ESR study of samarium doped fluorophosphate glasses for high-dose, high-resolution dosimetry

Shahrzad Vahedi; Go Okada; Cyril Koughia; Ramaswami Sammynaiken; Andy Edgar; Safa Kasap

doi:10.1364/OME.4.001244

ESR study of samarium doped fluorophosphate glasses for high-dose, high-resolution dosimetry

Shahrzad Vahedi, Go Okada, Cyril Koughia, Ramaswami Sammynaiken, Andy Edgar, and Safa Kasap

Optical Materials Express
Vol. 4,
Issue 6,
pp. 1244-1256
(2014)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.4.001244

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Shahrzad Vahedi, Go Okada, Cyril Koughia, Ramaswami Sammynaiken, Andy Edgar, and Safa Kasap, "ESR study of samarium doped fluorophosphate glasses for high-dose, high-resolution dosimetry," Opt. Mater. Express 4, 1244-1256 (2014)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Rare-Earth-Doped Materials
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Glass and other amorphous materials (160.2750)
- Rare-earth-doped materials (160.5690)
- Radiation (350.5610)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: March 10, 2014
- Revised Manuscript: May 11, 2014
- Manuscript Accepted: May 12, 2014
- Published: May 29, 2014

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Open Access

Abstract

We have studied the effect of samarium doping concentration and thermal annealing on X-ray induced defect centers, including phosphorus-oxygen hole and electron centers (POHC and POEC), in Sm³⁺-doped fluorophosphate glasses towards developing a potential high-dose, high-resolution detector for microbeam radiation therapy. ESR measurements show that defect center formation is suppressed by increasing the Sm-dopant concentration with POECs more strongly influenced than POHCs. This can be explained by a model based on the competition between defect center formations and Sm³⁺ ⇆ Sm²⁺ interconversion. Thermal annealing at increasing moderate temperatures (T_A = 100−300 °C) reduces the POHC related ESR and induced absorbance bands while those of POEC continue to survive. ESR measurements over a wider range show the trace of a very broad ESR signal in samples containing Sm²⁺ ions including those annealed at temperatures between 350 °C and glass transition temperature (T_g ≈ 460 °C). Finally, thermal annealing at 550 °C (> T_g) totally erases all the ESR signals and restores the sample to its original unirradiated state.

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2014 (5)

B. Morrell, G. Okada, S. Vahedi, C. Koughia, A. Edgar, C. Varoy, G. Belev, T. Wysokinski, D. Chapman, R. Sammynaiken, and S. O. Kasap, “Optically erasable samarium-doped fluorophosphate glasses for high-dose measurements in microbeam radiation therapy,” J. Appl. Phys. 115(6), 063107 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Yang, H. Guo, Y. Wei, H. M. Noh, and J. H. Jeong, “Luminescence and energy transfer process in Cu+,Sm3+ co-doped sodium silicate glasses,” Opt. Mater. Express 4(2), 315–320 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Qi, Y. Huang, T. Tsuboi, W. Huang, and H. J. Seo, “Versatile luminescence of Eu2+,3+-activated fluorosilicate apatites M2Y3[SiO4]3F (M = Sr, Ba) suitable for white light emitting diodes,” Opt. Mater. Express 4(2), 396–402 (2014).
[Crossref]

A. V. Kiryanov, S. Ghosh, M. C. Paul, Y. O. Barmenkov, V. Aboites, and N. S. Kozlova, “Ce-doped and Ce/Au-codoped alumino-phosphosilicate fibers: Spectral attenuation trends at high-energy electron irradiation and posterior low-power optical bleaching,” Opt. Mater. Express 4(3), 434–448 (2014).
[Crossref]

G. Gao and L. Wondraczek, “Spectral asymmetry and deep red photoluminescence in Eu3+-activated Na3YSi3O9 glass ceramics,” Opt. Mater. Express 4(3), 476–485 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (7)

S. Rydberg and M. Engholm, “Experimental evidence for the formation of divalent ytterbium in the photodarkening process of Yb-doped fiber lasers,” Opt. Express 21(6), 6681–6688 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. J. Witcher, W. J. Reichman, L. B. Fletcher, N. W. Troy, and D. M. Krol, “Thermal annealing of femtosecond laser written structures in silica glass,” Opt. Mater. Express 3(4), 502–510 (2013).
[Crossref]

