-dispersion-like Cerenkov sum-frequency generation in one nonlinear medium,” Photon. Res. 3, 106–109 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  8. X. L. Feng, Z. H. Wu, X. Y. Wang, S. L. He, and S. M. Gao, “All-optical two-channel polarization-multiplexing format conversion from QPSK to BPSK signals in a silicon waveguide,” Photon. Res. 4, 245–248 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  9. J. F. Xia, S. Serna, W. W. Zhang, L. Vivien, and É. Cassan, “Hybrid silicon slotted photonic crystal waveguides: how does third order nonlinear performance scale with slow light?” Photon. Res. 4, 257–261 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  10. T. Guerreiro, E. Pomarico, B. Sanguinetti, N. Sangouard, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, H. Zbinden, R. T. Thew, and N. Gisin, “Interaction of independent single photons based on integrated nonlinear optics,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2324 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  11. T. Guerreiro, A. Martin, B. Sanguinetti, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, N. Gisin, H. Zbinden, N. Sangouard, and R. T. Thew, “Nonlinear interaction between single photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 173601 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  12. T. Peyronel, O. Firstenberg, Q. Y. Liang, S. Hofferberth, A. V. Gorshkov, T. Pohl, M. D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, “Quantum nonlinear optics with single photons enabled by strongly interacting atoms,” Nature 488, 57–60 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  13. J. D. Pritchard, D. Maxwell, A. Gauguet, K. J. Weatherill, M. P. A. Jones, and C. S. Adams, “Cooperative atom-light interaction in a blockaded Rydberg ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 193603 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  14. K. M. Birnbaum, A. Boca, R. Miller, A. D. Boozer, T. E. Northup, and H. J. Kimble, “Photon blockade in an optical cavity with one trapped atom,” Nature 436, 87–90 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  15. B. Dayan, A. Pe’er, A. A. Friesem, and Y. Silberberg, “Nonlinear interactions with an ultrahigh flux of broadband entangled photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 043602 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  16. R. T. Thew, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Tunable upconversion photon detector,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 071104 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  17. L. K. Shalm, D. R. Hamel, Z. Yan, C. Simon, K. J. Resch, and T. Jennewein, “Three-photon energy-time entanglement,” Nat. Phys. 9, 19–22 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  18. N. Matsuda, R. Shimizu, Y. Mitsumori, H. Kosaka, and K. Edamatsu, “Observation of optical-fibre Kerr nonlinearity at the single-photon level,” Nat. Photonics 3, 95–98 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  19. J. Lavoie, J. M. Donohue, L. G. Wright, A. Fedrizzi, and K. J. Resch, “Spectral compression of single photons,” Nat. Photonics 7, 363–366 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  20. K. R. Parameswaran, R. K. Route, J. R. Kurz, R. V. Roussev, M. M. Fejer, and M. Fujimura, “Highly efficient second-harmonic generation in buried waveguides formed by annealed and reverse proton exchange in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Opt. Lett. 27, 179–181 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  21. S. Kurimura, Y. Kato, M. Maruyama, Y. Usui, and H. Nakajima, “Quasi-phase-matched adhered ridge waveguide in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 191123 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  22. M. Jazbinsek, L. Mutter, and P. Gunter, “Photonic applications with the organic nonlinear optical crystal DAST,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14, 1298–1311 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  23. C. Sliwa and K. Banaszek, “Conditional preparation of maximal polarization entanglement,” Phys. Rev. A 67, 030101 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  24. J. Mower, Z. Zhang, P. Desjardins, C. Lee, J. H. Shapiro, and D. Englund, “High-dimensional quantum key distribution using dispersive optics,” Phys. Rev. A 87, 62322 (2013).
    [Crossref]

2016 (3)

Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
[Crossref]

X. L. Feng, Z. H. Wu, X. Y. Wang, S. L. He, and S. M. Gao, “All-optical two-channel polarization-multiplexing format conversion from QPSK to BPSK signals in a silicon waveguide,” Photon. Res. 4, 245–248 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. F. Xia, S. Serna, W. W. Zhang, L. Vivien, and É. Cassan, “Hybrid silicon slotted photonic crystal waveguides: how does third order nonlinear performance scale with slow light?” Photon. Res. 4, 257–261 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (2)

2014 (3)

Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
[Crossref]

