Abstract

In this work, colourant-free coloured fabrics have been produced by the self-assembly of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) using a natural sedimentation method. The optical properties of the SNP-coated fabrics were investigated and the spectral reflectance, chromaticity coordinates, and CIE L* a* b* values are reported. The overall colour effect on the fabric can be described by Bragg’s diffraction of the ordered SNP photonic crystal and the Mie scattering of the disordered SNP arrangement. It was found that the structural colour on the tight black woven cotton fabric was more uniform than that from the loose black knitted nylon fabric. Although the structural colour was not easily perceived on a white fabric due to the strong reflection of the white background, the SEM images show that an ordered photonic crystal was formed on the fabric and a small colour difference by the introduction of SNPs was measured using instrumental colour measurement.

© 2017 Optical Society of America

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  25. G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Optical properties of three-dimensional P(St-MAA) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” Opt. Mater. 42, 72–79 (2015).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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  29. W. Gao, M. Rigout, and H. Owens, “Facile control of silica nanoparticles by a novel solvent varying method for the fabrication of artificial opal photonic crystals,” J. Nanopart. Res. (to be published).
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]
  37. W. Yuan, N. Zhou, L. Shi, and K.-Q. Zhang, “Structural Coloration of Colloidal Fiber by Photonic Band Gap and Resonant Mie Scattering,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(25), 14064–14071 (2015).
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2016 (4)

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Q. Fan, L. Chai, and J. Shao, “The vertical deposition self-assembly process and the formation mechanism of poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” J. Mater. Sci. 51(6), 2859–2868 (2016).
[Crossref]

J. Zhang, S. He, L. Liu, G. Guan, X. Lu, X. Sun, and H. Peng, “The continuous fabrication of mechanochromic fibers,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 4(11), 2127–2133 (2016).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, Y. Li, G. Liu, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Study on the correlations between the structural colors of photonic crystals and the base colors of textile fabric substrates,” Dyes Pigments 133, 435–444 (2016).
[Crossref]

W. Gao, M. Rigout, and H. Owens, “Self-assembly of silica colloidal crystal thin films with tuneable structural colours over a wide visible spectrum,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 380, 12–15 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (5)

W. Yuan, N. Zhou, L. Shi, and K.-Q. Zhang, “Structural Coloration of Colloidal Fiber by Photonic Band Gap and Resonant Mie Scattering,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(25), 14064–14071 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Sun, J. Zhang, X. Lu, X. Fang, and H. Peng, “Mechanochromic photonic-crystal fibers based on continuous sheets of aligned carbon nanotubes,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 54(12), 3630–3634 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Optical properties of three-dimensional P(St-MAA) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” Opt. Mater. 42, 72–79 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, Y. Wu, G. Liu, Y. Li, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Fabrication of high-quality silica photonic crystals on polyester fabrics by gravitational sedimentation self-assembly,” Color. Technol. 131(6), 413–423 (2015).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The fabrication of full color P(St-MAA) photonic crystal structure on polyester fabrics by vertical deposition self-assembly,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132(13), 41750–41759 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (2)

J. Shao, Y. Zhang, G. Fu, L. Zhou, and Q. Fan, “Preparation of monodispersed polystyrene microspheres and self-assembly of photonic crystals for structural colors on polyester fabrics,” J. Textil. Inst. 105(9), 938–943 (2014).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, G. Liu, Y. Wu, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The synthesis of core-shell monodisperse P(St-MAA) microspheres and fabrication of photonic crystals Structure with Tunable Colors on polyester fabrics,” Fibers Polym. 15(6), 1112–1122 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (4)

N. Zhou, A. Zhang, L. Shi, and K.-Q. Zhang, “Fabrication of Structurally-Colored Fibers with Axial Core–Shell Structure via Electrophoretic Deposition and Their Optical Properties,” ACS Macro Lett. 2(2), 116–120 (2013).
[Crossref]

L. Shi, Y. Zhang, B. Dong, T. Zhan, X. Liu, and J. Zi, “Amorphous photonic crystals with only short-range order,” Adv. Mater. 25(37), 5314–5320 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Y. Diao, X. Y. Liu, G. W. Toh, L. Shi, and J. Zi, “Multiple structural coloring of silk-fibroin photonic crystals and humidity-responsive color sensing,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(43), 5373–5380 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Xu and Z. Guo, “Biomimetic photonic materials with tunable structural colors,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 406, 1–17 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (1)

Y. Y. Diao and X. Y. Liu, “Bring Structural Color to Silk Fabrics,” Adv. Mat. Res. 441, 183–186 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (3)

J. F. Galisteo-López, M. Ibisate, R. Sapienza, L. S. Froufe-Pérez, A. Blanco, and C. López, “Self-assembled photonic structures,” Adv. Mater. 23(1), 30–69 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Li, J. Wang, and Y. Song, “Self-assembly of latex particles for colloidal crystals,” Particuology 9(6), 559–565 (2011).
[Crossref]

Z. Liu, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, and Y. Li, “Structural colored fiber fabricated by a facile colloid self-assembly method in micro-space,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47(48), 12801–12803 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (1)

F. Marlow, P. Sharifi, R. Brinkmann, and C. Mendive, “Opals: status and prospects,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48(34), 6212–6233 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (1)