L. Li, Y. Yang, D. Zhou, Z. Yang, X. Xu, and J. Qiu, “Investigation of the interaction between different types of Ag species and europium ions in Ag+-Na+ ion-exchange glass,” Opt. Mater. Express 3(6), 806–812 (2013).
[Crossref]

C. A. G. Kalnins, N. A. Spooner, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, and T. M. Monro, “Luminescent properties of fluoride phosphate glass for radiation dosimetry,” Opt. Mater. Express 3(7), 960–967 (2013).
[Crossref]

F. Wang, L. F. Shen, B. J. Chen, E. Y. B. Pun, and H. Lin, “Broadband fluorescence emission of Eu3+ doped germanotellurite glasses for fiber-based irradiation light sources,” Opt. Mater. Express 3(11), 1931–1943 (2013).
[Crossref]

A. Edgar, C. R. Varoy, C. Koughia, G. Okada, G. Belev, and S. Kasap, “High-resolution X-ray imaging with samarium-doped fluoroaluminate and fluorophosphate glass,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 377, 124–128 (2013).
[Crossref]

G. Okada, S. Vahedi, B. Morrell, C. Koughia, G. Belev, T. Wysokinski, D. Chapman, C. Varoy, A. Edgar, and S. Kasap, “Examination of the dynamic range of Sm-doped glasses for high-dose and high-resolution dosimetric applications in microbeam radiation therapy at the Canadian synchrotron,” Opt. Mater. 35(11), 1976–1980 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (6)

B. H. Babu and V. V. R. K. Kumar, “Fluorescence properties and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of gamma-irradiated Sm3+-doped oxyfluoroborate glasses,” J. Appl. Phys. 112(9), 093516 (2012).
[Crossref]

S. Vahedi, G. Okada, B. Morrell, E. Muzar, C. Koughia, A. Edgar, C. Varoy, G. Belev, T. Wysokinski, D. Chapman, and S. Kasap, “X-ray induced Sm3+ to Sm2+ conversion in fluorophosphate and fluoroaluminate glasses for the monitoring of high-doses in microbeam radiation therapy,” J. Appl. Phys. 112(7), 073108 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Petasecca, A. Cullen, I. Fuduli, A. Espinoza, C. Porumb, C. Stanton, A. H. Aldosari, E. Brauer-Krisch, H. Requardt, A. Bravin, V. Perevertaylo, A. B. Rosenfeld, and M. L. F. Lerch, “X-Tream: a novel dosimetry system for synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy,” J. Instrum. 7, P07022 (2012).

A. Bouchet, A. Boumendjel, E. Khalil, R. Serduc, E. Bräuer, E. A. Siegbahn, J. A. Laissue, and J. Boutonnat, “Chalcone JAI-51 improves efficacy of synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy of brain tumors,” J. Synchrotron Radiat. 19(4), 478–482 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Rothkamm, J. C. Crosbie, F. Daley, S. Bourne, P. R. Barber, B. Vojnovic, L. Cann, and P. A. W. Rogers, “In situ biological dose mapping estimates the radiation burden delivered to ‘spared’ tissue between synchrotron X-Ray microbeam radiotherapy tracks,” PLoS ONE 7(1), e29853 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Gebavi, S. Taccheo, D. Tregoat, A. Monteville, and T. Robin, “Photobleaching of photodarkening in ytterbium doped aluminosilicate fibers with 633 nm irradiation,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(9), 1286–1291 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (6)

L. B. Fletcher, J. J. Witcher, N. Troy, S. T. Reis, R. K. Brow, R. M. Vazquez, R. Osellame, and D. M. Krol, “Femtosecond laser writing of waveguides in zinc phosphate glasses [Invited],” Opt. Mater. Express 1(5), 845–855 (2011).
[Crossref]

J. A. Bartz, G. J. Sykora, E. Brauer-Krisch, and M. S. Akselrod, “Imaging and dosimetry of synchrotron microbeam with aluminum oxide fluorescent detectors,” Radiat. Meas. 46(12), 1936–1939 (2011).
[Crossref]

T. Ackerly, J. C. Crosbie, A. Fouras, G. J. Sheard, S. Higgins, and R. A. Lewis, “High resolution optical calorimetry for synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy,” J. Instrum. 6, P03003 (2011).

