Abstract

Abstract: Surface plasmon effects of Ag nanostructures are being extensively applied to enhance upconversion (UC) luminescence properties of rare-earth-ion-doped nanoparticles. However, the plasmonic absorption bands from various Ag nanostructures are generally located at a visible region that cannot couple effectively with the 980 nm near infrared excitation light, resulting in a smaller UC emission enhancement factor. In this paper, we present a facile method to fabricate the porous Ag films with tunable and ultra-broad surface plasmonic absorption by using a polystyrene microsphere as a hard template, and then investigate the influence of tunable surface plasmonic absorption (SPA) on the UC emission. About 10 and 60-fold UC emission enhancement of NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+ nanoparticles was obtained on the Ag films with narrow and ultra-broad SPA ranging from 350 to 1400 nm, respectively. The UC emission increases 60 fold at the surface of porous Ag film with the ultra-broad plasmonic absorption, which is attributed to efficient coupling between the ultra-broad SPA and the 980 nm near infrared excitation light and UC emission. The results demonstrate Ag film with ultra-broad plasmonic absorption is more appropriate as a substrate for the enhancement of UC emission in comparison with the narrow plasmonic absorption Ag film.

© 2017 Optical Society of America

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  2. F. Auzel, “Upconversion and anti-Stokes processes with f and d ions in solids,” Chem. Rev. 104(1), 139–174 (2004).
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  3. W. Q. Zou, C. Visser, J. A. Maduro, M. S. Pshenichnikov, and J. C. Hummelen, “Broadband dye-sensitized upconversion of near-infrared light,” Nat. Photonics 6(8), 560–564 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  4. F. Wang, Y. Han, C. S. Lim, Y. Lu, J. Wang, J. Xu, H. Chen, C. Zhang, M. Hong, and X. Liu, “Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide doping,” Nature 463(7284), 1061–1065 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. S. J. Rosenthal, J. C. Chang, O. Kovtun, J. R. McBride, and I. D. Tomlinson, “Biocompatible quantum dots for biological applications,” Chem. Biol. 18(1), 10–24 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. L. Y. Ang, M. E. Lim, L. C. Ong, and Y. Zhang, “Applications of upconversion nanoparticles in imaging, detection and therapy,” Nanomedicine (Lond.) 6(7), 1273–1288 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. C. Liu, Y. Hou, and M. Gao, “Are rare-earth nanoparticles suitable for in vivo applications?” Adv. Mater. 26(40), 6922–6932 (2014).
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  8. Q. Liu, Y. Sun, C. Li, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, X. Zhang, T. Yi, D. Wu, and F. Li, “18F-Labeled magnetic-upconversion nanophosphors via rare-Earth cation-assisted ligand assembly,” ACS Nano 5(4), 3146–3157 (2011).
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  9. W. Niu, L. T. Su, R. Chen, H. Chen, Y. Wang, A. Palaniappan, H. Sun, and A. I. Tok, “3-Dimensional photonic crystal surface enhanced upconversion emission for improved near-infrared photoresponse,” Nanoscale 6(2), 817–824 (2014).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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  12. J. Yao, M. Yang, and Y. Duan, “Chemistry, biology, and medicine of fluorescent nanomaterials and related systems: new insights into biosensing, bioimaging, genomics, diagnostics, and therapy,” Chem. Rev. 114(12), 6130–6178 (2014).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. Q. Liu, Y. Sun, T. Yang, W. Feng, C. Li, and F. Li, “Sub-10 nm hexagonal lanthanide-doped NaLuF4 upconversion nanocrystals for sensitive bioimaging in vivo,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(43), 17122–17125 (2011).
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    [Crossref]
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  18. F. Wang, R. Deng, and X. Liu, “Preparation of core-shell NaGdF4 nanoparticles doped with luminescent lanthanide ions to be used as upconversion-based probes,” Nat. Protoc. 9(7), 1634–1644 (2014).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. A. Xia, Y. Gao, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, D. Wu, L. Wu, and F. Li, “Core-shell NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+@FexOy nanocrystals for dual-modality T2-enhanced magnetic resonance and NIR-to-NIR upconversion luminescent imaging of small-animal lymphatic node,” Biomaterials 32(29), 7200–7208 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. X. Zhu, J. Zhou, M. Chen, M. Shi, W. Feng, and F. Li, “Core-shell Fe3O4@NaLuF4:Yb,Er/Tm nanostructure for MRI, CT and upconversion luminescence tri-modality imaging,” Biomaterials 33(18), 4618–4627 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. T. Gao, Y. Wang, K. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Dui, G. Li, S. Lou, and S. Zhou, “Controlled synthesis of homogeneous Ag nanosheet-assembled film for effective SERS substrate,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(15), 7308–7314 (2013).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. O. D. Velev and A. M. Lenhoff, “Colloidal crystals as templates for porous materials,” Curr Opin Colloid In 5(1-2), 56–63 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  23. H. P. Paudel, L. L. Zhong, K. Bayat, M. F. Baroughi, S. Smith, C. K. Lin, C. Y. Jiang, M. T. Berry, and P. S. May, “Enhancement of Near-Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Luminescence Using Engineered Plasmonic Gold Surfaces,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(39), 19028–19036 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  24. J. Fischer, N. Bocchio, A. Unger, H. J. Butt, K. Koynov, and M. Kreiter, “Near-Field-Mediated Enhancement of Two-Photon-Induced Fluorescence on Plasmonic Nanostructures,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(49), 20968–20973 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  25. C. A. Tao, W. Zhu, Q. An, H. W. Yang, W. N. Li, C. X. Lin, F. Z. Yang, and G. T. Li, “Coupling of Nanoparticle Plasmons with Colloidal Photonic Crystals as a New Strategy to Efficiently Enhance Fluorescence,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(41), 20053–20060 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  26. J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, D. Yan, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Enhancement of the up-conversion luminescence of Yb3+/Er3+ or Yb3+/Tm3+ co-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles by photonic crystals,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 1(40), 6541–6546 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  27. J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, S. F. Lai, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Upconversion Luminescence Enhancement of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ Nanoparticles on Inverse Opal Surface,” Surf. Rev. Lett. 21(01), 1450017 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  28. X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis,” Nature 437(7055), 121–124 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  29. L. Y. Wang and Y. D. Li, “Controlled synthesis and luminescence of lanthanide doped NaYF4 nanocrystals,” Chem. Mater. 19(4), 727–734 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  30. X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “Hydrothermal synthesis of rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals,” Inorg. Chem. 45(17), 6661–6665 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  31. A. L. Patterson, “The Scherrer Formula for X-Ray Particle Size Determination,” Phys. Rev. 56(10), 978–982 (1939).
    [Crossref]
  32. J. F. Suyver, A. Aebischer, S. García-Revilla, P. Gerner, and H. U. Güdel, “Anomalous power dependence of sensitized upconversion luminescence,” Phys. Rev. B 71(12), 125123 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  33. I. Gregor, D. Patra, and J. Enderlein, “Optical saturation in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy under continuous-wave and pulsed excitation,” ChemPhysChem 6(1), 164–170 (2005).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  34. M. Pollnau, D. R. Gamelin, S. R. Lüthi, H. U. Güdel, and M. P. Hehlen, “Power dependence of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide and transition-metal-ion systems,” Phys. Rev. B 61(5), 3337–3346 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  35. M. Pollnau and H. U. Güdel, Power Dependence of Upconversion Luminescence (Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan, 1999).
  36. Y. Wu, X. Shen, S. Dai, Y. Xu, F. Chen, C. Lin, T. Xu, and Q. Nie, “Silver Nanoparticles Enhanced Upconversion Luminescence in Er3+/Yb3+ Codoped Bismuth-Germanate Glasses,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(50), 25040–25045 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  37. J. Sun, H. Liu, D. Wu, B. Dong, and L. Sun, “Modification of Ag shell on upconversion populating paths of NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@Ag nanocomposites,” Mater. Chem. Phys. 137(3), 1021–1024 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  38. D. M. Wu, A. García-Etxarri, A. Salleo, and J. A. Dionne, “Plasmon-Enhanced Upconversion,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(22), 4020–4031 (2014).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  39. A. E. Krasnok, A. P. Slobozhanyuk, C. R. Simovski, S. A. Tretyakov, A. N. Poddubny, A. E. Miroshnichenko, Y. S. Kivshar, and P. A. Belov, “An antenna model for the Purcell effect,” Sci. Rep. 5, 12956 (2015).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  40. A. E. Krasnok, I. S. Maksymov, A. I. Denisyuk, P. A. Belov, A. E. Miroshnichenko, C. R. Simovski, and S. K. Yu, “Optical nanoantennas,” Phys. Uspekhi 56(6), 539–564 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  41. A. E. Krasnok, C. R. Simovski, P. A. Belov, and Y. S. Kivshar, “Superdirective dielectric nanoantennas,” Nanoscale 6(13), 7354–7361 (2014).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2015 (1)

