Imaging with flat optics: metalenses or diffractive lenses?

Sourangsu Banerji; Monjurul Meem; Apratim Majumder; Fernando Guevara Vasquez; Berardi Sensale-Rodriguez; Rajesh Menon

doi:10.1364/OPTICA.6.000805

Imaging with flat optics: metalenses or diffractive lenses?

Sourangsu Banerji, Monjurul Meem, Apratim Majumder, Fernando Guevara Vasquez, Berardi Sensale-Rodriguez, and Rajesh Menon

Optica
Vol. 6,
Issue 6,
pp. 805-810
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.6.000805

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Sourangsu Banerji, Monjurul Meem, Apratim Majumder, Fernando Guevara Vasquez, Berardi Sensale-Rodriguez, and Rajesh Menon, "Imaging with flat optics: metalenses or diffractive lenses?," Optica 6, 805-810 (2019)

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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: February 8, 2019
- Revised Manuscript: May 14, 2019
- Manuscript Accepted: May 17, 2019
- Published: June 10, 2019

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Open Access

Abstract

Recently, there has been an explosion of interest in metalenses for imaging. The interest is primarily based on their subwavelength thicknesses. Diffractive gratings have been used as thin optical elements since the late 19th century. Here, we show that multilevel diffractive lenses (MDLs), when designed properly, can exceed the performance of metalenses. Furthermore, MDLs can be designed and fabricated with larger constituent features, making them accessible to low-cost, large-area volume manufacturing, which is generally challenging for metalenses. The support substrate will dominate overall thickness for all flat optics. Therefore, the advantage of a slight decrease in thickness (from $\sim 2 λ$ to $\sim λ / 2$ ) afforded by metalenses may not be useful. We further elaborate on the differences between these approaches and clarify that metalenses have unique advantages when manipulating the electromagnetic fields, rather than intensity.

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References

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Publication

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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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P. Wang, N. Mohammad, and R. Menon, “Chromatic-aberration-corrected diffractive lenses for ultra-broadband focusing,” Sci. Rep. 6, 21545 (2016).
[Crossref]
N. Mohammad, M. Meem, B. Shen, P. Wang, and R. Menon, “Broadband imaging with one planar diffractive lens,” Sci. Rep. 8, 2799 (2018).
[Crossref]
M. Meem, A. Majumder, and R. Menon, “Full-color video and still imaging using two flat lenses,” Opt. Express 26, 26866–26871 (2018).
[Crossref]
S. Banerji, A. Chanana, H. Condori, A. Nahata, and B. Sensale-Rodriguez, “Efficient design of diffractive THz lenses for aberration rectified focusing via modified binary search algorithm conference on lasers and electro-optics,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, OSA Technical Digest (online) (2018), paper JW2A.76
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
P. Lalanne and P. Chavel, “Metalenses at visible wavelengths: past, present, perspectives,” Laser Photon. Rev. 11, 1600295 (2017).
[Crossref]
W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Sisler, Z. Bharwani, and F. Capasso, “A broadband achromatic polarization-insensitive metalens consisting of anisotropic nanostructures,” arXiv:1810.05050 (2018).
F. Aieta, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, N. Yu, R. Blanchard, Z. Gaburro, and F. Capasso, “Polarization insensitive metalenses at visible wavelengths,” Nano Lett. 12, 4932–4936 (2012).
[Crossref]
W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, V. Sanjeev, M. Khorasaninejad, Z. Shi, E. Lee, and F. Capasso, “A broadband achromatic metalens for focusing and imaging in the visible,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 220–226 (2018).
[Crossref]
S. Zhang, A. Soibel, S. A. Keo, D. Wilson, B. Rafol, D. Z. Ting, A. She, S. D. Gunapala, and F. Capasso, “Solid-immersion metalenses for infrared focal-plane arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 111104 (2018).
[Crossref]
Y. Liang, H. Liu, F. Wang, H. Meng, J. Guo, J. Li, and Z. Wei, “High-efficiency, near-diffraction limited, dielectric metasurface lenses based on crystalline titanium dioxide at visible wavelengths,” Nanomaterials 8, 288 (2018).
[Crossref]
U. Palfinger, L. Kuna, D. Nees, S. Ruttloff, J. Götz, and B. Stadlober, “R2R fabrication of freeform micro-optics,” Proc. SPIE 10520, 105200J (2018).
[Crossref]
S. Maretske, “Locality estimates for Fresnel-wave-propagation and instability of x-ray phase contrast imaging with finite detectors,” arXiv:1805.06185 (2018).
X. Wan, B. Shen, and R. Menon, “Diffractive lens design for optimized focusing,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 31, BB27–BB33 (2014).
[Crossref]
R. Menon, D. Gil, and H. I. Smith, “Experimental characterization of focusing by high-numerical-aperture zone plates,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 567–571 (2006).
[Crossref]
D. Gil, R. Menon, and H. I. Smith, “Fabrication of high-numerical aperture phase zone plates with a single lithography exposure and no etching,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21, 2956–2960 (2003).
[Crossref]
M. Khorasaninejad, W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Oh, R. C. Devlin, D. Rousso, and F. Capasso, “Multispectral chiral imaging with a metalens,” Nano Lett. 16, 4595–4600 (2016).
[Crossref]
B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An ultra-high efficiency metamaterial polarizer,” Optica 1, 356–360 (2014).
[Crossref]
E. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, A. Arbabi, and A. Faraon, “Full-stokes imaging polarimetry using dielectric metasurfaces,” ACS Photon. 5, 3132–3140 (2018).
[Crossref]
B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An integrated-nanophotonic polarization beamsplitter with 2.4 μm × 2.4 μm2 footprint,” Nat. Photonics 9, 378–382 (2015).
[Crossref]
B. Shen, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “Increasing the density of integrated-photonic circuits via nanophotonic cloaking,” Nat. Commun. 7, 13126 (2016).
[Crossref]
A. Majumder, B. Shen, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “Ultra-compact polarization rotation in integrated silicon photonics using digital metamaterials,” Opt. Express 25, 19721–19731 (2017).
[Crossref]

2019 (1)