B. N. Khlebtsov, V. A. Khanadeev, and N. G. Khlebtsov, “Determination of the size, concentration, and refractive index of silica nanoparticles from turbidity spectra,” Langmuir 24(16), 8964–8970 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (1)

J. Park and J. Moon, “Control of colloidal particle deposit patterns within picoliter droplets ejected by ink-jet printing,” Langmuir 22(8), 3506–3513 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (1)

F. Meseguer, “Colloidal crystals as photonic crystals,” Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 270–271, 1–7 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (2)

D. J. Norris, E. G. Arlinghaus, L. Meng, R. Heiny, and L. E. Scriven, “Opaline Photonic Crystals: How Does Self-Assembly Work?” Adv. Mater. 16(16), 1393–1399 (2004).
[Crossref]

P. Jiang and M. J. McFarland, “Large-scale fabrication of wafer-size colloidal crystals, macroporous polymers and nanocomposites by spin-coating,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(42), 13778–13786 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1999 (2)

B. Cheng, P. Ni, C. Jin, Z. Li, D. Zhang, P. Dong, and X. Guo, “More direct evidence of the fcc arrangement for artificial opal,” Opt. Commun. 170(1-3), 41–46 (1999).
[Crossref]

P. Jiang, J. Bertone, K. S. Hwang, and V. L. Colvin, “Single-crystal colloidal multilayers of controlled thickness,” Chem. Mater. 11(8), 2132–2140 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

S. H. Park, D. Qin, and Y. Xia, “Crystallization of mesoscale particles over large areas,” Adv. Mater. 10(13), 1028–1032 (1998).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

R. Mayoral, J. Requena, J. S. Moya, C. López, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, L. Vázquez, M. Holgado, and Á. Blanco, “3D Long-range ordering in an SiO2 submicrometer-sphere sintered superstructure,” Adv. Mater. 9(3), 257–260 (1997).
[Crossref]

1984 (1)

H. Franke, H. G. Festl, and E. Krätzig, “Light induced refractive index changes in PMMA films doped with styrene,” Colloid Polym. Sci. 262(3), 213–216 (1984).
[Crossref]

1983 (1)

E. Marx and G. W. Mulholland, “Size and Refractive Index Determination of Single Polystyrene Spheres,” J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 88(5), 321–338 (1983).
[Crossref]

1976 (1)

P. J. Darragh, A. J. Gaskin, and J. V. Sanders, “Opals,” Sci. Am. 234(4), 84–95 (1976).
[Crossref]

1968 (1)

W. Stöber, A. Fink, and E. Bohn, “Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26(1), 62–69 (1968).
[Crossref]

Arlinghaus, E. G.

D. J. Norris, E. G. Arlinghaus, L. Meng, R. Heiny, and L. E. Scriven, “Opaline Photonic Crystals: How Does Self-Assembly Work?” Adv. Mater. 16(16), 1393–1399 (2004).
[Crossref]

Bertone, J.

P. Jiang, J. Bertone, K. S. Hwang, and V. L. Colvin, “Single-crystal colloidal multilayers of controlled thickness,” Chem. Mater. 11(8), 2132–2140 (1999).
[Crossref]

Blanco, A.

J. F. Galisteo-López, M. Ibisate, R. Sapienza, L. S. Froufe-Pérez, A. Blanco, and C. López, “Self-assembled photonic structures,” Adv. Mater. 23(1), 30–69 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Blanco, Á.

R. Mayoral, J. Requena, J. S. Moya, C. López, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, L. Vázquez, M. Holgado, and Á. Blanco, “3D Long-range ordering in an SiO2 submicrometer-sphere sintered superstructure,” Adv. Mater. 9(3), 257–260 (1997).
[Crossref]

Bohn, E.

W. Stöber, A. Fink, and E. Bohn, “Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26(1), 62–69 (1968).
[Crossref]

Brinkmann, R.

F. Marlow, P. Sharifi, R. Brinkmann, and C. Mendive, “Opals: status and prospects,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48(34), 6212–6233 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chai, L.

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Q. Fan, L. Chai, and J. Shao, “The vertical deposition self-assembly process and the formation mechanism of poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” J. Mater. Sci. 51(6), 2859–2868 (2016).
[Crossref]

Cheng, B.

B. Cheng, P. Ni, C. Jin, Z. Li, D. Zhang, P. Dong, and X. Guo, “More direct evidence of the fcc arrangement for artificial opal,” Opt. Commun. 170(1-3), 41–46 (1999).
[Crossref]

Cintas, A.

R. Mayoral, J. Requena, J. S. Moya, C. López, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, L. Vázquez, M. Holgado, and Á. Blanco, “3D Long-range ordering in an SiO2 submicrometer-sphere sintered superstructure,” Adv. Mater. 9(3), 257–260 (1997).
[Crossref]

Colvin, V. L.

P. Jiang, J. Bertone, K. S. Hwang, and V. L. Colvin, “Single-crystal colloidal multilayers of controlled thickness,” Chem. Mater. 11(8), 2132–2140 (1999).
[Crossref]

Darragh, P. J.

P. J. Darragh, A. J. Gaskin, and J. V. Sanders, “Opals,” Sci. Am. 234(4), 84–95 (1976).
[Crossref]

Diao, Y. Y.