A. E. Krasnok, A. P. Slobozhanyuk, C. R. Simovski, S. A. Tretyakov, A. N. Poddubny, A. E. Miroshnichenko, Y. S. Kivshar, and P. A. Belov, “An antenna model for the Purcell effect,” Sci. Rep. 5, 12956 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2014 (7)

D. M. Wu, A. García-Etxarri, A. Salleo, and J. A. Dionne, “Plasmon-Enhanced Upconversion,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(22), 4020–4031 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. E. Krasnok, C. R. Simovski, P. A. Belov, and Y. S. Kivshar, “Superdirective dielectric nanoantennas,” Nanoscale 6(13), 7354–7361 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Liu, Y. Hou, and M. Gao, “Are rare-earth nanoparticles suitable for in vivo applications?” Adv. Mater. 26(40), 6922–6932 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Niu, L. T. Su, R. Chen, H. Chen, Y. Wang, A. Palaniappan, H. Sun, and A. I. Tok, “3-Dimensional photonic crystal surface enhanced upconversion emission for improved near-infrared photoresponse,” Nanoscale 6(2), 817–824 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Yao, M. Yang, and Y. Duan, “Chemistry, biology, and medicine of fluorescent nanomaterials and related systems: new insights into biosensing, bioimaging, genomics, diagnostics, and therapy,” Chem. Rev. 114(12), 6130–6178 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Wang, R. Deng, and X. Liu, “Preparation of core-shell NaGdF4 nanoparticles doped with luminescent lanthanide ions to be used as upconversion-based probes,” Nat. Protoc. 9(7), 1634–1644 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, S. F. Lai, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Upconversion Luminescence Enhancement of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ Nanoparticles on Inverse Opal Surface,” Surf. Rev. Lett. 21(01), 1450017 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (6)