S. Banerji and B. Sensale-Rodriguez, “A computational design framework for efficient, fabrication error-tolerant, planar THz diffractive optical elements,” Sci. Rep. 9, 5801 (2019).
[Crossref]

2018 (7)

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, B. Shen, P. Wang, and R. Menon, “Broadband imaging with one planar diffractive lens,” Sci. Rep. 8, 2799 (2018).
[Crossref]

M. Meem, A. Majumder, and R. Menon, “Full-color video and still imaging using two flat lenses,” Opt. Express 26, 26866–26871 (2018).
[Crossref]

W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, V. Sanjeev, M. Khorasaninejad, Z. Shi, E. Lee, and F. Capasso, “A broadband achromatic metalens for focusing and imaging in the visible,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 220–226 (2018).
[Crossref]

S. Zhang, A. Soibel, S. A. Keo, D. Wilson, B. Rafol, D. Z. Ting, A. She, S. D. Gunapala, and F. Capasso, “Solid-immersion metalenses for infrared focal-plane arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 111104 (2018).
[Crossref]

Y. Liang, H. Liu, F. Wang, H. Meng, J. Guo, J. Li, and Z. Wei, “High-efficiency, near-diffraction limited, dielectric metasurface lenses based on crystalline titanium dioxide at visible wavelengths,” Nanomaterials 8, 288 (2018).
[Crossref]

U. Palfinger, L. Kuna, D. Nees, S. Ruttloff, J. Götz, and B. Stadlober, “R2R fabrication of freeform micro-optics,” Proc. SPIE 10520, 105200J (2018).
[Crossref]

E. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, A. Arbabi, and A. Faraon, “Full-stokes imaging polarimetry using dielectric metasurfaces,” ACS Photon. 5, 3132–3140 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (3)

A. Majumder, B. Shen, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “Ultra-compact polarization rotation in integrated silicon photonics using digital metamaterials,” Opt. Express 25, 19721–19731 (2017).
[Crossref]

P. Lalanne and P. Chavel, “Metalenses at visible wavelengths: past, present, perspectives,” Laser Photon. Rev. 11, 1600295 (2017).
[Crossref]

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, X. Wan, and R. Menon, “Full-color, large area, transmissive holograms enabled by multi-level diffractive optics,” Sci. Rep. 7, 5789 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (3)

P. Wang, N. Mohammad, and R. Menon, “Chromatic-aberration-corrected diffractive lenses for ultra-broadband focusing,” Sci. Rep. 6, 21545 (2016).
[Crossref]

M. Khorasaninejad, W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Oh, R. C. Devlin, D. Rousso, and F. Capasso, “Multispectral chiral imaging with a metalens,” Nano Lett. 16, 4595–4600 (2016).
[Crossref]

B. Shen, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “Increasing the density of integrated-photonic circuits via nanophotonic cloaking,” Nat. Commun. 7, 13126 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (2)

B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An integrated-nanophotonic polarization beamsplitter with 2.4 μm × 2.4 μm2 footprint,” Nat. Photonics 9, 378–382 (2015).
[Crossref]

A. Arbabi, Y. Horie, A. J. Ball, M. Bagheri, and A. Faraon, “Subwavelength-thick lenses with high numerical apertures and large efficiency based on high-contrast transmitarrays,” Nat. Commun. 6, 7069 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (2)

B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An ultra-high efficiency metamaterial polarizer,” Optica 1, 356–360 (2014).
[Crossref]

X. Wan, B. Shen, and R. Menon, “Diffractive lens design for optimized focusing,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 31, BB27–BB33 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (1)

G. Kim, J. A. Dominguez-Caballero, H. Lee, D. Friedman, and R. Menon, “Increased photovoltaic power output via diffractive spectrum separation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 123901 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (2)

G. Kim, J. A. Dominguez-Caballero, and R. Menon, “Design and analysis of multi-wavelength diffractive optics,” Opt. Express 20, 2814–2823 (2012).
[Crossref]

F. Aieta, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, N. Yu, R. Blanchard, Z. Gaburro, and F. Capasso, “Polarization insensitive metalenses at visible wavelengths,” Nano Lett. 12, 4932–4936 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

N. Yu, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, F. Aieta, J. P. Tetienne, F. Capasso, and Z. Gaburro, “Light propagation with phase discontinuities: generalized laws of reflection and refraction,” Science 334, 333–337 (2011).
[Crossref]

2009 (1)

R. Menon, P. Rogge, and H. Y. Tsai, “Design of diffractive lenses that generate optical nulls without phase singularities,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 26, 297–304 (2009).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

R. Menon, D. Gil, and H. I. Smith, “Experimental characterization of focusing by high-numerical-aperture zone plates,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 567–571 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

D. Chao, A. A. Patel, T. Barwicz, H. I. Smith, and R. Menon, “Immersion zone-plate-array lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 23, 2657–2661 (2005).
[Crossref]

2003 (2)

D. Gil, R. Menon, and H. I. Smith, “The case for diffractive optics in maskless lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21, 2810–2814 (2003).
[Crossref]

D. Gil, R. Menon, and H. I. Smith, “Fabrication of high-numerical aperture phase zone plates with a single lithography exposure and no etching,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21, 2956–2960 (2003).
[Crossref]

J. M. Finlan, K. M. Flood, and R. J. Bojko, “Efficient f:1 binary-optics microlenses in fused silica designed using vector diffraction theory,” Opt. Eng. 34, 3560–3564 (1995).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

E. Noponen, J. Turunen, and A. Vasara, “Electromagnetic theory and design of diffractive-lens arrays,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 434–443 (1993).
[Crossref]

1992 (1)

E. Noponen, J. Turunen, and A. Vasara, “Parametric optimization of multilevel diffractive optical elements by electromagnetic theory,” Appl. Opt. 31, 5910–5912 (1992).
[Crossref]

1991 (1)

D. A. Buralli and G. M. Morris, “Design of diffractive singlets for monochromatic imaging,” Appl. Opt. 30, 2151–2158 (1991).
[Crossref]

Aieta, F.