Y. Y. Diao, X. Y. Liu, G. W. Toh, L. Shi, and J. Zi, “Multiple structural coloring of silk-fibroin photonic crystals and humidity-responsive color sensing,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(43), 5373–5380 (2013).
[Crossref]

Y. Y. Diao and X. Y. Liu, “Bring Structural Color to Silk Fabrics,” Adv. Mat. Res. 441, 183–186 (2012).
[Crossref]

Dong, B.

L. Shi, Y. Zhang, B. Dong, T. Zhan, X. Liu, and J. Zi, “Amorphous photonic crystals with only short-range order,” Adv. Mater. 25(37), 5314–5320 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dong, P.

B. Cheng, P. Ni, C. Jin, Z. Li, D. Zhang, P. Dong, and X. Guo, “More direct evidence of the fcc arrangement for artificial opal,” Opt. Commun. 170(1-3), 41–46 (1999).
[Crossref]

Fan, Q.

L. Zhou, Y. Li, G. Liu, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Study on the correlations between the structural colors of photonic crystals and the base colors of textile fabric substrates,” Dyes Pigments 133, 435–444 (2016).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Q. Fan, L. Chai, and J. Shao, “The vertical deposition self-assembly process and the formation mechanism of poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” J. Mater. Sci. 51(6), 2859–2868 (2016).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The fabrication of full color P(St-MAA) photonic crystal structure on polyester fabrics by vertical deposition self-assembly,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132(13), 41750–41759 (2015).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Optical properties of three-dimensional P(St-MAA) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” Opt. Mater. 42, 72–79 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, Y. Wu, G. Liu, Y. Li, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Fabrication of high-quality silica photonic crystals on polyester fabrics by gravitational sedimentation self-assembly,” Color. Technol. 131(6), 413–423 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, G. Liu, Y. Wu, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The synthesis of core-shell monodisperse P(St-MAA) microspheres and fabrication of photonic crystals Structure with Tunable Colors on polyester fabrics,” Fibers Polym. 15(6), 1112–1122 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Shao, Y. Zhang, G. Fu, L. Zhou, and Q. Fan, “Preparation of monodispersed polystyrene microspheres and self-assembly of photonic crystals for structural colors on polyester fabrics,” J. Textil. Inst. 105(9), 938–943 (2014).
[Crossref]

Fang, X.

X. Sun, J. Zhang, X. Lu, X. Fang, and H. Peng, “Mechanochromic photonic-crystal fibers based on continuous sheets of aligned carbon nanotubes,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 54(12), 3630–3634 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Festl, H. G.

H. Franke, H. G. Festl, and E. Krätzig, “Light induced refractive index changes in PMMA films doped with styrene,” Colloid Polym. Sci. 262(3), 213–216 (1984).
[Crossref]

Fink, A.

W. Stöber, A. Fink, and E. Bohn, “Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26(1), 62–69 (1968).
[Crossref]

Franke, H.

H. Franke, H. G. Festl, and E. Krätzig, “Light induced refractive index changes in PMMA films doped with styrene,” Colloid Polym. Sci. 262(3), 213–216 (1984).
[Crossref]

Froufe-Pérez, L. S.

J. F. Galisteo-López, M. Ibisate, R. Sapienza, L. S. Froufe-Pérez, A. Blanco, and C. López, “Self-assembled photonic structures,” Adv. Mater. 23(1), 30–69 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fu, G.

J. Shao, Y. Zhang, G. Fu, L. Zhou, and Q. Fan, “Preparation of monodispersed polystyrene microspheres and self-assembly of photonic crystals for structural colors on polyester fabrics,” J. Textil. Inst. 105(9), 938–943 (2014).
[Crossref]

Galisteo-López, J. F.

J. F. Galisteo-López, M. Ibisate, R. Sapienza, L. S. Froufe-Pérez, A. Blanco, and C. López, “Self-assembled photonic structures,” Adv. Mater. 23(1), 30–69 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gao, W.

W. Gao, M. Rigout, and H. Owens, “Self-assembly of silica colloidal crystal thin films with tuneable structural colours over a wide visible spectrum,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 380, 12–15 (2016).
[Crossref]

W. Gao, M. Rigout, and H. Owens, “Facile control of silica nanoparticles by a novel solvent varying method for the fabrication of artificial opal photonic crystals,” J. Nanopart. Res. (to be published).

Gaskin, A. J.

P. J. Darragh, A. J. Gaskin, and J. V. Sanders, “Opals,” Sci. Am. 234(4), 84–95 (1976).
[Crossref]

Guan, G.

J. Zhang, S. He, L. Liu, G. Guan, X. Lu, X. Sun, and H. Peng, “The continuous fabrication of mechanochromic fibers,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 4(11), 2127–2133 (2016).
[Crossref]

Guo, X.

B. Cheng, P. Ni, C. Jin, Z. Li, D. Zhang, P. Dong, and X. Guo, “More direct evidence of the fcc arrangement for artificial opal,” Opt. Commun. 170(1-3), 41–46 (1999).
[Crossref]

Guo, Z.

J. Xu and Z. Guo, “Biomimetic photonic materials with tunable structural colors,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 406, 1–17 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

He, S.