J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, D. Yan, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Enhancement of the up-conversion luminescence of Yb3+/Er3+ or Yb3+/Tm3+ co-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles by photonic crystals,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 1(40), 6541–6546 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Zhao, D. Jin, E. P. Schartner, Y. Lu, Y. Liu, A. V. Zvyagin, L. Zhang, J. M. Dawes, P. Xi, J. A. Piper, E. M. Goldys, and T. M. Monro, “Single-nanocrystal sensitivity achieved by enhanced upconversion luminescence,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(10), 729–734 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Gao, Y. Wang, K. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Dui, G. Li, S. Lou, and S. Zhou, “Controlled synthesis of homogeneous Ag nanosheet-assembled film for effective SERS substrate,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(15), 7308–7314 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Cheng, C. Wang, and Z. Liu, “Upconversion nanoparticles and their composite nanostructures for biomedical imaging and cancer therapy,” Nanoscale 5(1), 23–37 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. E. Krasnok, I. S. Maksymov, A. I. Denisyuk, P. A. Belov, A. E. Miroshnichenko, C. R. Simovski, and S. K. Yu, “Optical nanoantennas,” Phys. Uspekhi 56(6), 539–564 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Sun, H. Liu, D. Wu, B. Dong, and L. Sun, “Modification of Ag shell on upconversion populating paths of NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@Ag nanocomposites,” Mater. Chem. Phys. 137(3), 1021–1024 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (3)

Q. Liu, T. Yang, W. Feng, and F. Li, “Blue-emissive upconversion nanoparticles for low-power-excited bioimaging in vivo,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(11), 5390–5397 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Q. Zou, C. Visser, J. A. Maduro, M. S. Pshenichnikov, and J. C. Hummelen, “Broadband dye-sensitized upconversion of near-infrared light,” Nat. Photonics 6(8), 560–564 (2012).
[Crossref]

X. Zhu, J. Zhou, M. Chen, M. Shi, W. Feng, and F. Li, “Core-shell Fe3O4@NaLuF4:Yb,Er/Tm nanostructure for MRI, CT and upconversion luminescence tri-modality imaging,” Biomaterials 33(18), 4618–4627 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (10)

A. Xia, Y. Gao, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, D. Wu, L. Wu, and F. Li, “Core-shell NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+@FexOy nanocrystals for dual-modality T2-enhanced magnetic resonance and NIR-to-NIR upconversion luminescent imaging of small-animal lymphatic node,” Biomaterials 32(29), 7200–7208 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. P. Paudel, L. L. Zhong, K. Bayat, M. F. Baroughi, S. Smith, C. K. Lin, C. Y. Jiang, M. T. Berry, and P. S. May, “Enhancement of Near-Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Luminescence Using Engineered Plasmonic Gold Surfaces,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(39), 19028–19036 (2011).
[Crossref]

C. A. Tao, W. Zhu, Q. An, H. W. Yang, W. N. Li, C. X. Lin, F. Z. Yang, and G. T. Li, “Coupling of Nanoparticle Plasmons with Colloidal Photonic Crystals as a New Strategy to Efficiently Enhance Fluorescence,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(41), 20053–20060 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. Haase and H. Schäfer, “Upconverting Nanoparticles,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 50(26), 5808–5829 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Liu, Y. Sun, C. Li, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, X. Zhang, T. Yi, D. Wu, and F. Li, “18F-Labeled magnetic-upconversion nanophosphors via rare-Earth cation-assisted ligand assembly,” ACS Nano 5(4), 3146–3157 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. J. Rosenthal, J. C. Chang, O. Kovtun, J. R. McBride, and I. D. Tomlinson, “Biocompatible quantum dots for biological applications,” Chem. Biol. 18(1), 10–24 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Y. Ang, M. E. Lim, L. C. Ong, and Y. Zhang, “Applications of upconversion nanoparticles in imaging, detection and therapy,” Nanomedicine (Lond.) 6(7), 1273–1288 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Liu, Y. Sun, T. Yang, W. Feng, C. Li, and F. Li, “Sub-10 nm hexagonal lanthanide-doped NaLuF4 upconversion nanocrystals for sensitive bioimaging in vivo,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(43), 17122–17125 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Bouzigues, T. Gacoin, and A. Alexandrou, “Biological applications of rare-earth based nanoparticles,” ACS Nano 5(11), 8488–8505 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Wu, X. Shen, S. Dai, Y. Xu, F. Chen, C. Lin, T. Xu, and Q. Nie, “Silver Nanoparticles Enhanced Upconversion Luminescence in Er3+/Yb3+ Codoped Bismuth-Germanate Glasses,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(50), 25040–25045 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (3)