F. Aieta, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, N. Yu, R. Blanchard, Z. Gaburro, and F. Capasso, “Polarization insensitive metalenses at visible wavelengths,” Nano Lett. 12, 4932–4936 (2012).
[Crossref]

Arbabi, A.

E. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, A. Arbabi, and A. Faraon, “Full-stokes imaging polarimetry using dielectric metasurfaces,” ACS Photon. 5, 3132–3140 (2018).
[Crossref]

Arbabi, E.

E. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, A. Arbabi, and A. Faraon, “Full-stokes imaging polarimetry using dielectric metasurfaces,” ACS Photon. 5, 3132–3140 (2018).
[Crossref]

Bagheri, M.

Ball, A. J.

Banerji, S.

S. Banerji and B. Sensale-Rodriguez, “A computational design framework for efficient, fabrication error-tolerant, planar THz diffractive optical elements,” Sci. Rep. 9, 5801 (2019).
[Crossref]

M. Meem, S. Banerji, A. Majumder, F. G. Vasquez, B. Sensale-Rodriguez, and R. Menon, “Broadband lightweight flat lenses for longwave-infrared imaging,” arXiv:1904.09011 (2019).

S. Banerji, A. Chanana, H. Condori, A. Nahata, and B. Sensale-Rodriguez, “Efficient design of diffractive THz lenses for aberration rectified focusing via modified binary search algorithm conference on lasers and electro-optics,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, OSA Technical Digest (online) (2018), paper JW2A.76

Barwicz, T.

D. Chao, A. A. Patel, T. Barwicz, H. I. Smith, and R. Menon, “Immersion zone-plate-array lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 23, 2657–2661 (2005).
[Crossref]

Bharwani, Z.

W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Sisler, Z. Bharwani, and F. Capasso, “A broadband achromatic polarization-insensitive metalens consisting of anisotropic nanostructures,” arXiv:1810.05050 (2018).

Blanchard, R.

F. Aieta, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, N. Yu, R. Blanchard, Z. Gaburro, and F. Capasso, “Polarization insensitive metalenses at visible wavelengths,” Nano Lett. 12, 4932–4936 (2012).
[Crossref]

Bojko, R. J.

J. M. Finlan, K. M. Flood, and R. J. Bojko, “Efficient f:1 binary-optics microlenses in fused silica designed using vector diffraction theory,” Opt. Eng. 34, 3560–3564 (1995).
[Crossref]

Born, M.

M. Born and E. Wolf, Principle of Optics, 7th ed. (Cambridge University, 1999).

Buralli, D. A.

D. A. Buralli and G. M. Morris, “Design of diffractive singlets for monochromatic imaging,” Appl. Opt. 30, 2151–2158 (1991).
[Crossref]

Capasso, F.

M. Khorasaninejad, W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Oh, R. C. Devlin, D. Rousso, and F. Capasso, “Multispectral chiral imaging with a metalens,” Nano Lett. 16, 4595–4600 (2016).
[Crossref]

F. Aieta, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, N. Yu, R. Blanchard, Z. Gaburro, and F. Capasso, “Polarization insensitive metalenses at visible wavelengths,” Nano Lett. 12, 4932–4936 (2012).
[Crossref]

W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Sisler, Z. Bharwani, and F. Capasso, “A broadband achromatic polarization-insensitive metalens consisting of anisotropic nanostructures,” arXiv:1810.05050 (2018).

Chanana, A.

Chao, D.

D. Chao, A. A. Patel, T. Barwicz, H. I. Smith, and R. Menon, “Immersion zone-plate-array lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 23, 2657–2661 (2005).
[Crossref]

Chavel, P.

P. Lalanne and P. Chavel, “Metalenses at visible wavelengths: past, present, perspectives,” Laser Photon. Rev. 11, 1600295 (2017).
[Crossref]

Chen, W. T.

M. Khorasaninejad, W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Oh, R. C. Devlin, D. Rousso, and F. Capasso, “Multispectral chiral imaging with a metalens,” Nano Lett. 16, 4595–4600 (2016).
[Crossref]

W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Sisler, Z. Bharwani, and F. Capasso, “A broadband achromatic polarization-insensitive metalens consisting of anisotropic nanostructures,” arXiv:1810.05050 (2018).

Condori, H.

Devlin, R. C.

M. Khorasaninejad, W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Oh, R. C. Devlin, D. Rousso, and F. Capasso, “Multispectral chiral imaging with a metalens,” Nano Lett. 16, 4595–4600 (2016).
[Crossref]

Dominguez-Caballero, J. A.

G. Kim, J. A. Dominguez-Caballero, H. Lee, D. Friedman, and R. Menon, “Increased photovoltaic power output via diffractive spectrum separation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 123901 (2013).
[Crossref]

G. Kim, J. A. Dominguez-Caballero, and R. Menon, “Design and analysis of multi-wavelength diffractive optics,” Opt. Express 20, 2814–2823 (2012).
[Crossref]

Faklis, D.

D. Faklis and G. M. Morris, “Spectral properties of multiorder diffractive lenses,” Appl. Opt. 34, 2462–2468 (1995).
[Crossref]

Faraon, A.

E. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, A. Arbabi, and A. Faraon, “Full-stokes imaging polarimetry using dielectric metasurfaces,” ACS Photon. 5, 3132–3140 (2018).
[Crossref]

Finlan, J. M.

J. M. Finlan, K. M. Flood, and R. J. Bojko, “Efficient f:1 binary-optics microlenses in fused silica designed using vector diffraction theory,” Opt. Eng. 34, 3560–3564 (1995).
[Crossref]

Fleming, M. B.

M. B. Fleming and M. C. Hutley, “Blazed diffractive optics,” Appl. Opt. 36, 4635–4643 (1997).
[Crossref]

Flood, K. M.

J. M. Finlan, K. M. Flood, and R. J. Bojko, “Efficient f:1 binary-optics microlenses in fused silica designed using vector diffraction theory,” Opt. Eng. 34, 3560–3564 (1995).
[Crossref]

Friedman, D.

G. Kim, J. A. Dominguez-Caballero, H. Lee, D. Friedman, and R. Menon, “Increased photovoltaic power output via diffractive spectrum separation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 123901 (2013).
[Crossref]

Gaburro, Z.