D. Maki, T. Ishii, F. Sato, Y. Kato, T. Yamamoto, and T. Iida, “Development of confocal laser microscope system for examination of microscopic characteristics of radiophotoluminescence glass dosemeters,” Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry 144(1-4), 222–225 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Belev, G. Okada, D. Tonchev, C. Koughia, C. Varoy, A. Edgar, T. Wysokinski, D. Chapman, and S. Kasap, “Valency conversion of samarium ions under high dose synchrotron generated X-ray radiation,” phys Status Solidi C. 8, 2822–2825 (2011).

G. Okada, B. Morrell, C. Koughia, A. Edgar, C. Varoy, G. Belev, T. Wysokinski, D. Chapman, and S. Kasap, “Spatially resolved measurement of high doses in microbeam radiation therapy using samarium doped fluorophosphate glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(12), 121105 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (4)

Y. D. Li, J. Y. Wang, Y. L. Huang, and H. J. Seo, “Temperature-dependent 5D0→ 7F0 luminescence of Sm2+ ions doped in alkaline earth borophosphate glass,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 93(3), 722–726 (2010).
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2009 (3)

A. Edgar, C. R. Varoy, C. Koughia, D. Tonchev, G. Belev, G. Okada, S. O. Kasap, H. von Seggern, and M. Ryan, “Optical properties of divalent samarium-doped fluorochlorozirconate glasses and glass ceramics,” Opt. Mater. 32(1), 266 (2009).
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2008 (3)

L. Y. Yang, N. Da, D. P. Chen, Q. Z. Zhao, X. W. Jiang, C. S. Zhu, and J. R. Qiu, “Valence state change and refractive index change induced by femtosecond laser irradiation in Sm3+ doped fluoroaluminate glass,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354(12-13), 1353–1356 (2008).
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Y. Huang, C. Jiang, K. Jang, H. S. Lee, E. Cho, M. Jayasimhadri, and S.-S. Yi, “Luminescence and microstructure of Sm2+ ions reduced by X-ray irradiation in Li2O–SrO–B2O3 glass,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(11), 113519 (2008).
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2007 (3)

J. A. Laissue, H. Blattmann, H. P. Wagner, M. A. Grotzer, and D. N. Slatkin, “Prospects for microbeam radiation therapy of brain tumours in children to reduce neurological sequelae,” Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 49(8), 577–581 (2007).
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2006 (1)

S. Park, K. W. Jang, S. Kim, I. Kim, and H. Seo, “X-ray-induced reduction of Sm3+-doped SrB6O10 and its room temperature optical hole burning,” J. Phys.- Condens. Mat. 18(4), 1267–1274 (2006).
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2005 (4)

T. V. Bocharova, “A model of the capture volume of free carriers in fluorophosphate glasses doped with terbium,” Glass Phys. Chem. 31(2), 119–127 (2005).
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2002 (5)

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1999 (1)

J. R. Qiu, K. Miura, T. Suzuki, T. Mitsuyu, and K. Hirao, “Permanent photoreduction of Sm3+ to Sm2+ inside a sodium aluminoborate glass by an infrared femtosecond pulsed laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(1), 10–12 (1999).
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1997 (1)

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1992 (1)

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1983 (1)

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1974 (1)

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1962 (1)

J. S. Stroud, “Color centers in a cerium-containing silicate glass,” J. Chem. Phys. 37(4), 836 (1962).
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1960 (1)

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Aboites, V.

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Bernard, H.

Blattmann, H.

Bocharova, T. V.

T. V. Bocharova, “A model of the capture volume of free carriers in fluorophosphate glasses doped with terbium,” Glass Phys. Chem. 31(2), 119–127 (2005).
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Boizot, B.

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Bräuer-Krisch, E.

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Cannas, M.

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Chen, D. P.

Cho, E.

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Crosbie, J. C.

T. Ackerly, J. C. Crosbie, A. Fouras, G. J. Sheard, S. Higgins, and R. A. Lewis, “High resolution optical calorimetry for synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy,” J. Instrum. 6, P03003 (2011).

Cullen, A.

Da, N.

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Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.

H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem and D. Ehrt, “Effect of Tb3+ ions on X-ray-induced defect formation in phosphate containing glasses,” Opt. Mater. 18(4), 419–430 (2002).
[Crossref]

Edgar, A.