J. Zhang, S. He, L. Liu, G. Guan, X. Lu, X. Sun, and H. Peng, “The continuous fabrication of mechanochromic fibers,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 4(11), 2127–2133 (2016).
[Crossref]

Heiny, R.

D. J. Norris, E. G. Arlinghaus, L. Meng, R. Heiny, and L. E. Scriven, “Opaline Photonic Crystals: How Does Self-Assembly Work?” Adv. Mater. 16(16), 1393–1399 (2004).
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R. Mayoral, J. Requena, J. S. Moya, C. López, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, L. Vázquez, M. Holgado, and Á. Blanco, “3D Long-range ordering in an SiO2 submicrometer-sphere sintered superstructure,” Adv. Mater. 9(3), 257–260 (1997).
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P. Jiang, J. Bertone, K. S. Hwang, and V. L. Colvin, “Single-crystal colloidal multilayers of controlled thickness,” Chem. Mater. 11(8), 2132–2140 (1999).
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J. F. Galisteo-López, M. Ibisate, R. Sapienza, L. S. Froufe-Pérez, A. Blanco, and C. López, “Self-assembled photonic structures,” Adv. Mater. 23(1), 30–69 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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P. Jiang and M. J. McFarland, “Large-scale fabrication of wafer-size colloidal crystals, macroporous polymers and nanocomposites by spin-coating,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(42), 13778–13786 (2004).
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P. Jiang, J. Bertone, K. S. Hwang, and V. L. Colvin, “Single-crystal colloidal multilayers of controlled thickness,” Chem. Mater. 11(8), 2132–2140 (1999).
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Jin, C.

B. Cheng, P. Ni, C. Jin, Z. Li, D. Zhang, P. Dong, and X. Guo, “More direct evidence of the fcc arrangement for artificial opal,” Opt. Commun. 170(1-3), 41–46 (1999).
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B. N. Khlebtsov, V. A. Khanadeev, and N. G. Khlebtsov, “Determination of the size, concentration, and refractive index of silica nanoparticles from turbidity spectra,” Langmuir 24(16), 8964–8970 (2008).
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B. N. Khlebtsov, V. A. Khanadeev, and N. G. Khlebtsov, “Determination of the size, concentration, and refractive index of silica nanoparticles from turbidity spectra,” Langmuir 24(16), 8964–8970 (2008).
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Khlebtsov, N. G.

B. N. Khlebtsov, V. A. Khanadeev, and N. G. Khlebtsov, “Determination of the size, concentration, and refractive index of silica nanoparticles from turbidity spectra,” Langmuir 24(16), 8964–8970 (2008).
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H. Franke, H. G. Festl, and E. Krätzig, “Light induced refractive index changes in PMMA films doped with styrene,” Colloid Polym. Sci. 262(3), 213–216 (1984).
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Li, Y.

L. Zhou, Y. Li, G. Liu, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Study on the correlations between the structural colors of photonic crystals and the base colors of textile fabric substrates,” Dyes Pigments 133, 435–444 (2016).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, Y. Wu, G. Liu, Y. Li, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Fabrication of high-quality silica photonic crystals on polyester fabrics by gravitational sedimentation self-assembly,” Color. Technol. 131(6), 413–423 (2015).
[Crossref]

Z. Liu, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, and Y. Li, “Structural colored fiber fabricated by a facile colloid self-assembly method in micro-space,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47(48), 12801–12803 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, Z.

Z. Li, J. Wang, and Y. Song, “Self-assembly of latex particles for colloidal crystals,” Particuology 9(6), 559–565 (2011).
[Crossref]

B. Cheng, P. Ni, C. Jin, Z. Li, D. Zhang, P. Dong, and X. Guo, “More direct evidence of the fcc arrangement for artificial opal,” Opt. Commun. 170(1-3), 41–46 (1999).
[Crossref]

Liu, G.

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Q. Fan, L. Chai, and J. Shao, “The vertical deposition self-assembly process and the formation mechanism of poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” J. Mater. Sci. 51(6), 2859–2868 (2016).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, Y. Li, G. Liu, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Study on the correlations between the structural colors of photonic crystals and the base colors of textile fabric substrates,” Dyes Pigments 133, 435–444 (2016).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The fabrication of full color P(St-MAA) photonic crystal structure on polyester fabrics by vertical deposition self-assembly,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132(13), 41750–41759 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, Y. Wu, G. Liu, Y. Li, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Fabrication of high-quality silica photonic crystals on polyester fabrics by gravitational sedimentation self-assembly,” Color. Technol. 131(6), 413–423 (2015).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Optical properties of three-dimensional P(St-MAA) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” Opt. Mater. 42, 72–79 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, G. Liu, Y. Wu, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The synthesis of core-shell monodisperse P(St-MAA) microspheres and fabrication of photonic crystals Structure with Tunable Colors on polyester fabrics,” Fibers Polym. 15(6), 1112–1122 (2014).
[Crossref]

Liu, L.

J. Zhang, S. He, L. Liu, G. Guan, X. Lu, X. Sun, and H. Peng, “The continuous fabrication of mechanochromic fibers,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 4(11), 2127–2133 (2016).
[Crossref]

Liu, X.

