Abstract

Integrated microwave photonics, an emerging technology combining radio frequency (RF) engineering and integrated photonics, has great potential to be adopted for wideband analog processing applications. However, it has been a challenge to provide photonic integrated circuits with equal levels of function flexibility as compared with their electronic counterparts. Here, we introduce a disruptive approach to tackle this need, which is analogous to an electronic field-programmable gate array. We use a grid of tunable Mach–Zehnder couplers interconnected in a two-dimensional mesh network, each working as a photonic processing unit. Such a device is able to be programmed into many different circuit topologies and thereby provide a diversity of functions. This paper provides, to the best of our knowledge, the first ever demonstration of this concept and shows that a programmable chip with a free spectral range of 14 GHz enables RF filters featuring continuous, over-two-octave frequency coverage, i.e., 1.6–6 GHz, and variable passband shaping ranging from a 55 dB extinction notch filter to a 1.6 GHz bandwidth flat-top filter.

© 2015 Optical Society of America

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2015 (5)

2014 (6)

2013 (7)

D. A. I. Marpaung, C. G. H. Roeloffzen, R. G. Heideman, S. Sales, and J. Capmany, “Integrated microwave photonics,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, 506–538 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. S. Fandiño, J. D. Doménech, P. Muñoz, and J. Capmany, “Integrated InP frequency discriminator for phase-modulated microwave photonic links,” Opt. Express 21, 3726–3736 (2013).
[Crossref]

L. Zhuang, M. Hoekman, W. P. Beeker, A. Leinse, R. G. Heideman, P. W. L. Van Dijk, and C. G. H. Roeloffzen, “Novel low-loss waveguide delay lines using Vernier ring resonators for on-chip multi-λ microwave photonic signal processors,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, 994–1002 (2013).
[Crossref]

A. Perentos, F. Cuesta-Soto, A. Canciamilla, B. Vidal, L. Pierno, N. S. Losilla, F. Lopez-Royo, A. Melloni, and S. Iezekiel, “Using Si3N4 ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links,” IEEE Photon. J. 5, 5500110 (2013).

C. G. H. Roeloffzen, L. Zhuang, C. Taddei, A. Leinse, R. G. Heideman, P. W. L. Van Dijk, M. Oldenbeuving, D. A. I. Marpaung, M. Burla, and K.-J. Boller, “Silicon nitride microwave photonic circuits,” Opt. Express 21, 22937–22961 (2013).
[Crossref]

R. M. Oldenbeuving, E. J. Klein, H. L. Offerhaus, C. J. Lee, H. Song, and K.-J. Boller, “25  kHz narrow spectral bandwidth of a wavelength tunable diode laser with a short waveguide-based external cavity,” Laser Phys. Lett. 10, 015804 (2013).
[Crossref]

M. R. Heck, J. F. Bauters, M. L. Davenport, J. K. Doylend, S. Jain, G. Kurczveil, S. Srinivasan, Y. Tang, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid silicon photonic integrated circuit technology,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 19, 6100117 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (5)

W. Bogaerts, P. De Heyn, T. Van Vaerenbergh, K. De Vos, S. Kumar Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonator,” Laser Photon. Rev. 6, 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

F. Morichetti, C. Ferrari, A. Canciamilla, and A. Melloni, “The first decade of coupled resonator optical waveguide: bringing slow light to applications,” Laser Photon. Rev. 6, 74–96 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Sancho, J. Bourderionnet, J. Lloret, S. Combrié, I. Gasulla, S. Xavier, S. Sales, P. Colman, G. Lehoucq, D. Dolfi, J. Campany, and A. De Rossi, “Integrable microwave filter based on a photonic crystal delay line,” Nat. Commun. 3, 1075 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Smit, J. Van der Tol, and M. Hill, “Moore’s law in photonics,”Laser Photon. Rev. 6, 1–13 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Lloret, G. Morthier, F. Ramos, S. Sales, D. Van Thourhout, T. Spuesens, N. Olivier, J.-M. Fédéli, and J. Capmany, “Broadband microwave photonic fully tunable filter using a single heterogeneously integrated III–V/SOI-microdisk-based phase shifter using high-Q silicon microdisk resonators,” Opt. Express 20, 10796–10806 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (5)