Ehrt, D.

H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem and D. Ehrt, “Effect of Tb3+ ions on X-ray-induced defect formation in phosphate containing glasses,” Opt. Mater. 18(4), 419–430 (2002).
[Crossref]

P. Ebeling, D. Ehrt, and M. Friedrich, “X-ray induced effects in phosphate glasses,” Opt. Mater. 20(2), 101–111 (2002).
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T. Ackerly, J. C. Crosbie, A. Fouras, G. J. Sheard, S. Higgins, and R. A. Lewis, “High resolution optical calorimetry for synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy,” J. Instrum. 6, P03003 (2011).

Friebele, E. J.

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Ghaleb, D.

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Hainfeld, J. F.

Hang, C. F.

Hayakawa, T.

M. Nogami, G. Kawamura, G. J. Park, H. P. You, and T. Hayakawa, “Effect of Al3+ and Ti4+ ions on the laser reduction of Sm3+ ion in glass,” J. Lumin. 114(3-4), 178–186 (2005).
[Crossref]

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T. Ackerly, J. C. Crosbie, A. Fouras, G. J. Sheard, S. Higgins, and R. A. Lewis, “High resolution optical calorimetry for synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy,” J. Instrum. 6, P03003 (2011).

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J. R. Qiu, Y. Shimizugawa, Y. Iwabuchi, and K. Hirao, “Photostimulated luminescence in Eu2+-doped fluoroaluminate glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(6), 759–761 (1997).
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M. Nogami, G. Kawamura, G. J. Park, H. P. You, and T. Hayakawa, “Effect of Al3+ and Ti4+ ions on the laser reduction of Sm3+ ion in glass,” J. Lumin. 114(3-4), 178–186 (2005).
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Kumar, V. V. R. K.

Kurihara, A.

Kusak, A.

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Laterra, J.

Le Duc, G.

Lee, H. S.

Lenihan, D.

Lerch, M. L. F.

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P. W. Levy, “The kinetics of gamma-ray induced coloring of glass,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 43(8), 389–395 (1960).
[Crossref]

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T. Ackerly, J. C. Crosbie, A. Fouras, G. J. Sheard, S. Higgins, and R. A. Lewis, “High resolution optical calorimetry for synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy,” J. Instrum. 6, P03003 (2011).

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Li, Y. D.

Lin, H.

Liu, S.

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Malchukova, E.

Maruhashi, A.

McDonald, J. W.

Meachem, S.

Messina, F.

Mitsuyu, T.

Miura, K.

Monro, T. M.

Monteville, A.

Morrell, B.

Muzar, E.

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Nawrocky, M. M.

Nogami, M.

M. Nogami, G. Kawamura, G. J. Park, H. P. You, and T. Hayakawa, “Effect of Al3+ and Ti4+ ions on the laser reduction of Sm3+ ion in glass,” J. Lumin. 114(3-4), 178–186 (2005).
[Crossref]

M. Nogami and K. Suzuki, “Formation of Sm2+ ions and spectral hole burning in X-ray irradiated glasses,” J. Phys. Chem. B 106(21), 5395–5399 (2002).
[Crossref]

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Ohigashi, T.

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Park, G. J.

M. Nogami, G. Kawamura, G. J. Park, H. P. You, and T. Hayakawa, “Effect of Al3+ and Ti4+ ions on the laser reduction of Sm3+ ion in glass,” J. Lumin. 114(3-4), 178–186 (2005).
[Crossref]

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Qin, D.

Qiu, J.

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J. R. Qiu, Y. Shimizugawa, Y. Iwabuchi, and K. Hirao, “Photostimulated luminescence in Eu2+-doped fluoroaluminate glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(6), 759–761 (1997).
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D. N. Slatkin, P. Spanne, F. A. Dilmanian, and M. Sandborg, “Microbeam radiation therapy,” Med. Phys. 19(6), 1395–1400 (1992).
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T. Ackerly, J. C. Crosbie, A. Fouras, G. J. Sheard, S. Higgins, and R. A. Lewis, “High resolution optical calorimetry for synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy,” J. Instrum. 6, P03003 (2011).