F. Aieta, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, N. Yu, R. Blanchard, Z. Gaburro, and F. Capasso, “Polarization insensitive metalenses at visible wavelengths,” Nano Lett. 12, 4932–4936 (2012).
[Crossref]

Genevet, P.

F. Aieta, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, N. Yu, R. Blanchard, Z. Gaburro, and F. Capasso, “Polarization insensitive metalenses at visible wavelengths,” Nano Lett. 12, 4932–4936 (2012).
[Crossref]

Gil, D.

R. Menon, D. Gil, and H. I. Smith, “Experimental characterization of focusing by high-numerical-aperture zone plates,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 567–571 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. Gil, R. Menon, and H. I. Smith, “The case for diffractive optics in maskless lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21, 2810–2814 (2003).
[Crossref]

Götz, J.

U. Palfinger, L. Kuna, D. Nees, S. Ruttloff, J. Götz, and B. Stadlober, “R2R fabrication of freeform micro-optics,” Proc. SPIE 10520, 105200J (2018).
[Crossref]

Gunapala, S. D.

Guo, J.

Hamamoto, T.

Horie, Y.

Hutley, M. C.

M. B. Fleming and M. C. Hutley, “Blazed diffractive optics,” Appl. Opt. 36, 4635–4643 (1997).
[Crossref]

Kamali, S. M.

E. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, A. Arbabi, and A. Faraon, “Full-stokes imaging polarimetry using dielectric metasurfaces,” ACS Photon. 5, 3132–3140 (2018).
[Crossref]

Kats, M. A.

F. Aieta, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, N. Yu, R. Blanchard, Z. Gaburro, and F. Capasso, “Polarization insensitive metalenses at visible wavelengths,” Nano Lett. 12, 4932–4936 (2012).
[Crossref]

Keo, S. A.

Khorasaninejad, M.

M. Khorasaninejad, W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Oh, R. C. Devlin, D. Rousso, and F. Capasso, “Multispectral chiral imaging with a metalens,” Nano Lett. 16, 4595–4600 (2016).
[Crossref]

Kim, G.

G. Kim, J. A. Dominguez-Caballero, H. Lee, D. Friedman, and R. Menon, “Increased photovoltaic power output via diffractive spectrum separation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 123901 (2013).
[Crossref]

G. Kim, J. A. Dominguez-Caballero, and R. Menon, “Design and analysis of multi-wavelength diffractive optics,” Opt. Express 20, 2814–2823 (2012).
[Crossref]

Kuna, L.

U. Palfinger, L. Kuna, D. Nees, S. Ruttloff, J. Götz, and B. Stadlober, “R2R fabrication of freeform micro-optics,” Proc. SPIE 10520, 105200J (2018).
[Crossref]

Lalanne, P.

P. Lalanne and P. Chavel, “Metalenses at visible wavelengths: past, present, perspectives,” Laser Photon. Rev. 11, 1600295 (2017).
[Crossref]

Lee, E.

Lee, H.

G. Kim, J. A. Dominguez-Caballero, H. Lee, D. Friedman, and R. Menon, “Increased photovoltaic power output via diffractive spectrum separation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 123901 (2013).
[Crossref]

Li, J.

Liang, Y.

Liu, H.

Majumder, A.

M. Meem, A. Majumder, and R. Menon, “Full-color video and still imaging using two flat lenses,” Opt. Express 26, 26866–26871 (2018).
[Crossref]

M. Meem, S. Banerji, A. Majumder, F. G. Vasquez, B. Sensale-Rodriguez, and R. Menon, “Broadband lightweight flat lenses for longwave-infrared imaging,” arXiv:1904.09011 (2019).

Maretske, S.

S. Maretske, “Locality estimates for Fresnel-wave-propagation and instability of x-ray phase contrast imaging with finite detectors,” arXiv:1805.06185 (2018).

Meem, M.

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, B. Shen, P. Wang, and R. Menon, “Broadband imaging with one planar diffractive lens,” Sci. Rep. 8, 2799 (2018).
[Crossref]

M. Meem, A. Majumder, and R. Menon, “Full-color video and still imaging using two flat lenses,” Opt. Express 26, 26866–26871 (2018).
[Crossref]

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, X. Wan, and R. Menon, “Full-color, large area, transmissive holograms enabled by multi-level diffractive optics,” Sci. Rep. 7, 5789 (2017).
[Crossref]

M. Meem, S. Banerji, A. Majumder, F. G. Vasquez, B. Sensale-Rodriguez, and R. Menon, “Broadband lightweight flat lenses for longwave-infrared imaging,” arXiv:1904.09011 (2019).

Meng, H.

Menon, R.

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, B. Shen, P. Wang, and R. Menon, “Broadband imaging with one planar diffractive lens,” Sci. Rep. 8, 2799 (2018).
[Crossref]

M. Meem, A. Majumder, and R. Menon, “Full-color video and still imaging using two flat lenses,” Opt. Express 26, 26866–26871 (2018).
[Crossref]

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, X. Wan, and R. Menon, “Full-color, large area, transmissive holograms enabled by multi-level diffractive optics,” Sci. Rep. 7, 5789 (2017).
[Crossref]

P. Wang, N. Mohammad, and R. Menon, “Chromatic-aberration-corrected diffractive lenses for ultra-broadband focusing,” Sci. Rep. 6, 21545 (2016).
[Crossref]

B. Shen, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “Increasing the density of integrated-photonic circuits via nanophotonic cloaking,” Nat. Commun. 7, 13126 (2016).
[Crossref]

B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An integrated-nanophotonic polarization beamsplitter with 2.4 μm × 2.4 μm2 footprint,” Nat. Photonics 9, 378–382 (2015).
[Crossref]

X. Wan, B. Shen, and R. Menon, “Diffractive lens design for optimized focusing,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 31, BB27–BB33 (2014).
[Crossref]

B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An ultra-high efficiency metamaterial polarizer,” Optica 1, 356–360 (2014).
[Crossref]