E. J. Norberg, R. S. Guzzon, J. S. Parker, L. A. Johansson, and L. A. Coldren, “Programmable photonic microwave filters monolithically integrated in InP–InGaAsP,” J. Lightwave Technol. 29, 1611–1619 (2011).
[Crossref]

J. Long, C. Li, W. Cui, J. Huangfu, and L. Ran, “A tunable microstrip band-pass filter with two independently adjustable transmission zeros,” IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett. 21, 74–76 (2011).
[Crossref]

A. Velez, F. Aznar, M. Durán-Sindreu, J. Bonache, and F. Martin, “Tunable coplanar waveguide band-stop and band-pass filters based on open split ring resonators and open complementary split ring resonators,” IEEE Microwaves Antennas Propag. 5, 277–281 (2011).
[Crossref]

V. Sekar, M. Armendariz, and K. Entesari, “A 1.2–1.6-GHz substrate-integrated-waveguide RF MEMS tunable filter,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 59, 866–876 (2011).
[Crossref]

W. Li, N. H. Zhu, L. X. Wang, J. S. Wang, J. G. Liu, Y. Liu, X. Q. Qi, L. Xie, W. Chen, X. Wang, and W. Han, “True-time delay line with separate carrier tuning using dual-parallel MZM and stimulated Brillouin scattering-induced slow light,” Opt. Express 19, 12312–12324 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (7)

J. Cardenas, M. A. Foster, N. Sherwood-Droz, C. B. Poitras, L. Hugo, R. Lira, B. Zhang, A. L. Gaeta, J. B. Khurgin, P. Morton, and M. Lipson, “Wide-bandwidth continuously tunable optical delay line using silicon microring resonators,” Opt. Express 18, 26525–26534 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. Ferrera, Y. Park, L. Razzari, B. E. Little, S. T. Chu, R. Morandotti, D. J. Moss, and J. Azaña, “On-chip CMOS-compatible all-optical integrator,” Nat. Commun. 1, 1–5 (2010).
[Crossref]

H. W. Chen, A. W. Fang, J. D. Peters, Z. Wang, J. Bovington, D. Liang, and J. E. Bowers, “Integrated microwave photonic filter on a hybrid silicon platform,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 58, 3213–3219 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. Meijerink, C. G. H. Roeloffzen, R. Meijerink, L. Zhuang, D. A. I. Marpaung, M. J. Bentum, M. Burla, J. Verpoorte, P. Jorna, A. Hulzinga, and W. C. Van Etten, “Novel ring resonator-based integrated photonic beamformer for broadband phased-array antennas—Part I: design and performance analysis,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3–18 (2010).
[Crossref]

L. Zhuang, C. G. H. Roeloffzen, A. Meijerink, M. Burla, D. A. I. Marpaung, A. Leinse, M. Hoekman, H. G. Heideman, and W. C. Van Etten, “Novel ring resonator-based integrated photonic beamformer for broadband phased-array antennas—Part II: experimental prototype,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 19–31 (2010).
[Crossref]

D. A. I. Marpaung, C. G. H. Roeloffzen, A. Leinse, and M. Hoekman, “A photonic chip based frequency discriminator for a high performance microwave photonic link,” Opt. Express 18, 27359–27370 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. H. Khan, H. Shen, Y. Xuan, L. Zhao, S. Xiao, D. E. Leaird, A. M. Weinerm, and M. Qi, “Ultrabroad-bandwidth arbitrary radiofrequency waveform generation with a silicon photonic chip-based spectral shaper,” Nat. Photonics 4, 117–122 (2010).
[Crossref]

2008 (2)

F. Liu, T. Wang, L. Qiang, T. Ye, Z. Zhang, M. Qiu, and Y. Su, “Compact optical temporal differentiator based on silicon microring resonator,” Opt. Express 16, 15880–15886 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. R. Rafique, T. Ohki, B. Banik, H. Engseth, P. Linner, and A. Herr, “Miniaturized superconducting microwave filters,” Supercond. Sci. Technol. 21, 075004 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

J. Capmany and D. Novak, “Microwave photonics combines two worlds,” Nat. Photonics 1, 319–330 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (2)

J. Capmany, B. Ortega, and D. Pastor, “A tutorial on microwave photonic filters,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 201–229 (2006).
[Crossref]

R. Soref, “The past, present and future of silicon photonics,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 12, 1678–1687 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

Q. Xu, B. Schmidt, S. Pradhan, and M. Lipson, “Micrometre-scale silicon electro-optic modulator,” Nature 435, 325–327 (2005).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

A. Seeds, “Microwave photonics,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 50, 877–887 (2002).
[Crossref]

Ackerman, E. I.