G. Chen, T. Y. Ohulchanskyy, R. Kumar, H. Agren, and P. N. Prasad, “Ultrasmall monodisperse NaYF(4):Yb(3+)/Tm(3+) nanocrystals with enhanced near-infrared to near-infrared upconversion photoluminescence,” ACS Nano 4(6), 3163–3168 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Wang, Y. Han, C. S. Lim, Y. Lu, J. Wang, J. Xu, H. Chen, C. Zhang, M. Hong, and X. Liu, “Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide doping,” Nature 463(7284), 1061–1065 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Fischer, N. Bocchio, A. Unger, H. J. Butt, K. Koynov, and M. Kreiter, “Near-Field-Mediated Enhancement of Two-Photon-Induced Fluorescence on Plasmonic Nanostructures,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(49), 20968–20973 (2010).
[Crossref]

2007 (2)

L. Y. Wang and Y. D. Li, “Controlled synthesis and luminescence of lanthanide doped NaYF4 nanocrystals,” Chem. Mater. 19(4), 727–734 (2007).
[Crossref]

G. S. Yi and G. M. Chow, “Water-Soluble NaYF4:Yb,Er(Tm)/NaYF4/Polymer Core/Shell/Shell nanoparticles with significant enhancement of upconversion fluorescence,” Chem. Mater. 19(3), 341–343 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “Hydrothermal synthesis of rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals,” Inorg. Chem. 45(17), 6661–6665 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (3)

J. F. Suyver, A. Aebischer, S. García-Revilla, P. Gerner, and H. U. Güdel, “Anomalous power dependence of sensitized upconversion luminescence,” Phys. Rev. B 71(12), 125123 (2005).
[Crossref]

I. Gregor, D. Patra, and J. Enderlein, “Optical saturation in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy under continuous-wave and pulsed excitation,” ChemPhysChem 6(1), 164–170 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis,” Nature 437(7055), 121–124 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

F. Auzel, “Upconversion and anti-Stokes processes with f and d ions in solids,” Chem. Rev. 104(1), 139–174 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (2)

M. Pollnau, D. R. Gamelin, S. R. Lüthi, H. U. Güdel, and M. P. Hehlen, “Power dependence of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide and transition-metal-ion systems,” Phys. Rev. B 61(5), 3337–3346 (2000).
[Crossref]

O. D. Velev and A. M. Lenhoff, “Colloidal crystals as templates for porous materials,” Curr Opin Colloid In 5(1-2), 56–63 (2000).
[Crossref]

1939 (1)

A. L. Patterson, “The Scherrer Formula for X-Ray Particle Size Determination,” Phys. Rev. 56(10), 978–982 (1939).
[Crossref]

Aebischer, A.

J. F. Suyver, A. Aebischer, S. García-Revilla, P. Gerner, and H. U. Güdel, “Anomalous power dependence of sensitized upconversion luminescence,” Phys. Rev. B 71(12), 125123 (2005).
[Crossref]

Agren, H.

G. Chen, T. Y. Ohulchanskyy, R. Kumar, H. Agren, and P. N. Prasad, “Ultrasmall monodisperse NaYF(4):Yb(3+)/Tm(3+) nanocrystals with enhanced near-infrared to near-infrared upconversion photoluminescence,” ACS Nano 4(6), 3163–3168 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Alexandrou, A.

C. Bouzigues, T. Gacoin, and A. Alexandrou, “Biological applications of rare-earth based nanoparticles,” ACS Nano 5(11), 8488–8505 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

An, Q.

C. A. Tao, W. Zhu, Q. An, H. W. Yang, W. N. Li, C. X. Lin, F. Z. Yang, and G. T. Li, “Coupling of Nanoparticle Plasmons with Colloidal Photonic Crystals as a New Strategy to Efficiently Enhance Fluorescence,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(41), 20053–20060 (2011).
[Crossref]

Ang, L. Y.

L. Y. Ang, M. E. Lim, L. C. Ong, and Y. Zhang, “Applications of upconversion nanoparticles in imaging, detection and therapy,” Nanomedicine (Lond.) 6(7), 1273–1288 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Auzel, F.

F. Auzel, “Upconversion and anti-Stokes processes with f and d ions in solids,” Chem. Rev. 104(1), 139–174 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Baroughi, M. F.

H. P. Paudel, L. L. Zhong, K. Bayat, M. F. Baroughi, S. Smith, C. K. Lin, C. Y. Jiang, M. T. Berry, and P. S. May, “Enhancement of Near-Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Luminescence Using Engineered Plasmonic Gold Surfaces,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(39), 19028–19036 (2011).
[Crossref]

Bayat, K.

H. P. Paudel, L. L. Zhong, K. Bayat, M. F. Baroughi, S. Smith, C. K. Lin, C. Y. Jiang, M. T. Berry, and P. S. May, “Enhancement of Near-Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Luminescence Using Engineered Plasmonic Gold Surfaces,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(39), 19028–19036 (2011).
[Crossref]

Belov, P. A.