G. Kim, J. A. Dominguez-Caballero, H. Lee, D. Friedman, and R. Menon, “Increased photovoltaic power output via diffractive spectrum separation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 123901 (2013).
[Crossref]

G. Kim, J. A. Dominguez-Caballero, and R. Menon, “Design and analysis of multi-wavelength diffractive optics,” Opt. Express 20, 2814–2823 (2012).
[Crossref]

R. Menon, P. Rogge, and H. Y. Tsai, “Design of diffractive lenses that generate optical nulls without phase singularities,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 26, 297–304 (2009).
[Crossref]

R. Menon, D. Gil, and H. I. Smith, “Experimental characterization of focusing by high-numerical-aperture zone plates,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 567–571 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. Chao, A. A. Patel, T. Barwicz, H. I. Smith, and R. Menon, “Immersion zone-plate-array lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 23, 2657–2661 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. Gil, R. Menon, and H. I. Smith, “The case for diffractive optics in maskless lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21, 2810–2814 (2003).
[Crossref]

R. Menon and P. Wang, “Nanophotonic scattering structure,” U.S. patent8,953,239 (10February2015).

M. Meem, S. Banerji, A. Majumder, F. G. Vasquez, B. Sensale-Rodriguez, and R. Menon, “Broadband lightweight flat lenses for longwave-infrared imaging,” arXiv:1904.09011 (2019).

Mohammad, N.

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, B. Shen, P. Wang, and R. Menon, “Broadband imaging with one planar diffractive lens,” Sci. Rep. 8, 2799 (2018).
[Crossref]

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, X. Wan, and R. Menon, “Full-color, large area, transmissive holograms enabled by multi-level diffractive optics,” Sci. Rep. 7, 5789 (2017).
[Crossref]

P. Wang, N. Mohammad, and R. Menon, “Chromatic-aberration-corrected diffractive lenses for ultra-broadband focusing,” Sci. Rep. 6, 21545 (2016).
[Crossref]

Morris, G. M.

D. Faklis and G. M. Morris, “Spectral properties of multiorder diffractive lenses,” Appl. Opt. 34, 2462–2468 (1995).
[Crossref]

D. A. Buralli and G. M. Morris, “Design of diffractive singlets for monochromatic imaging,” Appl. Opt. 30, 2151–2158 (1991).
[Crossref]

Nahata, A.

Nees, D.

U. Palfinger, L. Kuna, D. Nees, S. Ruttloff, J. Götz, and B. Stadlober, “R2R fabrication of freeform micro-optics,” Proc. SPIE 10520, 105200J (2018).
[Crossref]

Noponen, E.

E. Noponen, J. Turunen, and A. Vasara, “Electromagnetic theory and design of diffractive-lens arrays,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 434–443 (1993).
[Crossref]

E. Noponen, J. Turunen, and A. Vasara, “Parametric optimization of multilevel diffractive optical elements by electromagnetic theory,” Appl. Opt. 31, 5910–5912 (1992).
[Crossref]

Oh, J.

M. Khorasaninejad, W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Oh, R. C. Devlin, D. Rousso, and F. Capasso, “Multispectral chiral imaging with a metalens,” Nano Lett. 16, 4595–4600 (2016).
[Crossref]

Palfinger, U.

U. Palfinger, L. Kuna, D. Nees, S. Ruttloff, J. Götz, and B. Stadlober, “R2R fabrication of freeform micro-optics,” Proc. SPIE 10520, 105200J (2018).
[Crossref]

Patel, A. A.

D. Chao, A. A. Patel, T. Barwicz, H. I. Smith, and R. Menon, “Immersion zone-plate-array lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 23, 2657–2661 (2005).
[Crossref]

Polson, R. C.

B. Shen, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “Increasing the density of integrated-photonic circuits via nanophotonic cloaking,” Nat. Commun. 7, 13126 (2016).
[Crossref]

B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An integrated-nanophotonic polarization beamsplitter with 2.4 μm × 2.4 μm2 footprint,” Nat. Photonics 9, 378–382 (2015).
[Crossref]

B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An ultra-high efficiency metamaterial polarizer,” Optica 1, 356–360 (2014).
[Crossref]

Rafol, B.

Rogge, P.

R. Menon, P. Rogge, and H. Y. Tsai, “Design of diffractive lenses that generate optical nulls without phase singularities,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 26, 297–304 (2009).
[Crossref]

Rousso, D.

M. Khorasaninejad, W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Oh, R. C. Devlin, D. Rousso, and F. Capasso, “Multispectral chiral imaging with a metalens,” Nano Lett. 16, 4595–4600 (2016).
[Crossref]

Ruttloff, S.

U. Palfinger, L. Kuna, D. Nees, S. Ruttloff, J. Götz, and B. Stadlober, “R2R fabrication of freeform micro-optics,” Proc. SPIE 10520, 105200J (2018).
[Crossref]

Sanjeev, V.

Sensale-Rodriguez, B.

S. Banerji and B. Sensale-Rodriguez, “A computational design framework for efficient, fabrication error-tolerant, planar THz diffractive optical elements,” Sci. Rep. 9, 5801 (2019).
[Crossref]

M. Meem, S. Banerji, A. Majumder, F. G. Vasquez, B. Sensale-Rodriguez, and R. Menon, “Broadband lightweight flat lenses for longwave-infrared imaging,” arXiv:1904.09011 (2019).

She, A.

Shen, B.

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, B. Shen, P. Wang, and R. Menon, “Broadband imaging with one planar diffractive lens,” Sci. Rep. 8, 2799 (2018).
[Crossref]

B. Shen, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “Increasing the density of integrated-photonic circuits via nanophotonic cloaking,” Nat. Commun. 7, 13126 (2016).
[Crossref]

B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An integrated-nanophotonic polarization beamsplitter with 2.4 μm × 2.4 μm2 footprint,” Nat. Photonics 9, 378–382 (2015).
[Crossref]

X. Wan, B. Shen, and R. Menon, “Diffractive lens design for optimized focusing,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 31, BB27–BB33 (2014).
[Crossref]

B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An ultra-high efficiency metamaterial polarizer,” Optica 1, 356–360 (2014).
[Crossref]

Shi, Z.