E. I. Ackerman, G. Betts, W. K. Burns, J. C. Campbell, C. H. Cox, N. Duan, J. L. Prince, M. D. Regan, and H. V. Roussell, “Signal-to-noise performance of two analog photonic links using different noise reduction techniques,” in IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IEEE, 2007), pp. 51–54.

Armendariz, M.

V. Sekar, M. Armendariz, and K. Entesari, “A 1.2–1.6-GHz substrate-integrated-waveguide RF MEMS tunable filter,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 59, 866–876 (2011).
[Crossref]

Azaña, J.

M. Burla, M. Li, L. R. Cortés, X. Wang, M. R. Fernández-Ruiz, L. Chrostowski, and J. Azaña, “Terahertz-bandwidth photonic fractional Hilbert transformer based on a phase-shifted waveguide Bragg grating on silicon,” Opt. Lett. 39, 6241–6244 (2014).
[Crossref]

M. Ferrera, Y. Park, L. Razzari, B. E. Little, S. T. Chu, R. Morandotti, D. J. Moss, and J. Azaña, “On-chip CMOS-compatible all-optical integrator,” Nat. Commun. 1, 1–5 (2010).
[Crossref]

Aznar, F.

A. Velez, F. Aznar, M. Durán-Sindreu, J. Bonache, and F. Martin, “Tunable coplanar waveguide band-stop and band-pass filters based on open split ring resonators and open complementary split ring resonators,” IEEE Microwaves Antennas Propag. 5, 277–281 (2011).
[Crossref]

Baets, R.

W. Bogaerts, P. De Heyn, T. Van Vaerenbergh, K. De Vos, S. Kumar Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonator,” Laser Photon. Rev. 6, 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Banik, B.

M. R. Rafique, T. Ohki, B. Banik, H. Engseth, P. Linner, and A. Herr, “Miniaturized superconducting microwave filters,” Supercond. Sci. Technol. 21, 075004 (2008).
[Crossref]

Bauters, J. F.

M. R. Heck, J. F. Bauters, M. L. Davenport, J. K. Doylend, S. Jain, G. Kurczveil, S. Srinivasan, Y. Tang, and J. E. Bowers, “Hybrid silicon photonic integrated circuit technology,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 19, 6100117 (2013).
[Crossref]

Beeker, W. P.

L. Zhuang, M. Hoekman, W. P. Beeker, A. Leinse, R. G. Heideman, P. W. L. Van Dijk, and C. G. H. Roeloffzen, “Novel low-loss waveguide delay lines using Vernier ring resonators for on-chip multi-λ microwave photonic signal processors,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, 994–1002 (2013).
[Crossref]

Bentum, M. J.

Betts, G.

E. I. Ackerman, G. Betts, W. K. Burns, J. C. Campbell, C. H. Cox, N. Duan, J. L. Prince, M. D. Regan, and H. V. Roussell, “Signal-to-noise performance of two analog photonic links using different noise reduction techniques,” in IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IEEE, 2007), pp. 51–54.

Bienstman, P.

W. Bogaerts, P. De Heyn, T. Van Vaerenbergh, K. De Vos, S. Kumar Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonator,” Laser Photon. Rev. 6, 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Bogaerts, W.

W. Bogaerts, P. De Heyn, T. Van Vaerenbergh, K. De Vos, S. Kumar Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonator,” Laser Photon. Rev. 6, 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Boller, K.-J.

R. M. Oldenbeuving, E. J. Klein, H. L. Offerhaus, C. J. Lee, H. Song, and K.-J. Boller, “25  kHz narrow spectral bandwidth of a wavelength tunable diode laser with a short waveguide-based external cavity,” Laser Phys. Lett. 10, 015804 (2013).
[Crossref]

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Adv. Opt. Technol. (1)

K. Wörhoff, R. G. Heideman, A. Leinse, and M. Hoekman, “TriPleX: a versatile dielectric photonic platform,” Adv. Opt. Technol. 4, 189–207 (2015).