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Q. Liu, T. Yang, W. Feng, and F. Li, “Blue-emissive upconversion nanoparticles for low-power-excited bioimaging in vivo,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(11), 5390–5397 (2012).
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C. Liu, Y. Hou, and M. Gao, “Are rare-earth nanoparticles suitable for in vivo applications?” Adv. Mater. 26(40), 6922–6932 (2014).
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J. Sun, H. Liu, D. Wu, B. Dong, and L. Sun, “Modification of Ag shell on upconversion populating paths of NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@Ag nanocomposites,” Mater. Chem. Phys. 137(3), 1021–1024 (2013).
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Q. Liu, T. Yang, W. Feng, and F. Li, “Blue-emissive upconversion nanoparticles for low-power-excited bioimaging in vivo,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(11), 5390–5397 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Liu, Y. Sun, C. Li, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, X. Zhang, T. Yi, D. Wu, and F. Li, “18F-Labeled magnetic-upconversion nanophosphors via rare-Earth cation-assisted ligand assembly,” ACS Nano 5(4), 3146–3157 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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F. Wang, R. Deng, and X. Liu, “Preparation of core-shell NaGdF4 nanoparticles doped with luminescent lanthanide ions to be used as upconversion-based probes,” Nat. Protoc. 9(7), 1634–1644 (2014).
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[Crossref]

Yang, H. W.

C. A. Tao, W. Zhu, Q. An, H. W. Yang, W. N. Li, C. X. Lin, F. Z. Yang, and G. T. Li, “Coupling of Nanoparticle Plasmons with Colloidal Photonic Crystals as a New Strategy to Efficiently Enhance Fluorescence,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(41), 20053–20060 (2011).
[Crossref]

Yang, M.

J. Yao, M. Yang, and Y. Duan, “Chemistry, biology, and medicine of fluorescent nanomaterials and related systems: new insights into biosensing, bioimaging, genomics, diagnostics, and therapy,” Chem. Rev. 114(12), 6130–6178 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yang, T.

Q. Liu, T. Yang, W. Feng, and F. Li, “Blue-emissive upconversion nanoparticles for low-power-excited bioimaging in vivo,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(11), 5390–5397 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Xia, Y. Gao, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, D. Wu, L. Wu, and F. Li, “Core-shell NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+@FexOy nanocrystals for dual-modality T2-enhanced magnetic resonance and NIR-to-NIR upconversion luminescent imaging of small-animal lymphatic node,” Biomaterials 32(29), 7200–7208 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Liu, Y. Sun, C. Li, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, X. Zhang, T. Yi, D. Wu, and F. Li, “18F-Labeled magnetic-upconversion nanophosphors via rare-Earth cation-assisted ligand assembly,” ACS Nano 5(4), 3146–3157 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Liu, Y. Sun, T. Yang, W. Feng, C. Li, and F. Li, “Sub-10 nm hexagonal lanthanide-doped NaLuF4 upconversion nanocrystals for sensitive bioimaging in vivo,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(43), 17122–17125 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yang, Y.

J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, S. F. Lai, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Upconversion Luminescence Enhancement of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ Nanoparticles on Inverse Opal Surface,” Surf. Rev. Lett. 21(01), 1450017 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, D. Yan, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Enhancement of the up-conversion luminescence of Yb3+/Er3+ or Yb3+/Tm3+ co-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles by photonic crystals,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 1(40), 6541–6546 (2013).
[Crossref]

Yang, Z. W.

J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, S. F. Lai, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Upconversion Luminescence Enhancement of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ Nanoparticles on Inverse Opal Surface,” Surf. Rev. Lett. 21(01), 1450017 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, D. Yan, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Enhancement of the up-conversion luminescence of Yb3+/Er3+ or Yb3+/Tm3+ co-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles by photonic crystals,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 1(40), 6541–6546 (2013).
[Crossref]

Yao, J.

J. Yao, M. Yang, and Y. Duan, “Chemistry, biology, and medicine of fluorescent nanomaterials and related systems: new insights into biosensing, bioimaging, genomics, diagnostics, and therapy,” Chem. Rev. 114(12), 6130–6178 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yi, G. S.

G. S. Yi and G. M. Chow, “Water-Soluble NaYF4:Yb,Er(Tm)/NaYF4/Polymer Core/Shell/Shell nanoparticles with significant enhancement of upconversion fluorescence,” Chem. Mater. 19(3), 341–343 (2007).
[Crossref]

Yi, T.

Q. Liu, Y. Sun, C. Li, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, X. Zhang, T. Yi, D. Wu, and F. Li, “18F-Labeled magnetic-upconversion nanophosphors via rare-Earth cation-assisted ligand assembly,” ACS Nano 5(4), 3146–3157 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yin, Z. Y.

J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, S. F. Lai, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Upconversion Luminescence Enhancement of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ Nanoparticles on Inverse Opal Surface,” Surf. Rev. Lett. 21(01), 1450017 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, D. Yan, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Enhancement of the up-conversion luminescence of Yb3+/Er3+ or Yb3+/Tm3+ co-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles by photonic crystals,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 1(40), 6541–6546 (2013).
[Crossref]

Yu, S. K.