Shiono, T.

Sisler, J.

W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Sisler, Z. Bharwani, and F. Capasso, “A broadband achromatic polarization-insensitive metalens consisting of anisotropic nanostructures,” arXiv:1810.05050 (2018).

Smith, H. I.

R. Menon, D. Gil, and H. I. Smith, “Experimental characterization of focusing by high-numerical-aperture zone plates,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 567–571 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. Chao, A. A. Patel, T. Barwicz, H. I. Smith, and R. Menon, “Immersion zone-plate-array lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 23, 2657–2661 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. Gil, R. Menon, and H. I. Smith, “The case for diffractive optics in maskless lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21, 2810–2814 (2003).
[Crossref]

Soibel, A.

Sommargren, G. E.

D. W. Sweeney and G. E. Sommargren, “Harmonic diffractive lenses,” Appl. Opt. 34, 2469–2475 (1995).
[Crossref]

Stadlober, B.

U. Palfinger, L. Kuna, D. Nees, S. Ruttloff, J. Götz, and B. Stadlober, “R2R fabrication of freeform micro-optics,” Proc. SPIE 10520, 105200J (2018).
[Crossref]

Swanson, G. J.

G. J. Swanson, “Binary optics technology: the theory and design of multi-level diffractive optical elements,” (MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 1989).

Sweeney, D. W.

D. W. Sweeney and G. E. Sommargren, “Harmonic diffractive lenses,” Appl. Opt. 34, 2469–2475 (1995).
[Crossref]

Takahara, K.

Tetienne, J. P.

Ting, D. Z.

Tsai, H. Y.

R. Menon, P. Rogge, and H. Y. Tsai, “Design of diffractive lenses that generate optical nulls without phase singularities,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 26, 297–304 (2009).
[Crossref]

Turunen, J.

E. Noponen, J. Turunen, and A. Vasara, “Electromagnetic theory and design of diffractive-lens arrays,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 434–443 (1993).
[Crossref]

E. Noponen, J. Turunen, and A. Vasara, “Parametric optimization of multilevel diffractive optical elements by electromagnetic theory,” Appl. Opt. 31, 5910–5912 (1992).
[Crossref]

Vasara, A.

E. Noponen, J. Turunen, and A. Vasara, “Electromagnetic theory and design of diffractive-lens arrays,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 434–443 (1993).
[Crossref]

E. Noponen, J. Turunen, and A. Vasara, “Parametric optimization of multilevel diffractive optical elements by electromagnetic theory,” Appl. Opt. 31, 5910–5912 (1992).
[Crossref]

Vasquez, F. G.

M. Meem, S. Banerji, A. Majumder, F. G. Vasquez, B. Sensale-Rodriguez, and R. Menon, “Broadband lightweight flat lenses for longwave-infrared imaging,” arXiv:1904.09011 (2019).

Wan, X.

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, X. Wan, and R. Menon, “Full-color, large area, transmissive holograms enabled by multi-level diffractive optics,” Sci. Rep. 7, 5789 (2017).
[Crossref]

X. Wan, B. Shen, and R. Menon, “Diffractive lens design for optimized focusing,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 31, BB27–BB33 (2014).
[Crossref]

Wang, F.

Wang, P.

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, B. Shen, P. Wang, and R. Menon, “Broadband imaging with one planar diffractive lens,” Sci. Rep. 8, 2799 (2018).
[Crossref]

P. Wang, N. Mohammad, and R. Menon, “Chromatic-aberration-corrected diffractive lenses for ultra-broadband focusing,” Sci. Rep. 6, 21545 (2016).
[Crossref]

B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An integrated-nanophotonic polarization beamsplitter with 2.4 μm × 2.4 μm2 footprint,” Nat. Photonics 9, 378–382 (2015).
[Crossref]

B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An ultra-high efficiency metamaterial polarizer,” Optica 1, 356–360 (2014).
[Crossref]

R. Menon and P. Wang, “Nanophotonic scattering structure,” U.S. patent8,953,239 (10February2015).

Wei, Z.

Wilson, D.

Wolf, E.

M. Born and E. Wolf, Principle of Optics, 7th ed. (Cambridge University, 1999).

Yu, N.

F. Aieta, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, N. Yu, R. Blanchard, Z. Gaburro, and F. Capasso, “Polarization insensitive metalenses at visible wavelengths,” Nano Lett. 12, 4932–4936 (2012).
[Crossref]

Zhang, S.

Zhu, A. Y.

M. Khorasaninejad, W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Oh, R. C. Devlin, D. Rousso, and F. Capasso, “Multispectral chiral imaging with a metalens,” Nano Lett. 16, 4595–4600 (2016).
[Crossref]

W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Sisler, Z. Bharwani, and F. Capasso, “A broadband achromatic polarization-insensitive metalens consisting of anisotropic nanostructures,” arXiv:1810.05050 (2018).

ACS Photon. (1)

E. Arbabi, S. M. Kamali, A. Arbabi, and A. Faraon, “Full-stokes imaging polarimetry using dielectric metasurfaces,” ACS Photon. 5, 3132–3140 (2018).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (6)

D. A. Buralli and G. M. Morris, “Design of diffractive singlets for monochromatic imaging,” Appl. Opt. 30, 2151–2158 (1991).
[Crossref]

M. B. Fleming and M. C. Hutley, “Blazed diffractive optics,” Appl. Opt. 36, 4635–4643 (1997).
[Crossref]

E. Noponen, J. Turunen, and A. Vasara, “Parametric optimization of multilevel diffractive optical elements by electromagnetic theory,” Appl. Opt. 31, 5910–5912 (1992).
[Crossref]

D. W. Sweeney and G. E. Sommargren, “Harmonic diffractive lenses,” Appl. Opt. 34, 2469–2475 (1995).
[Crossref]

D. Faklis and G. M. Morris, “Spectral properties of multiorder diffractive lenses,” Appl. Opt. 34, 2462–2468 (1995).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (4)

X. Wan, B. Shen, and R. Menon, “Diffractive lens design for optimized focusing,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 31, BB27–BB33 (2014).
[Crossref]