M. Curty, F. H. Xu, W. Cui, C. C. W. Lim, K. Tamaki, and H. K. Lo, “Finite-key analysis for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution,” Nat. Commun. 5, 3732 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Guerreiro, A. Martin, B. Sanguinetti, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, N. Gisin, H. Zbinden, N. Sangouard, and R. T. Thew, “Nonlinear interaction between single photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 173601 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (4)

L. K. Shalm, D. R. Hamel, Z. Yan, C. Simon, K. J. Resch, and T. Jennewein, “Three-photon energy-time entanglement,” Nat. Phys. 9, 19–22 (2013).
[Crossref]

T. Guerreiro, E. Pomarico, B. Sanguinetti, N. Sangouard, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, H. Zbinden, R. T. Thew, and N. Gisin, “Interaction of independent single photons based on integrated nonlinear optics,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2324 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Lavoie, J. M. Donohue, L. G. Wright, A. Fedrizzi, and K. J. Resch, “Spectral compression of single photons,” Nat. Photonics 7, 363–366 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Mower, Z. Zhang, P. Desjardins, C. Lee, J. H. Shapiro, and D. Englund, “High-dimensional quantum key distribution using dispersive optics,” Phys. Rev. A 87, 62322 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (1)

T. Peyronel, O. Firstenberg, Q. Y. Liang, S. Hofferberth, A. V. Gorshkov, T. Pohl, M. D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, “Quantum nonlinear optics with single photons enabled by strongly interacting atoms,” Nature 488, 57–60 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

N. Sangouard, B. Sanguinetti, N. Curtz, N. Gisin, R. Thew, and H. Zbinden, “Faithful entanglement swapping based on sum-frequency generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 120403 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (2)

J. D. Pritchard, D. Maxwell, A. Gauguet, K. J. Weatherill, M. P. A. Jones, and C. S. Adams, “Cooperative atom-light interaction in a blockaded Rydberg ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 193603 (2010).
[Crossref]

N. Gisin, S. Pironio, and N. Sangouard, “Proposal for implementing device-independent quantum key distribution based on a heralded qubit amplifier,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 070501 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (1)

N. Matsuda, R. Shimizu, Y. Mitsumori, H. Kosaka, and K. Edamatsu, “Observation of optical-fibre Kerr nonlinearity at the single-photon level,” Nat. Photonics 3, 95–98 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (2)

R. T. Thew, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Tunable upconversion photon detector,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 071104 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Jazbinsek, L. Mutter, and P. Gunter, “Photonic applications with the organic nonlinear optical crystal DAST,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14, 1298–1311 (2008).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

S. Kurimura, Y. Kato, M. Maruyama, Y. Usui, and H. Nakajima, “Quasi-phase-matched adhered ridge waveguide in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 191123 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (2)

K. M. Birnbaum, A. Boca, R. Miller, A. D. Boozer, T. E. Northup, and H. J. Kimble, “Photon blockade in an optical cavity with one trapped atom,” Nature 436, 87–90 (2005).
[Crossref]

B. Dayan, A. Pe’er, A. A. Friesem, and Y. Silberberg, “Nonlinear interactions with an ultrahigh flux of broadband entangled photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 043602 (2005).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

C. Sliwa and K. Banaszek, “Conditional preparation of maximal polarization entanglement,” Phys. Rev. A 67, 030101 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

Adams, C. S.

J. D. Pritchard, D. Maxwell, A. Gauguet, K. J. Weatherill, M. P. A. Jones, and C. S. Adams, “Cooperative atom-light interaction in a blockaded Rydberg ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 193603 (2010).
[Crossref]

An, N.

Banaszek, K.

C. Sliwa and K. Banaszek, “Conditional preparation of maximal polarization entanglement,” Phys. Rev. A 67, 030101 (2003).
[Crossref]

Birnbaum, K. M.

K. M. Birnbaum, A. Boca, R. Miller, A. D. Boozer, T. E. Northup, and H. J. Kimble, “Photon blockade in an optical cavity with one trapped atom,” Nature 436, 87–90 (2005).
[Crossref]

Boca, A.

K. M. Birnbaum, A. Boca, R. Miller, A. D. Boozer, T. E. Northup, and H. J. Kimble, “Photon blockade in an optical cavity with one trapped atom,” Nature 436, 87–90 (2005).
[Crossref]

Boozer, A. D.