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (3)

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IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett. (1)

J. Long, C. Li, W. Cui, J. Huangfu, and L. Ran, “A tunable microstrip band-pass filter with two independently adjustable transmission zeros,” IEEE Microwave Wireless Compon. Lett. 21, 74–76 (2011).
[Crossref]

IEEE Microwaves Antennas Propag. (1)

A. Velez, F. Aznar, M. Durán-Sindreu, J. Bonache, and F. Martin, “Tunable coplanar waveguide band-stop and band-pass filters based on open split ring resonators and open complementary split ring resonators,” IEEE Microwaves Antennas Propag. 5, 277–281 (2011).
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IEEE Photon. J. (1)

A. Perentos, F. Cuesta-Soto, A. Canciamilla, B. Vidal, L. Pierno, N. S. Losilla, F. Lopez-Royo, A. Melloni, and S. Iezekiel, “Using Si3N4 ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links,” IEEE Photon. J. 5, 5500110 (2013).

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. (3)

V. Sekar, M. Armendariz, and K. Entesari, “A 1.2–1.6-GHz substrate-integrated-waveguide RF MEMS tunable filter,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 59, 866–876 (2011).
[Crossref]

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[Crossref]

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J. Lightwave Technol. (6)

Laser Photon. Rev. (5)

W. Bogaerts, P. De Heyn, T. Van Vaerenbergh, K. De Vos, S. Kumar Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonator,” Laser Photon. Rev. 6, 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

F. Morichetti, C. Ferrari, A. Canciamilla, and A. Melloni, “The first decade of coupled resonator optical waveguide: bringing slow light to applications,” Laser Photon. Rev. 6, 74–96 (2012).
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M. Smit, J. Van der Tol, and M. Hill, “Moore’s law in photonics,”Laser Photon. Rev. 6, 1–13 (2012).
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L. Zhuang, M. Hoekman, W. P. Beeker, A. Leinse, R. G. Heideman, P. W. L. Van Dijk, and C. G. H. Roeloffzen, “Novel low-loss waveguide delay lines using Vernier ring resonators for on-chip multi-λ microwave photonic signal processors,” Laser Photon. Rev. 7, 994–1002 (2013).
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Laser Phys. Lett. (1)

R. M. Oldenbeuving, E. J. Klein, H. L. Offerhaus, C. J. Lee, H. Song, and K.-J. Boller, “25  kHz narrow spectral bandwidth of a wavelength tunable diode laser with a short waveguide-based external cavity,” Laser Phys. Lett. 10, 015804 (2013).
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Nat. Commun. (3)

M. Ferrera, Y. Park, L. Razzari, B. E. Little, S. T. Chu, R. Morandotti, D. J. Moss, and J. Azaña, “On-chip CMOS-compatible all-optical integrator,” Nat. Commun. 1, 1–5 (2010).
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Supplementary Material (1)

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Figures (5)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of a general M×N waveguide mesh network with MZ couplers being the intercell pathways. (b)–(d) Examples of implementing various circuit topologies in such mesh networks.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Schematic and a photo of the demonstrator chip fabricated using a commercial Si3N4 waveguide technology (TriPleX). (b) Four different circuit configurations created by programming the phase-tuning elements in the chip and the measurements of their corresponding frequency response shapes.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Schematic of the microwave photonic system and an illustration of the working principle to implement an RF filter (CW, continuous wave; LSB/USB, lower/upper sideband; OC, optical carrier; PD, photodetection).

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. (a, b) Measured band-stop and bandpass filter responses and fitted curves of the theoretical filter transfer function. (c, d) Demonstration of the continuous tuning of the filter center frequency.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a), (b) RF filters with different widths and ripples by controlling only ϕ1 and ϕ2. (c) Flat-top filters with different bandwidths by controlling ϕ1, ϕ2, κ1, and κ2. (d) A flat-top filter with a passband–stopband extinction of 25 dB by setting κ1=κ2.

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Equations (2)

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c11=−c22=−j exp(jϕA)·sin(ϕD)·exp(j2πfΔτ)(bar port),
c12=c21=−j exp(jϕA)·cos(ϕD)·exp(j2πfΔτ)(cross port),

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