A. E. Krasnok, I. S. Maksymov, A. I. Denisyuk, P. A. Belov, A. E. Miroshnichenko, C. R. Simovski, and S. K. Yu, “Optical nanoantennas,” Phys. Uspekhi 56(6), 539–564 (2013).
[Crossref]

Zhang, C.

F. Wang, Y. Han, C. S. Lim, Y. Lu, J. Wang, J. Xu, H. Chen, C. Zhang, M. Hong, and X. Liu, “Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide doping,” Nature 463(7284), 1061–1065 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, L.

J. Zhao, D. Jin, E. P. Schartner, Y. Lu, Y. Liu, A. V. Zvyagin, L. Zhang, J. M. Dawes, P. Xi, J. A. Piper, E. M. Goldys, and T. M. Monro, “Single-nanocrystal sensitivity achieved by enhanced upconversion luminescence,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(10), 729–734 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, X.

T. Gao, Y. Wang, K. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Dui, G. Li, S. Lou, and S. Zhou, “Controlled synthesis of homogeneous Ag nanosheet-assembled film for effective SERS substrate,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(15), 7308–7314 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Liu, Y. Sun, C. Li, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, X. Zhang, T. Yi, D. Wu, and F. Li, “18F-Labeled magnetic-upconversion nanophosphors via rare-Earth cation-assisted ligand assembly,” ACS Nano 5(4), 3146–3157 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, Y.

L. Y. Ang, M. E. Lim, L. C. Ong, and Y. Zhang, “Applications of upconversion nanoparticles in imaging, detection and therapy,” Nanomedicine (Lond.) 6(7), 1273–1288 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhao, J.

J. Zhao, D. Jin, E. P. Schartner, Y. Lu, Y. Liu, A. V. Zvyagin, L. Zhang, J. M. Dawes, P. Xi, J. A. Piper, E. M. Goldys, and T. M. Monro, “Single-nanocrystal sensitivity achieved by enhanced upconversion luminescence,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(10), 729–734 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhong, L. L.

H. P. Paudel, L. L. Zhong, K. Bayat, M. F. Baroughi, S. Smith, C. K. Lin, C. Y. Jiang, M. T. Berry, and P. S. May, “Enhancement of Near-Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Luminescence Using Engineered Plasmonic Gold Surfaces,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(39), 19028–19036 (2011).
[Crossref]

Zhou, D. C.

J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, S. F. Lai, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Upconversion Luminescence Enhancement of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ Nanoparticles on Inverse Opal Surface,” Surf. Rev. Lett. 21(01), 1450017 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, D. Yan, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Enhancement of the up-conversion luminescence of Yb3+/Er3+ or Yb3+/Tm3+ co-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles by photonic crystals,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 1(40), 6541–6546 (2013).
[Crossref]

Zhou, J.

X. Zhu, J. Zhou, M. Chen, M. Shi, W. Feng, and F. Li, “Core-shell Fe3O4@NaLuF4:Yb,Er/Tm nanostructure for MRI, CT and upconversion luminescence tri-modality imaging,” Biomaterials 33(18), 4618–4627 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Liu, Y. Sun, C. Li, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, X. Zhang, T. Yi, D. Wu, and F. Li, “18F-Labeled magnetic-upconversion nanophosphors via rare-Earth cation-assisted ligand assembly,” ACS Nano 5(4), 3146–3157 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Xia, Y. Gao, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, D. Wu, L. Wu, and F. Li, “Core-shell NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+@FexOy nanocrystals for dual-modality T2-enhanced magnetic resonance and NIR-to-NIR upconversion luminescent imaging of small-animal lymphatic node,” Biomaterials 32(29), 7200–7208 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhou, S.

T. Gao, Y. Wang, K. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Dui, G. Li, S. Lou, and S. Zhou, “Controlled synthesis of homogeneous Ag nanosheet-assembled film for effective SERS substrate,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(15), 7308–7314 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhu, W.

C. A. Tao, W. Zhu, Q. An, H. W. Yang, W. N. Li, C. X. Lin, F. Z. Yang, and G. T. Li, “Coupling of Nanoparticle Plasmons with Colloidal Photonic Crystals as a New Strategy to Efficiently Enhance Fluorescence,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(41), 20053–20060 (2011).
[Crossref]

Zhu, X.

X. Zhu, J. Zhou, M. Chen, M. Shi, W. Feng, and F. Li, “Core-shell Fe3O4@NaLuF4:Yb,Er/Tm nanostructure for MRI, CT and upconversion luminescence tri-modality imaging,” Biomaterials 33(18), 4618–4627 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhuang, J.

X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “Hydrothermal synthesis of rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals,” Inorg. Chem. 45(17), 6661–6665 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis,” Nature 437(7055), 121–124 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zou, W. Q.

W. Q. Zou, C. Visser, J. A. Maduro, M. S. Pshenichnikov, and J. C. Hummelen, “Broadband dye-sensitized upconversion of near-infrared light,” Nat. Photonics 6(8), 560–564 (2012).
[Crossref]

Zvyagin, A. V.