K. M. Birnbaum, A. Boca, R. Miller, A. D. Boozer, T. E. Northup, and H. J. Kimble, “Photon blockade in an optical cavity with one trapped atom,” Nature 436, 87–90 (2005).
[Crossref]

Cassan, É.

Chen, S. J.

Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
[Crossref]

Chen, T. Y.

Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
[Crossref]

Chen, X. F.

Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
[Crossref]

G. Z. Li, Y. P. Chen, H. W. Jiang, and X. F. Chen, “Enhanced Kerr electro-optic nonlinearity and its application in controlling second-harmonic generation,” Photon. Res. 3, 168–172 (2015).
[Crossref]

N. An, Y. L. Zheng, H. J. Ren, X. H. Zhao, X. W. Deng, and X. F. Chen, “Normal, degenerated, and anomalous-dispersion-like Cerenkov sum-frequency generation in one nonlinear medium,” Photon. Res. 3, 106–109 (2015).
[Crossref]

Chen, Y. P.

Cui, W.

M. Curty, F. H. Xu, W. Cui, C. C. W. Lim, K. Tamaki, and H. K. Lo, “Finite-key analysis for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution,” Nat. Commun. 5, 3732 (2014).
[Crossref]

Curty, M.

M. Curty, F. H. Xu, W. Cui, C. C. W. Lim, K. Tamaki, and H. K. Lo, “Finite-key analysis for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution,” Nat. Commun. 5, 3732 (2014).
[Crossref]

Curtz, N.

N. Sangouard, B. Sanguinetti, N. Curtz, N. Gisin, R. Thew, and H. Zbinden, “Faithful entanglement swapping based on sum-frequency generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 120403 (2011).
[Crossref]

Dayan, B.

B. Dayan, A. Pe’er, A. A. Friesem, and Y. Silberberg, “Nonlinear interactions with an ultrahigh flux of broadband entangled photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 043602 (2005).
[Crossref]

Deng, X. W.

Desjardins, P.

J. Mower, Z. Zhang, P. Desjardins, C. Lee, J. H. Shapiro, and D. Englund, “High-dimensional quantum key distribution using dispersive optics,” Phys. Rev. A 87, 62322 (2013).
[Crossref]

Donohue, J. M.

J. Lavoie, J. M. Donohue, L. G. Wright, A. Fedrizzi, and K. J. Resch, “Spectral compression of single photons,” Nat. Photonics 7, 363–366 (2013).
[Crossref]

Edamatsu, K.

N. Matsuda, R. Shimizu, Y. Mitsumori, H. Kosaka, and K. Edamatsu, “Observation of optical-fibre Kerr nonlinearity at the single-photon level,” Nat. Photonics 3, 95–98 (2009).
[Crossref]

Englund, D.

J. Mower, Z. Zhang, P. Desjardins, C. Lee, J. H. Shapiro, and D. Englund, “High-dimensional quantum key distribution using dispersive optics,” Phys. Rev. A 87, 62322 (2013).
[Crossref]

Fan, J. Y.

Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
[Crossref]

Fedrizzi, A.

J. Lavoie, J. M. Donohue, L. G. Wright, A. Fedrizzi, and K. J. Resch, “Spectral compression of single photons,” Nat. Photonics 7, 363–366 (2013).
[Crossref]

Fejer, M. M.

T. Guerreiro, A. Martin, B. Sanguinetti, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, N. Gisin, H. Zbinden, N. Sangouard, and R. T. Thew, “Nonlinear interaction between single photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 173601 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Guerreiro, E. Pomarico, B. Sanguinetti, N. Sangouard, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, H. Zbinden, R. T. Thew, and N. Gisin, “Interaction of independent single photons based on integrated nonlinear optics,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2324 (2013).
[Crossref]

K. R. Parameswaran, R. K. Route, J. R. Kurz, R. V. Roussev, M. M. Fejer, and M. Fujimura, “Highly efficient second-harmonic generation in buried waveguides formed by annealed and reverse proton exchange in periodically poled lithium niobate,” Opt. Lett. 27, 179–181 (2002).
[Crossref]

Feng, X. L.

Firstenberg, O.