L. Shi, Y. Zhang, B. Dong, T. Zhan, X. Liu, and J. Zi, “Amorphous photonic crystals with only short-range order,” Adv. Mater. 25(37), 5314–5320 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, X. Y.

Y. Y. Diao, X. Y. Liu, G. W. Toh, L. Shi, and J. Zi, “Multiple structural coloring of silk-fibroin photonic crystals and humidity-responsive color sensing,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(43), 5373–5380 (2013).
[Crossref]

Y. Y. Diao and X. Y. Liu, “Bring Structural Color to Silk Fabrics,” Adv. Mat. Res. 441, 183–186 (2012).
[Crossref]

Liu, Z.

Z. Liu, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, and Y. Li, “Structural colored fiber fabricated by a facile colloid self-assembly method in micro-space,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47(48), 12801–12803 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

López, C.

J. F. Galisteo-López, M. Ibisate, R. Sapienza, L. S. Froufe-Pérez, A. Blanco, and C. López, “Self-assembled photonic structures,” Adv. Mater. 23(1), 30–69 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Mayoral, J. Requena, J. S. Moya, C. López, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, L. Vázquez, M. Holgado, and Á. Blanco, “3D Long-range ordering in an SiO2 submicrometer-sphere sintered superstructure,” Adv. Mater. 9(3), 257–260 (1997).
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Lu, X.

J. Zhang, S. He, L. Liu, G. Guan, X. Lu, X. Sun, and H. Peng, “The continuous fabrication of mechanochromic fibers,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 4(11), 2127–2133 (2016).
[Crossref]

X. Sun, J. Zhang, X. Lu, X. Fang, and H. Peng, “Mechanochromic photonic-crystal fibers based on continuous sheets of aligned carbon nanotubes,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 54(12), 3630–3634 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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F. Marlow, P. Sharifi, R. Brinkmann, and C. Mendive, “Opals: status and prospects,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48(34), 6212–6233 (2009).
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E. Marx and G. W. Mulholland, “Size and Refractive Index Determination of Single Polystyrene Spheres,” J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 88(5), 321–338 (1983).
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R. Mayoral, J. Requena, J. S. Moya, C. López, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, L. Vázquez, M. Holgado, and Á. Blanco, “3D Long-range ordering in an SiO2 submicrometer-sphere sintered superstructure,” Adv. Mater. 9(3), 257–260 (1997).
[Crossref]

McFarland, M. J.

P. Jiang and M. J. McFarland, “Large-scale fabrication of wafer-size colloidal crystals, macroporous polymers and nanocomposites by spin-coating,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(42), 13778–13786 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mendive, C.

F. Marlow, P. Sharifi, R. Brinkmann, and C. Mendive, “Opals: status and prospects,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48(34), 6212–6233 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Meng, L.

D. J. Norris, E. G. Arlinghaus, L. Meng, R. Heiny, and L. E. Scriven, “Opaline Photonic Crystals: How Does Self-Assembly Work?” Adv. Mater. 16(16), 1393–1399 (2004).
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Meseguer, F.

F. Meseguer, “Colloidal crystals as photonic crystals,” Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 270–271, 1–7 (2005).
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R. Mayoral, J. Requena, J. S. Moya, C. López, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, L. Vázquez, M. Holgado, and Á. Blanco, “3D Long-range ordering in an SiO2 submicrometer-sphere sintered superstructure,” Adv. Mater. 9(3), 257–260 (1997).
[Crossref]

Miguez, H.

R. Mayoral, J. Requena, J. S. Moya, C. López, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, L. Vázquez, M. Holgado, and Á. Blanco, “3D Long-range ordering in an SiO2 submicrometer-sphere sintered superstructure,” Adv. Mater. 9(3), 257–260 (1997).
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Moon, J.

J. Park and J. Moon, “Control of colloidal particle deposit patterns within picoliter droplets ejected by ink-jet printing,” Langmuir 22(8), 3506–3513 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moya, J. S.

R. Mayoral, J. Requena, J. S. Moya, C. López, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, L. Vázquez, M. Holgado, and Á. Blanco, “3D Long-range ordering in an SiO2 submicrometer-sphere sintered superstructure,” Adv. Mater. 9(3), 257–260 (1997).
[Crossref]

Mulholland, G. W.

E. Marx and G. W. Mulholland, “Size and Refractive Index Determination of Single Polystyrene Spheres,” J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 88(5), 321–338 (1983).
[Crossref]

Ni, P.

B. Cheng, P. Ni, C. Jin, Z. Li, D. Zhang, P. Dong, and X. Guo, “More direct evidence of the fcc arrangement for artificial opal,” Opt. Commun. 170(1-3), 41–46 (1999).
[Crossref]

Norris, D. J.

D. J. Norris, E. G. Arlinghaus, L. Meng, R. Heiny, and L. E. Scriven, “Opaline Photonic Crystals: How Does Self-Assembly Work?” Adv. Mater. 16(16), 1393–1399 (2004).
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Owens, H.

W. Gao, M. Rigout, and H. Owens, “Self-assembly of silica colloidal crystal thin films with tuneable structural colours over a wide visible spectrum,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 380, 12–15 (2016).
[Crossref]

W. Gao, M. Rigout, and H. Owens, “Facile control of silica nanoparticles by a novel solvent varying method for the fabrication of artificial opal photonic crystals,” J. Nanopart. Res. (to be published).