J. Zhao, D. Jin, E. P. Schartner, Y. Lu, Y. Liu, A. V. Zvyagin, L. Zhang, J. M. Dawes, P. Xi, J. A. Piper, E. M. Goldys, and T. M. Monro, “Single-nanocrystal sensitivity achieved by enhanced upconversion luminescence,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(10), 729–734 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces (1)

T. Gao, Y. Wang, K. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Dui, G. Li, S. Lou, and S. Zhou, “Controlled synthesis of homogeneous Ag nanosheet-assembled film for effective SERS substrate,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5(15), 7308–7314 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

ACS Nano (3)

Q. Liu, Y. Sun, C. Li, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, X. Zhang, T. Yi, D. Wu, and F. Li, “18F-Labeled magnetic-upconversion nanophosphors via rare-Earth cation-assisted ligand assembly,” ACS Nano 5(4), 3146–3157 (2011).
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C. Bouzigues, T. Gacoin, and A. Alexandrou, “Biological applications of rare-earth based nanoparticles,” ACS Nano 5(11), 8488–8505 (2011).
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G. Chen, T. Y. Ohulchanskyy, R. Kumar, H. Agren, and P. N. Prasad, “Ultrasmall monodisperse NaYF(4):Yb(3+)/Tm(3+) nanocrystals with enhanced near-infrared to near-infrared upconversion photoluminescence,” ACS Nano 4(6), 3163–3168 (2010).
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M. Haase and H. Schäfer, “Upconverting Nanoparticles,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 50(26), 5808–5829 (2011).
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Biomaterials (2)

A. Xia, Y. Gao, J. Zhou, C. Li, T. Yang, D. Wu, L. Wu, and F. Li, “Core-shell NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+@FexOy nanocrystals for dual-modality T2-enhanced magnetic resonance and NIR-to-NIR upconversion luminescent imaging of small-animal lymphatic node,” Biomaterials 32(29), 7200–7208 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Zhu, J. Zhou, M. Chen, M. Shi, W. Feng, and F. Li, “Core-shell Fe3O4@NaLuF4:Yb,Er/Tm nanostructure for MRI, CT and upconversion luminescence tri-modality imaging,” Biomaterials 33(18), 4618–4627 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chem. Biol. (1)

S. J. Rosenthal, J. C. Chang, O. Kovtun, J. R. McBride, and I. D. Tomlinson, “Biocompatible quantum dots for biological applications,” Chem. Biol. 18(1), 10–24 (2011).
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Chem. Mater. (2)

G. S. Yi and G. M. Chow, “Water-Soluble NaYF4:Yb,Er(Tm)/NaYF4/Polymer Core/Shell/Shell nanoparticles with significant enhancement of upconversion fluorescence,” Chem. Mater. 19(3), 341–343 (2007).
[Crossref]

L. Y. Wang and Y. D. Li, “Controlled synthesis and luminescence of lanthanide doped NaYF4 nanocrystals,” Chem. Mater. 19(4), 727–734 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chem. Rev. (2)

J. Yao, M. Yang, and Y. Duan, “Chemistry, biology, and medicine of fluorescent nanomaterials and related systems: new insights into biosensing, bioimaging, genomics, diagnostics, and therapy,” Chem. Rev. 114(12), 6130–6178 (2014).
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Inorg. Chem. (1)

X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “Hydrothermal synthesis of rare-earth fluoride nanocrystals,” Inorg. Chem. 45(17), 6661–6665 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2)

Q. Liu, Y. Sun, T. Yang, W. Feng, C. Li, and F. Li, “Sub-10 nm hexagonal lanthanide-doped NaLuF4 upconversion nanocrystals for sensitive bioimaging in vivo,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(43), 17122–17125 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Liu, T. Yang, W. Feng, and F. Li, “Blue-emissive upconversion nanoparticles for low-power-excited bioimaging in vivo,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(11), 5390–5397 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices (1)

J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, D. Yan, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Enhancement of the up-conversion luminescence of Yb3+/Er3+ or Yb3+/Tm3+ co-doped NaYF4 nanoparticles by photonic crystals,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 1(40), 6541–6546 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Phys. Chem. C (4)

H. P. Paudel, L. L. Zhong, K. Bayat, M. F. Baroughi, S. Smith, C. K. Lin, C. Y. Jiang, M. T. Berry, and P. S. May, “Enhancement of Near-Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion Luminescence Using Engineered Plasmonic Gold Surfaces,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(39), 19028–19036 (2011).
[Crossref]

J. Fischer, N. Bocchio, A. Unger, H. J. Butt, K. Koynov, and M. Kreiter, “Near-Field-Mediated Enhancement of Two-Photon-Induced Fluorescence on Plasmonic Nanostructures,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114(49), 20968–20973 (2010).
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C. A. Tao, W. Zhu, Q. An, H. W. Yang, W. N. Li, C. X. Lin, F. Z. Yang, and G. T. Li, “Coupling of Nanoparticle Plasmons with Colloidal Photonic Crystals as a New Strategy to Efficiently Enhance Fluorescence,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(41), 20053–20060 (2011).
[Crossref]