T. Peyronel, O. Firstenberg, Q. Y. Liang, S. Hofferberth, A. V. Gorshkov, T. Pohl, M. D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, “Quantum nonlinear optics with single photons enabled by strongly interacting atoms,” Nature 488, 57–60 (2012).
[Crossref]

Friesem, A. A.

B. Dayan, A. Pe’er, A. A. Friesem, and Y. Silberberg, “Nonlinear interactions with an ultrahigh flux of broadband entangled photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 043602 (2005).
[Crossref]

Fujimura, M.

Gao, S. M.

Gauguet, A.

J. D. Pritchard, D. Maxwell, A. Gauguet, K. J. Weatherill, M. P. A. Jones, and C. S. Adams, “Cooperative atom-light interaction in a blockaded Rydberg ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 193603 (2010).
[Crossref]

Gisin, N.

T. Guerreiro, A. Martin, B. Sanguinetti, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, N. Gisin, H. Zbinden, N. Sangouard, and R. T. Thew, “Nonlinear interaction between single photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 173601 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Guerreiro, E. Pomarico, B. Sanguinetti, N. Sangouard, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, H. Zbinden, R. T. Thew, and N. Gisin, “Interaction of independent single photons based on integrated nonlinear optics,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2324 (2013).
[Crossref]

N. Sangouard, B. Sanguinetti, N. Curtz, N. Gisin, R. Thew, and H. Zbinden, “Faithful entanglement swapping based on sum-frequency generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 120403 (2011).
[Crossref]

N. Gisin, S. Pironio, and N. Sangouard, “Proposal for implementing device-independent quantum key distribution based on a heralded qubit amplifier,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 070501 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. T. Thew, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Tunable upconversion photon detector,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 071104 (2008).
[Crossref]

Gorshkov, A. V.

T. Peyronel, O. Firstenberg, Q. Y. Liang, S. Hofferberth, A. V. Gorshkov, T. Pohl, M. D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, “Quantum nonlinear optics with single photons enabled by strongly interacting atoms,” Nature 488, 57–60 (2012).
[Crossref]

Guan, J. Y.

Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
[Crossref]

Guerreiro, T.

T. Guerreiro, A. Martin, B. Sanguinetti, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, N. Gisin, H. Zbinden, N. Sangouard, and R. T. Thew, “Nonlinear interaction between single photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 173601 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Guerreiro, E. Pomarico, B. Sanguinetti, N. Sangouard, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, H. Zbinden, R. T. Thew, and N. Gisin, “Interaction of independent single photons based on integrated nonlinear optics,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2324 (2013).
[Crossref]

Gunter, P.

M. Jazbinsek, L. Mutter, and P. Gunter, “Photonic applications with the organic nonlinear optical crystal DAST,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14, 1298–1311 (2008).
[Crossref]

Hamel, D. R.

L. K. Shalm, D. R. Hamel, Z. Yan, C. Simon, K. J. Resch, and T. Jennewein, “Three-photon energy-time entanglement,” Nat. Phys. 9, 19–22 (2013).
[Crossref]

He, S. L.

Hofferberth, S.

T. Peyronel, O. Firstenberg, Q. Y. Liang, S. Hofferberth, A. V. Gorshkov, T. Pohl, M. D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, “Quantum nonlinear optics with single photons enabled by strongly interacting atoms,” Nature 488, 57–60 (2012).
[Crossref]

Jazbinsek, M.

M. Jazbinsek, L. Mutter, and P. Gunter, “Photonic applications with the organic nonlinear optical crystal DAST,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 14, 1298–1311 (2008).
[Crossref]

Jennewein, T.

L. K. Shalm, D. R. Hamel, Z. Yan, C. Simon, K. J. Resch, and T. Jennewein, “Three-photon energy-time entanglement,” Nat. Phys. 9, 19–22 (2013).
[Crossref]

Jiang, H. W.

Jiang, X.

Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
[Crossref]

Jiang, Y. F.

Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
[Crossref]

Jones, M. P. A.

J. D. Pritchard, D. Maxwell, A. Gauguet, K. J. Weatherill, M. P. A. Jones, and C. S. Adams, “Cooperative atom-light interaction in a blockaded Rydberg ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 193603 (2010).
[Crossref]

Kato, Y.