R. Menon, D. Gil, and H. I. Smith, “Experimental characterization of focusing by high-numerical-aperture zone plates,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 23, 567–571 (2006).
[Crossref]

R. Menon, P. Rogge, and H. Y. Tsai, “Design of diffractive lenses that generate optical nulls without phase singularities,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 26, 297–304 (2009).
[Crossref]

E. Noponen, J. Turunen, and A. Vasara, “Electromagnetic theory and design of diffractive-lens arrays,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 434–443 (1993).
[Crossref]

J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B (3)

D. Chao, A. A. Patel, T. Barwicz, H. I. Smith, and R. Menon, “Immersion zone-plate-array lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 23, 2657–2661 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. Gil, R. Menon, and H. I. Smith, “The case for diffractive optics in maskless lithography,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 21, 2810–2814 (2003).
[Crossref]

Laser Photon. Rev. (1)

P. Lalanne and P. Chavel, “Metalenses at visible wavelengths: past, present, perspectives,” Laser Photon. Rev. 11, 1600295 (2017).
[Crossref]

Nano Lett. (2)

F. Aieta, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, N. Yu, R. Blanchard, Z. Gaburro, and F. Capasso, “Polarization insensitive metalenses at visible wavelengths,” Nano Lett. 12, 4932–4936 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Khorasaninejad, W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Oh, R. C. Devlin, D. Rousso, and F. Capasso, “Multispectral chiral imaging with a metalens,” Nano Lett. 16, 4595–4600 (2016).
[Crossref]

Nanomaterials (1)

Nat. Commun. (2)

B. Shen, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “Increasing the density of integrated-photonic circuits via nanophotonic cloaking,” Nat. Commun. 7, 13126 (2016).
[Crossref]

Nat. Nanotechnol. (1)

Nat. Photonics (1)

B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An integrated-nanophotonic polarization beamsplitter with 2.4 μm × 2.4 μm2 footprint,” Nat. Photonics 9, 378–382 (2015).
[Crossref]

Opt. Eng. (1)

J. M. Finlan, K. M. Flood, and R. J. Bojko, “Efficient f:1 binary-optics microlenses in fused silica designed using vector diffraction theory,” Opt. Eng. 34, 3560–3564 (1995).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (3)

G. Kim, J. A. Dominguez-Caballero, and R. Menon, “Design and analysis of multi-wavelength diffractive optics,” Opt. Express 20, 2814–2823 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Meem, A. Majumder, and R. Menon, “Full-color video and still imaging using two flat lenses,” Opt. Express 26, 26866–26871 (2018).
[Crossref]

Optica (1)

B. Shen, P. Wang, R. C. Polson, and R. Menon, “An ultra-high efficiency metamaterial polarizer,” Optica 1, 356–360 (2014).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

G. Kim, J. A. Dominguez-Caballero, H. Lee, D. Friedman, and R. Menon, “Increased photovoltaic power output via diffractive spectrum separation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 123901 (2013).
[Crossref]

Proc. SPIE (1)

U. Palfinger, L. Kuna, D. Nees, S. Ruttloff, J. Götz, and B. Stadlober, “R2R fabrication of freeform micro-optics,” Proc. SPIE 10520, 105200J (2018).
[Crossref]

Sci. Rep. (4)

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, X. Wan, and R. Menon, “Full-color, large area, transmissive holograms enabled by multi-level diffractive optics,” Sci. Rep. 7, 5789 (2017).
[Crossref]

P. Wang, N. Mohammad, and R. Menon, “Chromatic-aberration-corrected diffractive lenses for ultra-broadband focusing,” Sci. Rep. 6, 21545 (2016).
[Crossref]

N. Mohammad, M. Meem, B. Shen, P. Wang, and R. Menon, “Broadband imaging with one planar diffractive lens,” Sci. Rep. 8, 2799 (2018).
[Crossref]

S. Banerji and B. Sensale-Rodriguez, “A computational design framework for efficient, fabrication error-tolerant, planar THz diffractive optical elements,” Sci. Rep. 9, 5801 (2019).
[Crossref]

Science (1)

Other (8)

W. T. Chen, A. Y. Zhu, J. Sisler, Z. Bharwani, and F. Capasso, “A broadband achromatic polarization-insensitive metalens consisting of anisotropic nanostructures,” arXiv:1810.05050 (2018).

S. Maretske, “Locality estimates for Fresnel-wave-propagation and instability of x-ray phase contrast imaging with finite detectors,” arXiv:1805.06185 (2018).

M. Meem, S. Banerji, A. Majumder, F. G. Vasquez, B. Sensale-Rodriguez, and R. Menon, “Broadband lightweight flat lenses for longwave-infrared imaging,” arXiv:1904.09011 (2019).

G. J. Swanson, “Binary optics technology: the theory and design of multi-level diffractive optical elements,” (MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 1989).

R. Menon and P. Wang, “Nanophotonic scattering structure,” U.S. patent8,953,239 (10February2015).

R. Petit, ed., Electromagnetic Theory of Gratings (Springer, 1980).

M. Born and E. Wolf, Principle of Optics, 7th ed. (Cambridge University, 1999).

Supplementary Material (1)

Name	Description
» Supplement 1	Supplementary Information

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Fig. 1. Bending of light via (a) refraction and (b) diffraction. Schematic of the constituent element of a (c) conventional binary diffractive lens or grating, (d) multilevel diffractive lens (MDL), and (e) metalens. Photographs of a broadband visible MDL fabricated in a polymer film on a glass substrate are shown in (f) side view emphasizing the small thickness, which is dominated by the substrate and (g) front view.