Park, J.

J. Park and J. Moon, “Control of colloidal particle deposit patterns within picoliter droplets ejected by ink-jet printing,” Langmuir 22(8), 3506–3513 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Park, S. H.

S. H. Park, D. Qin, and Y. Xia, “Crystallization of mesoscale particles over large areas,” Adv. Mater. 10(13), 1028–1032 (1998).
[Crossref]

Peng, H.

J. Zhang, S. He, L. Liu, G. Guan, X. Lu, X. Sun, and H. Peng, “The continuous fabrication of mechanochromic fibers,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 4(11), 2127–2133 (2016).
[Crossref]

X. Sun, J. Zhang, X. Lu, X. Fang, and H. Peng, “Mechanochromic photonic-crystal fibers based on continuous sheets of aligned carbon nanotubes,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 54(12), 3630–3634 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Qin, D.

S. H. Park, D. Qin, and Y. Xia, “Crystallization of mesoscale particles over large areas,” Adv. Mater. 10(13), 1028–1032 (1998).
[Crossref]

Requena, J.

R. Mayoral, J. Requena, J. S. Moya, C. López, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, L. Vázquez, M. Holgado, and Á. Blanco, “3D Long-range ordering in an SiO2 submicrometer-sphere sintered superstructure,” Adv. Mater. 9(3), 257–260 (1997).
[Crossref]

Rigout, M.

W. Gao, M. Rigout, and H. Owens, “Self-assembly of silica colloidal crystal thin films with tuneable structural colours over a wide visible spectrum,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 380, 12–15 (2016).
[Crossref]

W. Gao, M. Rigout, and H. Owens, “Facile control of silica nanoparticles by a novel solvent varying method for the fabrication of artificial opal photonic crystals,” J. Nanopart. Res. (to be published).

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P. J. Darragh, A. J. Gaskin, and J. V. Sanders, “Opals,” Sci. Am. 234(4), 84–95 (1976).
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J. F. Galisteo-López, M. Ibisate, R. Sapienza, L. S. Froufe-Pérez, A. Blanco, and C. López, “Self-assembled photonic structures,” Adv. Mater. 23(1), 30–69 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Scriven, L. E.

D. J. Norris, E. G. Arlinghaus, L. Meng, R. Heiny, and L. E. Scriven, “Opaline Photonic Crystals: How Does Self-Assembly Work?” Adv. Mater. 16(16), 1393–1399 (2004).
[Crossref]

Shao, J.

L. Zhou, Y. Li, G. Liu, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Study on the correlations between the structural colors of photonic crystals and the base colors of textile fabric substrates,” Dyes Pigments 133, 435–444 (2016).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Q. Fan, L. Chai, and J. Shao, “The vertical deposition self-assembly process and the formation mechanism of poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” J. Mater. Sci. 51(6), 2859–2868 (2016).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The fabrication of full color P(St-MAA) photonic crystal structure on polyester fabrics by vertical deposition self-assembly,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132(13), 41750–41759 (2015).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Optical properties of three-dimensional P(St-MAA) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” Opt. Mater. 42, 72–79 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, Y. Wu, G. Liu, Y. Li, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Fabrication of high-quality silica photonic crystals on polyester fabrics by gravitational sedimentation self-assembly,” Color. Technol. 131(6), 413–423 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, G. Liu, Y. Wu, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The synthesis of core-shell monodisperse P(St-MAA) microspheres and fabrication of photonic crystals Structure with Tunable Colors on polyester fabrics,” Fibers Polym. 15(6), 1112–1122 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Shao, Y. Zhang, G. Fu, L. Zhou, and Q. Fan, “Preparation of monodispersed polystyrene microspheres and self-assembly of photonic crystals for structural colors on polyester fabrics,” J. Textil. Inst. 105(9), 938–943 (2014).
[Crossref]

Sharifi, P.

F. Marlow, P. Sharifi, R. Brinkmann, and C. Mendive, “Opals: status and prospects,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48(34), 6212–6233 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shi, L.

W. Yuan, N. Zhou, L. Shi, and K.-Q. Zhang, “Structural Coloration of Colloidal Fiber by Photonic Band Gap and Resonant Mie Scattering,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(25), 14064–14071 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Zhou, A. Zhang, L. Shi, and K.-Q. Zhang, “Fabrication of Structurally-Colored Fibers with Axial Core–Shell Structure via Electrophoretic Deposition and Their Optical Properties,” ACS Macro Lett. 2(2), 116–120 (2013).
[Crossref]

Y. Y. Diao, X. Y. Liu, G. W. Toh, L. Shi, and J. Zi, “Multiple structural coloring of silk-fibroin photonic crystals and humidity-responsive color sensing,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(43), 5373–5380 (2013).
[Crossref]

L. Shi, Y. Zhang, B. Dong, T. Zhan, X. Liu, and J. Zi, “Amorphous photonic crystals with only short-range order,” Adv. Mater. 25(37), 5314–5320 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Song, Y.

Z. Li, J. Wang, and Y. Song, “Self-assembly of latex particles for colloidal crystals,” Particuology 9(6), 559–565 (2011).
[Crossref]

Stöber, W.