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K. M. Birnbaum, A. Boca, R. Miller, A. D. Boozer, T. E. Northup, and H. J. Kimble, “Photon blockade in an optical cavity with one trapped atom,” Nature 436, 87–90 (2005).
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T. Guerreiro, E. Pomarico, B. Sanguinetti, N. Sangouard, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, H. Zbinden, R. T. Thew, and N. Gisin, “Interaction of independent single photons based on integrated nonlinear optics,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2324 (2013).
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T. Peyronel, O. Firstenberg, Q. Y. Liang, S. Hofferberth, A. V. Gorshkov, T. Pohl, M. D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, “Quantum nonlinear optics with single photons enabled by strongly interacting atoms,” Nature 488, 57–60 (2012).
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M. Curty, F. H. Xu, W. Cui, C. C. W. Lim, K. Tamaki, and H. K. Lo, “Finite-key analysis for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution,” Nat. Commun. 5, 3732 (2014).
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T. Peyronel, O. Firstenberg, Q. Y. Liang, S. Hofferberth, A. V. Gorshkov, T. Pohl, M. D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, “Quantum nonlinear optics with single photons enabled by strongly interacting atoms,” Nature 488, 57–60 (2012).
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Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
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T. Guerreiro, A. Martin, B. Sanguinetti, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, N. Gisin, H. Zbinden, N. Sangouard, and R. T. Thew, “Nonlinear interaction between single photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 173601 (2014).
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S. Kurimura, Y. Kato, M. Maruyama, Y. Usui, and H. Nakajima, “Quasi-phase-matched adhered ridge waveguide in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 191123 (2006).
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N. Matsuda, R. Shimizu, Y. Mitsumori, H. Kosaka, and K. Edamatsu, “Observation of optical-fibre Kerr nonlinearity at the single-photon level,” Nat. Photonics 3, 95–98 (2009).
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Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
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K. M. Birnbaum, A. Boca, R. Miller, A. D. Boozer, T. E. Northup, and H. J. Kimble, “Photon blockade in an optical cavity with one trapped atom,” Nature 436, 87–90 (2005).
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N. Matsuda, R. Shimizu, Y. Mitsumori, H. Kosaka, and K. Edamatsu, “Observation of optical-fibre Kerr nonlinearity at the single-photon level,” Nat. Photonics 3, 95–98 (2009).
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S. Kurimura, Y. Kato, M. Maruyama, Y. Usui, and H. Nakajima, “Quasi-phase-matched adhered ridge waveguide in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 191123 (2006).
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K. M. Birnbaum, A. Boca, R. Miller, A. D. Boozer, T. E. Northup, and H. J. Kimble, “Photon blockade in an optical cavity with one trapped atom,” Nature 436, 87–90 (2005).
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Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
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Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
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T. Guerreiro, A. Martin, B. Sanguinetti, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, N. Gisin, H. Zbinden, N. Sangouard, and R. T. Thew, “Nonlinear interaction between single photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 173601 (2014).
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T. Guerreiro, E. Pomarico, B. Sanguinetti, N. Sangouard, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, H. Zbinden, R. T. Thew, and N. Gisin, “Interaction of independent single photons based on integrated nonlinear optics,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2324 (2013).
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T. Peyronel, O. Firstenberg, Q. Y. Liang, S. Hofferberth, A. V. Gorshkov, T. Pohl, M. D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, “Quantum nonlinear optics with single photons enabled by strongly interacting atoms,” Nature 488, 57–60 (2012).
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N. Gisin, S. Pironio, and N. Sangouard, “Proposal for implementing device-independent quantum key distribution based on a heralded qubit amplifier,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 070501 (2010).
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T. Peyronel, O. Firstenberg, Q. Y. Liang, S. Hofferberth, A. V. Gorshkov, T. Pohl, M. D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, “Quantum nonlinear optics with single photons enabled by strongly interacting atoms,” Nature 488, 57–60 (2012).
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T. Guerreiro, E. Pomarico, B. Sanguinetti, N. Sangouard, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, H. Zbinden, R. T. Thew, and N. Gisin, “Interaction of independent single photons based on integrated nonlinear optics,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2324 (2013).
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J. D. Pritchard, D. Maxwell, A. Gauguet, K. J. Weatherill, M. P. A. Jones, and C. S. Adams, “Cooperative atom-light interaction in a blockaded Rydberg ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 193603 (2010).
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Resch, K. J.