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J. R. Qiu, Y. Shimizugawa, Y. Iwabuchi, and K. Hirao, “Photostimulated luminescence in Eu2+-doped fluoroaluminate glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(6), 759–761 (1997).
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M. Nogami and K. Suzuki, “Formation of Sm2+ ions and spectral hole burning in X-ray irradiated glasses,” J. Phys. Chem. B 106(21), 5395–5399 (2002).
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Suzuki, T.

Svalbe, I.

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Troy, N. W.

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G. Gao and L. Wondraczek, “Spectral asymmetry and deep red photoluminescence in Eu3+-activated Na3YSi3O9 glass ceramics,” Opt. Mater. Express 4(3), 476–485 (2014).
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M. Nogami, G. Kawamura, G. J. Park, H. P. You, and T. Hayakawa, “Effect of Al3+ and Ti4+ ions on the laser reduction of Sm3+ ion in glass,” J. Lumin. 114(3-4), 178–186 (2005).
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Yuasa, T.

Zha, W. X.

Zhang, Y.

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Appl. Phys. Lett. (4)

J. R. Qiu, Y. Shimizugawa, Y. Iwabuchi, and K. Hirao, “Photostimulated luminescence in Eu2+-doped fluoroaluminate glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 71(6), 759–761 (1997).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. (1)

Appl. Radiat. Isot. (1)

Dev. Med. Child Neurol. (1)

Glass Phys. Chem. (1)

T. V. Bocharova, “A model of the capture volume of free carriers in fluorophosphate glasses doped with terbium,” Glass Phys. Chem. 31(2), 119–127 (2005).
[Crossref]

Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (1)

J. Am. Ceram. Soc. (2)

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J. Appl. Phys. (6)

J. Chem. Phys. (1)

J. S. Stroud, “Color centers in a cerium-containing silicate glass,” J. Chem. Phys. 37(4), 836 (1962).
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J. Instrum. (2)

T. Ackerly, J. C. Crosbie, A. Fouras, G. J. Sheard, S. Higgins, and R. A. Lewis, “High resolution optical calorimetry for synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy,” J. Instrum. 6, P03003 (2011).

J. Lumin. (2)

M. Nogami, G. Kawamura, G. J. Park, H. P. You, and T. Hayakawa, “Effect of Al3+ and Ti4+ ions on the laser reduction of Sm3+ ion in glass,” J. Lumin. 114(3-4), 178–186 (2005).
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J. Non-Cryst. Solids (4)

J. Phys. Chem. B (1)

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J. Phys.- Condens. Mat. (1)

J. Solid State Chem. (1)

J. Synchrotron Radiat. (1)

Med. Phys. (1)

D. N. Slatkin, P. Spanne, F. A. Dilmanian, and M. Sandborg, “Microbeam radiation therapy,” Med. Phys. 19(6), 1395–1400 (1992).
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Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A (2)

Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A (1)

Opt. Express (1)

Opt. Mater. (4)

P. Ebeling, D. Ehrt, and M. Friedrich, “X-ray induced effects in phosphate glasses,” Opt. Mater. 20(2), 101–111 (2002).
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Opt. Mater. Express (10)

G. Gao and L. Wondraczek, “Spectral asymmetry and deep red photoluminescence in Eu3+-activated Na3YSi3O9 glass ceramics,” Opt. Mater. Express 4(3), 476–485 (2014).
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phys Status Solidi C. (1)

Phys. Med. Biol. (1)

PLoS ONE (1)

Radiat. Meas. (1)

Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry (1)

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Fig. 1 The electron spin resonance (ESR) signal of FP glass doped with 0.2% of Sm³⁺ and X-ray irradiated for 2 hours (total dose of ~6 kGy). The spectra were measured after annealing the irradiated sample at 100 °C and cooling back to room temperature. The experimental data (thick solid lines) are approximated by a sum of five doublets and one singlet (symbols). Two doublets (L₁ and L₂) and the singlet L₃ have Lorentzian lineshapes while the other three doublets (Г₁–Г₃) are Gaussians. The singlet and the individual components of each doublet are shown by thin solid lines and are marked by superscript (1) or (2). Note the change of scale (compression over the x-axis and stretching over y-axis by a factor of 50) in the wings, (a) and (c), of the graph. The lower scale is shown for a nominal frequency of 9.85 GHz.