W. Stöber, A. Fink, and E. Bohn, “Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26(1), 62–69 (1968).
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Sun, X.

J. Zhang, S. He, L. Liu, G. Guan, X. Lu, X. Sun, and H. Peng, “The continuous fabrication of mechanochromic fibers,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 4(11), 2127–2133 (2016).
[Crossref]

X. Sun, J. Zhang, X. Lu, X. Fang, and H. Peng, “Mechanochromic photonic-crystal fibers based on continuous sheets of aligned carbon nanotubes,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 54(12), 3630–3634 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Toh, G. W.

Y. Y. Diao, X. Y. Liu, G. W. Toh, L. Shi, and J. Zi, “Multiple structural coloring of silk-fibroin photonic crystals and humidity-responsive color sensing,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 23(43), 5373–5380 (2013).
[Crossref]

Vázquez, L.

R. Mayoral, J. Requena, J. S. Moya, C. López, A. Cintas, H. Miguez, F. Meseguer, L. Vázquez, M. Holgado, and Á. Blanco, “3D Long-range ordering in an SiO2 submicrometer-sphere sintered superstructure,” Adv. Mater. 9(3), 257–260 (1997).
[Crossref]

Wang, C.

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Optical properties of three-dimensional P(St-MAA) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” Opt. Mater. 42, 72–79 (2015).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The fabrication of full color P(St-MAA) photonic crystal structure on polyester fabrics by vertical deposition self-assembly,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132(13), 41750–41759 (2015).
[Crossref]

Wang, H.

Z. Liu, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, and Y. Li, “Structural colored fiber fabricated by a facile colloid self-assembly method in micro-space,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47(48), 12801–12803 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, J.

Z. Li, J. Wang, and Y. Song, “Self-assembly of latex particles for colloidal crystals,” Particuology 9(6), 559–565 (2011).
[Crossref]

Wu, Y.

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The fabrication of full color P(St-MAA) photonic crystal structure on polyester fabrics by vertical deposition self-assembly,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132(13), 41750–41759 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, Y. Wu, G. Liu, Y. Li, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Fabrication of high-quality silica photonic crystals on polyester fabrics by gravitational sedimentation self-assembly,” Color. Technol. 131(6), 413–423 (2015).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Optical properties of three-dimensional P(St-MAA) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” Opt. Mater. 42, 72–79 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, G. Liu, Y. Wu, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The synthesis of core-shell monodisperse P(St-MAA) microspheres and fabrication of photonic crystals Structure with Tunable Colors on polyester fabrics,” Fibers Polym. 15(6), 1112–1122 (2014).
[Crossref]

Xia, Y.

S. H. Park, D. Qin, and Y. Xia, “Crystallization of mesoscale particles over large areas,” Adv. Mater. 10(13), 1028–1032 (1998).
[Crossref]

Xu, J.

J. Xu and Z. Guo, “Biomimetic photonic materials with tunable structural colors,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 406, 1–17 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yuan, W.

W. Yuan, N. Zhou, L. Shi, and K.-Q. Zhang, “Structural Coloration of Colloidal Fiber by Photonic Band Gap and Resonant Mie Scattering,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(25), 14064–14071 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhan, T.

L. Shi, Y. Zhang, B. Dong, T. Zhan, X. Liu, and J. Zi, “Amorphous photonic crystals with only short-range order,” Adv. Mater. 25(37), 5314–5320 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, A.

N. Zhou, A. Zhang, L. Shi, and K.-Q. Zhang, “Fabrication of Structurally-Colored Fibers with Axial Core–Shell Structure via Electrophoretic Deposition and Their Optical Properties,” ACS Macro Lett. 2(2), 116–120 (2013).
[Crossref]

Zhang, D.

B. Cheng, P. Ni, C. Jin, Z. Li, D. Zhang, P. Dong, and X. Guo, “More direct evidence of the fcc arrangement for artificial opal,” Opt. Commun. 170(1-3), 41–46 (1999).
[Crossref]

Zhang, J.

J. Zhang, S. He, L. Liu, G. Guan, X. Lu, X. Sun, and H. Peng, “The continuous fabrication of mechanochromic fibers,” J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. Opt. Electron. Devices 4(11), 2127–2133 (2016).
[Crossref]

X. Sun, J. Zhang, X. Lu, X. Fang, and H. Peng, “Mechanochromic photonic-crystal fibers based on continuous sheets of aligned carbon nanotubes,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 54(12), 3630–3634 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, K.-Q.

W. Yuan, N. Zhou, L. Shi, and K.-Q. Zhang, “Structural Coloration of Colloidal Fiber by Photonic Band Gap and Resonant Mie Scattering,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(25), 14064–14071 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Zhou, A. Zhang, L. Shi, and K.-Q. Zhang, “Fabrication of Structurally-Colored Fibers with Axial Core–Shell Structure via Electrophoretic Deposition and Their Optical Properties,” ACS Macro Lett. 2(2), 116–120 (2013).
[Crossref]

Zhang, Q.

Z. Liu, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, and Y. Li, “Structural colored fiber fabricated by a facile colloid self-assembly method in micro-space,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47(48), 12801–12803 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, Y.