J. Lavoie, J. M. Donohue, L. G. Wright, A. Fedrizzi, and K. J. Resch, “Spectral compression of single photons,” Nat. Photonics 7, 363–366 (2013).
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Route, R. K.

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T. Guerreiro, A. Martin, B. Sanguinetti, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, N. Gisin, H. Zbinden, N. Sangouard, and R. T. Thew, “Nonlinear interaction between single photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 173601 (2014).
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T. Guerreiro, E. Pomarico, B. Sanguinetti, N. Sangouard, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, H. Zbinden, R. T. Thew, and N. Gisin, “Interaction of independent single photons based on integrated nonlinear optics,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2324 (2013).
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N. Sangouard, B. Sanguinetti, N. Curtz, N. Gisin, R. Thew, and H. Zbinden, “Faithful entanglement swapping based on sum-frequency generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 120403 (2011).
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N. Gisin, S. Pironio, and N. Sangouard, “Proposal for implementing device-independent quantum key distribution based on a heralded qubit amplifier,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 070501 (2010).
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T. Guerreiro, A. Martin, B. Sanguinetti, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, N. Gisin, H. Zbinden, N. Sangouard, and R. T. Thew, “Nonlinear interaction between single photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 173601 (2014).
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T. Guerreiro, E. Pomarico, B. Sanguinetti, N. Sangouard, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, H. Zbinden, R. T. Thew, and N. Gisin, “Interaction of independent single photons based on integrated nonlinear optics,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2324 (2013).
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N. Sangouard, B. Sanguinetti, N. Curtz, N. Gisin, R. Thew, and H. Zbinden, “Faithful entanglement swapping based on sum-frequency generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 120403 (2011).
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Shalm, L. K.

L. K. Shalm, D. R. Hamel, Z. Yan, C. Simon, K. J. Resch, and T. Jennewein, “Three-photon energy-time entanglement,” Nat. Phys. 9, 19–22 (2013).
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J. Mower, Z. Zhang, P. Desjardins, C. Lee, J. H. Shapiro, and D. Englund, “High-dimensional quantum key distribution using dispersive optics,” Phys. Rev. A 87, 62322 (2013).
[Crossref]

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N. Matsuda, R. Shimizu, Y. Mitsumori, H. Kosaka, and K. Edamatsu, “Observation of optical-fibre Kerr nonlinearity at the single-photon level,” Nat. Photonics 3, 95–98 (2009).
[Crossref]

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B. Dayan, A. Pe’er, A. A. Friesem, and Y. Silberberg, “Nonlinear interactions with an ultrahigh flux of broadband entangled photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 043602 (2005).
[Crossref]

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L. K. Shalm, D. R. Hamel, Z. Yan, C. Simon, K. J. Resch, and T. Jennewein, “Three-photon energy-time entanglement,” Nat. Phys. 9, 19–22 (2013).
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Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
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M. Curty, F. H. Xu, W. Cui, C. C. W. Lim, K. Tamaki, and H. K. Lo, “Finite-key analysis for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution,” Nat. Commun. 5, 3732 (2014).
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Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
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Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
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N. Sangouard, B. Sanguinetti, N. Curtz, N. Gisin, R. Thew, and H. Zbinden, “Faithful entanglement swapping based on sum-frequency generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 120403 (2011).
[Crossref]

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T. Guerreiro, A. Martin, B. Sanguinetti, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, N. Gisin, H. Zbinden, N. Sangouard, and R. T. Thew, “Nonlinear interaction between single photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 173601 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Guerreiro, E. Pomarico, B. Sanguinetti, N. Sangouard, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, H. Zbinden, R. T. Thew, and N. Gisin, “Interaction of independent single photons based on integrated nonlinear optics,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2324 (2013).
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R. T. Thew, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Tunable upconversion photon detector,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 071104 (2008).
[Crossref]

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S. Kurimura, Y. Kato, M. Maruyama, Y. Usui, and H. Nakajima, “Quasi-phase-matched adhered ridge waveguide in LiNbO3,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 191123 (2006).
[Crossref]

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Vuletic, V.