Y. Wu, X. Shen, S. Dai, Y. Xu, F. Chen, C. Lin, T. Xu, and Q. Nie, “Silver Nanoparticles Enhanced Upconversion Luminescence in Er3+/Yb3+ Codoped Bismuth-Germanate Glasses,” J. Phys. Chem. C 115(50), 25040–25045 (2011).
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D. M. Wu, A. García-Etxarri, A. Salleo, and J. A. Dionne, “Plasmon-Enhanced Upconversion,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(22), 4020–4031 (2014).
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Mater. Chem. Phys. (1)

J. Sun, H. Liu, D. Wu, B. Dong, and L. Sun, “Modification of Ag shell on upconversion populating paths of NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@Ag nanocomposites,” Mater. Chem. Phys. 137(3), 1021–1024 (2013).
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Nanomedicine (Lond.) (1)

L. Y. Ang, M. E. Lim, L. C. Ong, and Y. Zhang, “Applications of upconversion nanoparticles in imaging, detection and therapy,” Nanomedicine (Lond.) 6(7), 1273–1288 (2011).
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Nanoscale (3)

W. Niu, L. T. Su, R. Chen, H. Chen, Y. Wang, A. Palaniappan, H. Sun, and A. I. Tok, “3-Dimensional photonic crystal surface enhanced upconversion emission for improved near-infrared photoresponse,” Nanoscale 6(2), 817–824 (2014).
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L. Cheng, C. Wang, and Z. Liu, “Upconversion nanoparticles and their composite nanostructures for biomedical imaging and cancer therapy,” Nanoscale 5(1), 23–37 (2013).
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A. E. Krasnok, C. R. Simovski, P. A. Belov, and Y. S. Kivshar, “Superdirective dielectric nanoantennas,” Nanoscale 6(13), 7354–7361 (2014).
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Nat. Nanotechnol. (1)

J. Zhao, D. Jin, E. P. Schartner, Y. Lu, Y. Liu, A. V. Zvyagin, L. Zhang, J. M. Dawes, P. Xi, J. A. Piper, E. M. Goldys, and T. M. Monro, “Single-nanocrystal sensitivity achieved by enhanced upconversion luminescence,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 8(10), 729–734 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics (1)

W. Q. Zou, C. Visser, J. A. Maduro, M. S. Pshenichnikov, and J. C. Hummelen, “Broadband dye-sensitized upconversion of near-infrared light,” Nat. Photonics 6(8), 560–564 (2012).
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Nat. Protoc. (1)

F. Wang, R. Deng, and X. Liu, “Preparation of core-shell NaGdF4 nanoparticles doped with luminescent lanthanide ions to be used as upconversion-based probes,” Nat. Protoc. 9(7), 1634–1644 (2014).
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Nature (2)

F. Wang, Y. Han, C. S. Lim, Y. Lu, J. Wang, J. Xu, H. Chen, C. Zhang, M. Hong, and X. Liu, “Simultaneous phase and size control of upconversion nanocrystals through lanthanide doping,” Nature 463(7284), 1061–1065 (2010).
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X. Wang, J. Zhuang, Q. Peng, and Y. Li, “A general strategy for nanocrystal synthesis,” Nature 437(7055), 121–124 (2005).
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A. E. Krasnok, I. S. Maksymov, A. I. Denisyuk, P. A. Belov, A. E. Miroshnichenko, C. R. Simovski, and S. K. Yu, “Optical nanoantennas,” Phys. Uspekhi 56(6), 539–564 (2013).
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A. E. Krasnok, A. P. Slobozhanyuk, C. R. Simovski, S. A. Tretyakov, A. N. Poddubny, A. E. Miroshnichenko, Y. S. Kivshar, and P. A. Belov, “An antenna model for the Purcell effect,” Sci. Rep. 5, 12956 (2015).
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J. Y. Liao, Z. W. Yang, H. J. Wu, S. F. Lai, J. B. Qiu, Z. G. Song, Y. Yang, D. C. Zhou, and Z. Y. Yin, “Upconversion Luminescence Enhancement of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ Nanoparticles on Inverse Opal Surface,” Surf. Rev. Lett. 21(01), 1450017 (2014).
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Figures (8)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 SEM images of the porous Ag films prepared by 0.1 (a) and 0.3 (b) concentrations AgNO3 solution; absorption spectra of the porous Ag films (c); TEM (d) and high-resolution (e) TEM image of the NaYF4 nanoparticles; SEM image of NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+/porous Ag film composites (f).

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 XRD pattern of the NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+ nanoparticles, the Ag-230-0.1 film and the Ag-230-0.1/NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+ hybrids.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 UC emission spectra of NaYF4: Er3+ hybrid deposited on various substrates (a), dependence of excitation light on UC emission intensity of the NaYF4: Er3+ nanoparticles on the surface of RS (b), Ag-230-0.1(c) and Ag-230-0.3(d).

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 UC emission mechanisms of NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+ nanoparticles.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Enhancement factor (EF) of UC emission of NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+ on the surfaces of the various substrates.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 The 540 nm (a) and 670 nm (b) UC emission decay curves of NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+ nanoparticles.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Diffuse reflection spectra of the porous Ag films.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 FDTD simulated near-field intensity distributions of single 500 nm silver particle (a) and two coupling Ag particles (b).

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