J. Shao, Y. Zhang, G. Fu, L. Zhou, and Q. Fan, “Preparation of monodispersed polystyrene microspheres and self-assembly of photonic crystals for structural colors on polyester fabrics,” J. Textil. Inst. 105(9), 938–943 (2014).
[Crossref]

L. Shi, Y. Zhang, B. Dong, T. Zhan, X. Liu, and J. Zi, “Amorphous photonic crystals with only short-range order,” Adv. Mater. 25(37), 5314–5320 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhou, L.

L. Zhou, Y. Li, G. Liu, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Study on the correlations between the structural colors of photonic crystals and the base colors of textile fabric substrates,” Dyes Pigments 133, 435–444 (2016).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Q. Fan, L. Chai, and J. Shao, “The vertical deposition self-assembly process and the formation mechanism of poly(styrene-co-methacrylic acid) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” J. Mater. Sci. 51(6), 2859–2868 (2016).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The fabrication of full color P(St-MAA) photonic crystal structure on polyester fabrics by vertical deposition self-assembly,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132(13), 41750–41759 (2015).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, Y. Wu, G. Liu, Y. Li, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Fabrication of high-quality silica photonic crystals on polyester fabrics by gravitational sedimentation self-assembly,” Color. Technol. 131(6), 413–423 (2015).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, L. Zhou, Y. Wu, C. Wang, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “Optical properties of three-dimensional P(St-MAA) photonic crystals on polyester fabrics,” Opt. Mater. 42, 72–79 (2015).
[Crossref]

J. Shao, Y. Zhang, G. Fu, L. Zhou, and Q. Fan, “Preparation of monodispersed polystyrene microspheres and self-assembly of photonic crystals for structural colors on polyester fabrics,” J. Textil. Inst. 105(9), 938–943 (2014).
[Crossref]

L. Zhou, G. Liu, Y. Wu, Q. Fan, and J. Shao, “The synthesis of core-shell monodisperse P(St-MAA) microspheres and fabrication of photonic crystals Structure with Tunable Colors on polyester fabrics,” Fibers Polym. 15(6), 1112–1122 (2014).
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Supplementary Material (1)

NameDescription
» Data File 1: CSV (1 KB)      The original reflectance spectra of SNP-coated WKC. The peak wavelength of each sample is given in the last row.

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Figures (8)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Images of BWC fabrics coated with SNPs having average diameters of 342 nm, 287 nm, 262 nm, 233 nm, and 204 nm, from (a) to (e), respectively; the surface SEM images of (a) are given at the different magnifications of 25 (f), 20K (g), 400 (h), and 5K (i), the scale bars are added for these SEM images. The fabric diameter is 25 mm.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Images of SNP-coated BWC fabrics with viewing angles of 0°(a), 15°(b), 30°(c), 45°(d), and 60°(e). Samples in the vertical direction were treated with the same SNP batch solution. The fabric diameter is 25 mm, the right top of each circular fabric was cut to provide samples for SEM examination.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Normalised reflectance spectra (a) of the original BWC fabric and the fabric coated with SNPs having average diameters given in the figure legend; plot of the peak wavelength (b) of SNP-coated cotton, SNP-coated polyester, P(St-MMA)-coated polyester, and PS-coated silk fabrics against the average particle diameter, data obtained from Fig. 3(a), Zhou et al. [26], Liu et al. [25], and Diao et al. [24], respectively; a linear trend line for each set is added with the linear function and correlation coefficient R2 values presented.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Images of the BKN fabrics coated with SNPs having average diameters of 342 nm, 287 nm, 262 nm, 233 nm, and 204 nm, from (a) to (e), respectively; the surface SEM images of (b) are given at different magnifications of 25 (f), 400 (g), and 5K (h). The fabric diameter is approximately 25 mm.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Comparisons of the spectral reflectance of the uncoated (a) BWC and BKN fabrics, and those coated with 342 nm (b), 287 nm (c), 262 nm (d), 233 nm (e), and 204 nm (f), respectively.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 CIE 1931 chromaticity values (a) for the uncoated and SNP-coated BWC and BKN fabrics; an enlarged plot of those values in (b) where the average diameter of the SNPs are displayed besides the relevant values.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Images of WKC fabrics coated with SNPs with average diameters of 342 nm, 287 nm, 262 nm, 233 nm, and 204 nm, from (a) to (e), respectively; the surface SEM images of (c) are given at different magnification of 25 (f), 400 (g), and 2.5K (h). The fabric diameter is approximately 25 mm. The top right section of each of the circular fabrics was cut to provide samples for SEM examination.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 The colour difference in terms of Δa* and Δb* between the SNP-coated and original WKC fabrics are plotted in a Cartesian coordinate system (a); CIE 1931 chromaticity values (b) and reflectance spectra (c) of the SNP-coated and original fabrics coated with SNPs having average diameters given in the figure legend; plot of the peak wavelength (d) of the SNP-coated fabrics against the average particle diameter. See Data File 1 for all spectral values from (c).

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 The CIE L*, a*, b* values of original and SNP-coated WKC fabrics as shown in Figs. 7(a)-7(e).

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Equations (2)

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λ= 1.633 n eff d,
ΔE*= [ ( ΔL* ) 2 + ( Δa* ) 2 + ( Δb* ) 2 ] 1/2 ,

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