T. Peyronel, O. Firstenberg, Q. Y. Liang, S. Hofferberth, A. V. Gorshkov, T. Pohl, M. D. Lukin, and V. Vuletić, “Quantum nonlinear optics with single photons enabled by strongly interacting atoms,” Nature 488, 57–60 (2012).
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Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
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Wang, Z.

Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
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J. D. Pritchard, D. Maxwell, A. Gauguet, K. J. Weatherill, M. P. A. Jones, and C. S. Adams, “Cooperative atom-light interaction in a blockaded Rydberg ensemble,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 193603 (2010).
[Crossref]

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J. Lavoie, J. M. Donohue, L. G. Wright, A. Fedrizzi, and K. J. Resch, “Spectral compression of single photons,” Nat. Photonics 7, 363–366 (2013).
[Crossref]

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Xia, J. F.

Xu, F. H.

M. Curty, F. H. Xu, W. Cui, C. C. W. Lim, K. Tamaki, and H. K. Lo, “Finite-key analysis for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution,” Nat. Commun. 5, 3732 (2014).
[Crossref]

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Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
[Crossref]

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L. K. Shalm, D. R. Hamel, Z. Yan, C. Simon, K. J. Resch, and T. Jennewein, “Three-photon energy-time entanglement,” Nat. Phys. 9, 19–22 (2013).
[Crossref]

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Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
[Crossref]

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Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
[Crossref]

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Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
[Crossref]

Zbinden, H.

T. Guerreiro, A. Martin, B. Sanguinetti, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, N. Gisin, H. Zbinden, N. Sangouard, and R. T. Thew, “Nonlinear interaction between single photons,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 173601 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Guerreiro, E. Pomarico, B. Sanguinetti, N. Sangouard, J. S. Pelc, C. Langrock, M. M. Fejer, H. Zbinden, R. T. Thew, and N. Gisin, “Interaction of independent single photons based on integrated nonlinear optics,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2324 (2013).
[Crossref]

N. Sangouard, B. Sanguinetti, N. Curtz, N. Gisin, R. Thew, and H. Zbinden, “Faithful entanglement swapping based on sum-frequency generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 120403 (2011).
[Crossref]

R. T. Thew, H. Zbinden, and N. Gisin, “Tunable upconversion photon detector,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 071104 (2008).
[Crossref]

Zhang, L.

Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
[Crossref]

Zhang, Q.

Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. L. Tang, H. L. Yin, S. J. Chen, Y. Liu, W. J. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Zhang, J. Wang, L. X. You, J. Y. Guan, D. X. Yang, Z. Wang, H. Liang, Z. Zhang, N. Zhou, X. F. Ma, T. Y. Chen, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution over 200  km,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 190501 (2014).
[Crossref]

Zhang, W.

Q. C. Sun, Y. L. Mao, S. J. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. F. Jiang, Y. B. Zhang, W. J. Zhang, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, X. Jiang, T. Y. Chen, L. X. You, X. F. Chen, Z. Wang, J. Y. Fan, Q. Zhang, and J. W. Pan, “Quantum teleportation with independent sources and prior entanglement distribution over a network,” Nat. Photonics 10, 671–675 (2016).
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Figures (4)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

Experimental setup. A mode-locked optical fiber laser generates 500 fs pulses at 1551 nm with a repetition of 59.98 MHz and is used to generate the two chirped broadband single-photon-level coherent states based on FBG1 and FBG2. The two chirped broadband coherent states are combined via a 50∶50 single-mode beam splitter (SBS) and directed to a 5.2 cm long fiber pigtailed Type-0 PPLN-WG chip. The total losses in the WG are 2.2 dB, such as a coupling loss of about 0.7 dB and a total fiber-to-output-facet loss of approximately 1.5 dB. The unconverted photons are deterministically separated from the SFG photons by an IF, and the SFG photons are sent to a single photon detector (silicon APD). The entire experiment is fiber-coupled.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

(a) Pump and signal light spectrums. (b) Spectrums of upconverted light (SFG and SHG): SHG of signal light; SHG of pump light.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.

SFG efficiency. SFG efficiency can be tuned by manipulating the PPLN-WG chip’s temperature.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.

SFG efficiency and SFG photons that the pump photons are upconverted when interacting with the signal photons inside the PPLN-WG chip, plotted against the number of photons per pulse (equal for signal and pump). Dark counts of 3.8 Hz have been subtracted, and the total losses of about 5.6 dB have been taken into account.

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