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Fig. 2. Narrowband MDLs. Designed-height distribution (top row) and simulated point-spread function (bottom row) for (a) and (b) low, (c) and (d) medium, and (e) and (f) high-NA MDLs are shown.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3. Broadband MDLs. (a)–(c) Designed-height distributions, (d)–(l) simulated point-spread functions, and (m)–(o) simulated focusing efficiency spectra for low-, medium-, and high-NA MDLs.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4. Aberrations analysis in form of Zernike polynomials for

NA = 0.81

f = 2 μm

MDL simulated at

λ = 560 nm

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Tables (2)

Table 1. Summary of Performance of MDL and Metalens for Same Optical Specifications ^a

View Table | View all tables in this article

Table 2. Zernike Coefficients (in Units of $λ$ ) for Two Exemplary High-NA MDLs; One Narrowband and Another Broadband

View Table | View all tables in this article

Narrowband			MultiLevel Diffractive Lens			Metalens
N.A.	Focal Length (μm)	$λ$ (nm)	$W_{\min}$ (μm)	$H_{\max}$ (μm)	Efficiency (%)	$W_{\min}$ (nm)	$H_{\max}$ (nm)	Efficiency (%)
0.2	67	530	1	1.1	93	50	600	92 [28]
0.6	200	532	0.4	1.1	90	250	600	87 [29]
0.97	25	1550	0.75	3.1	87	200	950	72 [26]
Broadband			Multilevel Diffractive Lens			Metalens
N.A.	Focal Length (μm)	$λ$	$W_{\min}$ (μm)	$H_{\max}$ (μm)	Efficiency (%)	$W_{\min}$ (nm)	$H_{\max}$ (μm)	Efficiency (%)
0.2	63	470–670 nm	1	2	81	80	600	50 [30]
0.36	155	3–5 μm	4	10	86	400	2	70 [31]
0.81	2	560–800 nm	0.35	1.6	70	55	488	69 [32]

Multilevel Diffractive Lens [Narrowband ( $N.A. = 0.97$ )]
$λ$	Piston	Tip	Tilt	Defocus	Vertical Astigmatism	Oblique Astigmatism	Vertical Coma	Horizontal Coma	Oblique Trefoil	Vertical Trefoil
1550 nm	$3.53 E - 5$	$- 6.89 E - 22$	$- 1.77 E - 22$	$- 8.78 E - 5$	$5.78 E - 21$	$1.56 E - 22$	$7.21 E - 22$	$6.07 E - 22$	$1.36 E - 4$	$4.66 E - 22$
Multilevel Diffractive Lens (Broadband ( $N.A. = 0.81$ ))
$λ$	Piston	Tip	Tilt	Defocus	Vertical Astigmatism	Oblique Astigmatism	Vertical Coma	Horizontal Coma	Oblique Trefoil	Vertical Trefoil
560 nm	$1.85 E - 2$	$1.84 E - 19$	$- 6.75 E - 20$	$- 2.47 E - 2$	$3.10 E - 19$	$8.26 E - 20$	$2.04 E - 19$	$- 9.55 E - 20$	$4.06 E - 2$	$1.65 E - 18$
685 nm	$2.16 E - 2$	$- 5.61 E - 19$	$- 2.08 E - 20$	$- 3.26 E - 2$	$2.97 E - 18$	$7.66 E - 20$	$7.65 E - 19$	$- 1.18 E - 19$	$3.18 E - 2$	$1.38 E - 18$
810 nm	$4.23 E - 2$	$- 4.21 E - 19$	$4.96 E - 20$	$- 4.56 E - 2$	$2.68 E - 18$	$6.08 E - 20$	$1.90 E - 18$	$2.11 E - 19$	$2.21 E - 2$	$3.57 E - 18$

Narrowband			MultiLevel Diffractive Lens			Metalens
N.A.	Focal Length (μm)	$λ$ (nm)	$W_{\min}$ (μm)	$H_{\max}$ (μm)	Efficiency (%)	$W_{\min}$ (nm)	$H_{\max}$ (nm)	Efficiency (%)
0.2	67	530	1	1.1	93	50	600	92 [28]
0.6	200	532	0.4	1.1	90	250	600	87 [29]
0.97	25	1550	0.75	3.1	87	200	950	72 [26]
Broadband			Multilevel Diffractive Lens			Metalens
N.A.	Focal Length (μm)	$λ$	$W_{\min}$ (μm)	$H_{\max}$ (μm)	Efficiency (%)	$W_{\min}$ (nm)	$H_{\max}$ (μm)	Efficiency (%)
0.2	63	470–670 nm	1	2	81	80	600	50 [30]
0.36	155	3–5 μm	4	10	86	400	2	70 [31]
0.81	2	560–800 nm	0.35	1.6	70	55	488	69 [32]

Multilevel Diffractive Lens [Narrowband ( $N.A. = 0.97$ )]
$λ$	Piston	Tip	Tilt	Defocus	Vertical Astigmatism	Oblique Astigmatism	Vertical Coma	Horizontal Coma	Oblique Trefoil	Vertical Trefoil
1550 nm	$3.53 E - 5$	$- 6.89 E - 22$	$- 1.77 E - 22$	$- 8.78 E - 5$	$5.78 E - 21$	$1.56 E - 22$	$7.21 E - 22$	$6.07 E - 22$	$1.36 E - 4$	$4.66 E - 22$
Multilevel Diffractive Lens (Broadband ( $N.A. = 0.81$ ))
$λ$	Piston	Tip	Tilt	Defocus	Vertical Astigmatism	Oblique Astigmatism	Vertical Coma	Horizontal Coma	Oblique Trefoil	Vertical Trefoil
560 nm	$1.85 E - 2$	$1.84 E - 19$	$- 6.75 E - 20$	$- 2.47 E - 2$	$3.10 E - 19$	$8.26 E - 20$	$2.04 E - 19$	$- 9.55 E - 20$	$4.06 E - 2$	$1.65 E - 18$
685 nm	$2.16 E - 2$	$- 5.61 E - 19$	$- 2.08 E - 20$	$- 3.26 E - 2$	$2.97 E - 18$	$7.66 E - 20$	$7.65 E - 19$	$- 1.18 E - 19$	$3.18 E - 2$	$1.38 E - 18$
810 nm	$4.23 E - 2$	$- 4.21 E - 19$	$4.96 E - 20$	$- 4.56 E - 2$	$2.68 E - 18$	$6.08 E - 20$	$1.90 E - 18$	$2.11 E - 19$	$2.21 E - 2$	$3.57 E - 18$

Abstract

References

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