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Fig. 2 Variation of ESR spectra of FP glass samples as a result of changing the concentration of Sm³⁺ (C₀) in the range of 0–0.5 at.%. All the samples were X-ray irradiated for 2 hours prior to the ESR measurement. Symbols are approximation of experimental data based on the approach presented in Fig. 1 and Table1. All the signal intensities are normalized to the mass of the samples.

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Fig. 3 Variation of ESR signal components ascribed to POHC and POEC according to Table1 versus Sm doping concentration (C₀). All the samples were X-ray irradiated for 2 hours prior to the ESR measurement. ESR signal intensities were normalized to the mass of the samples. I is the intensity of POHC related Lorentzian and POEC related Gaussian lines presented in Table 1. In case of Lorentzians, I is the summed intensity of L₁−L₃. Note that the first derivative of these lines sum up to simulate the ESR signal (symbols in Fig. 2). I₀ is the corresponding intensity in the undoped glass irradiated for the same time (same dose). Lines are the fits using the formulas and the fitting parameters as shown in the figure. (The maximum C₀ value along the x-axis is 1 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³.)

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Fig. 4 The evolution of EPR spectra of the same sample (FP doped with 0.2% of Sm³⁺) experiencing a step-by-step annealing treatment carried out at increasing temperatures (100°C−300°C) and cooled back to room temperature after each step. The time duration for every annealing step is 30 min. The sample was X-ray irradiated for 2 hours prior to annealing. The experimental ESR data (thick solid lines) are approximated by a sum (symbols) of functions presented in Table 1 and Fig. 1.

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Fig. 5 The variation of ESR signal components (a) and (c) and induced absorbance bands (b) and (d) (symbols) versus annealing temperatures (100°C−300°C) related to the same sample of Fig. 4 (doped with 0.2% of Sm³⁺ and X-ray irradiated for 2 hours prior to annealing). Symbols in (a) and (c) correspond to the intensity of lines presented in Table1 used for approximation of experimental data of Fig. 4. Symbols in (b) and (d) correspond to the intensity of bands G1−G6 introduced in [30]. (a) and (b) correspond to POHC related bands while (c) and (d) to POEC related bands. All the intensities are normalized to their value at room temperature (20°C) just after irradiation for 2 hours. Lines are guides to eye.

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Fig. 6 (a) ESR signal of undoped and doped (0.2% of Sm³⁺) FP samples recorded in a very wide range. All the samples were X-ray irradiated for 2 h prior to annealing and ESR measurements. The annealing duration was 30 min. Inset shows the corresponding photoluminescence spectra (shifted vertically to facilitate the comparison). Narrow ESR lines observed in the range g = 1.7−2.6 are the same kind of lines shown in Fig. 4 related to X-ray induced defects. Note the wide range deviation of the ESR signal in samples which show Sm²⁺ photoluminescence.

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Tables (1)

Table 1 The unique set of Lorentzians and Gaussians (characterized by positions and widths) used for approximating the whole set of ESR spectra obtained in our experiments.

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Equations (11)

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{Sm}^{3 +} + e^{-} \to {Sm}^{2 +}

PO + e^{-} \to POEC

PO + h^{+} \to POHC

{Sm}^{2 +} + h^{+} \to {Sm}^{3 +}

n_{POEC} = n_{0} e^{- V_{3} C_{3}}

n_{POHC} = n_{0} e^{- V_{2} C_{2}}

C_{2} (t) = k_{2} (t) C_{0} and C_{3} (t) = k_{3} (t) C_{0}

\frac{n_{POEC}}{n_{0}} = e^{- V_{3} k_{3} C_{0}}

\frac{n_{POHC}}{n_{0}} = e^{- V_{2} k_{2} C_{0}}

{Sm}^{2 +} \to {Sm}^{3 +} + e^{-}

POHC + e^{-} \to PO

Doublets	g_average	A, Gauss	W, Gauss	g⁽¹⁾	g⁽²⁾	Nature^b
L1	2.014	28	28	2.022	2.006	POHC
L2	2.009	31	21	2.018	2.000	POHC
L3^a	2.030	No hyperfine splitting	52	-	-	OHC?
Γ₁	2.030	276	251	2.111	1.949	POEC (PO₂)
Γ₂	2.044	695	123	2.248	1.840	POEC (PO₃)
Γ₃	2.076	908	173	2.350	1.803	POEC (PO₄)