Abstract

We investigated the suitability of three ternary tellurite glass families for use as optical fibre materials. Systematically varied compositions were produced and the scalability of the glass volumes was assessed. Detailed thermal analysis was conducted to provide justification for the observed billet scaling results. Compositional trends in the linear and nonlinear refractive indices were measured and correlated to structural information gained from measured Raman spectra. Physical mechanisms are suggested to explain the observed trends. Finally we explore the suitability of these glasses for optical fibre fabrication.

© 2012 Optical Society of America

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  21. T. Sekiya, N. Mochida, A. Ohtsuka, and M. Tonokawa, “Raman spectra of MO1/2TeO2 (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Tl) glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 144, 128–144 (1992).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
  23. O. Noguera, T. Merle-Mjean, A. Mirgorodsky, M. Smirnov, P. Thomas, and J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, “Vibrational and structural properties of glass and crystalline phases of teo2,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 330, 50–60 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  24. H. Burger, K. Kneipp, H. Hobert, W. Vogel, V. Kozhukharov, and S. Neov, “Glass formation, properties and structure of glasses in the TeO2-ZnO system,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 151, 134–142 (1992).
    [Crossref]
  25. E. Fargin, A. Berthereau, T. Cardinal, G. L. Flem, L. Ducasse, L. Canioni, P. Segonds, L. Sarger, and A. Ducasse, “Optical non-linearity in oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 203, 96–101 (1996). Optical and Electrical Propertias of Glasses.
    [Crossref]
  26. S. Suehara, P. Thomas, A. P. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Méjean, J. C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, T. Aizawa, S. Hishita, S. Todoroki, T. Konishi, and S. Inoue, “Localized hyperpolarizability approach to the origin of nonlinear optical properties in Teo2-based materials,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205121 (2004).
    [Crossref]
  27. A. P. Mirgorodsky, M. Soulis, P. Thomas, T. Merle-Mjean, and M. Smirnov, “Ab initio study of the nonlinear optical susceptibility of TeO2-based glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 73, 1–13 (2006).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
  30. M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  31. J. Wang, J. R. Lincoln, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Deol, C. J. Mackechnie, A. Pearson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and D. N. Payne, “Fabrication and optical properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fibers doped with tm3+,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066–8075 (1993).
    [Crossref]

2010 (1)

Deepika and N. S. Saxena, “Thermodynamics of glass/crystal transformation in Se58Ge42–xPbx (9 ≤ x ≤ 20) glasses,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114, 28–35 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (3)

2008 (1)

2007 (1)

M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (2)

A. P. Mirgorodsky, M. Soulis, P. Thomas, T. Merle-Mjean, and M. Smirnov, “Ab initio study of the nonlinear optical susceptibility of TeO2-based glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 73, 1–13 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. M. Monro and H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, “Progress in microstructured optical fibers,” Ann. Rev. Mater. Res. 36, 467–495 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (2)

2004 (1)

S. Suehara, P. Thomas, A. P. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Méjean, J. C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, T. Aizawa, S. Hishita, S. Todoroki, T. Konishi, and S. Inoue, “Localized hyperpolarizability approach to the origin of nonlinear optical properties in Teo2-based materials,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205121 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

O. Noguera, T. Merle-Mjean, A. Mirgorodsky, M. Smirnov, P. Thomas, and J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, “Vibrational and structural properties of glass and crystalline phases of teo2,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 330, 50–60 (2003).
[Crossref]

2000 (2)

A. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Mjean, J.-C. Champarnaud, P. Thomas, and B. Frit, “Dynamics and structure of TeO2 polymorphs: model treatment of paratellurite and tellurite; Raman scattering evidence for new γ- and δ-phases,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 61, 501–509 (2000).
[Crossref]

J. C. McLaughlin, S. L. Tagg, J. W. Zwanziger, D. R. Haeffner, and S. D. Shastri, “The structure of tellurite glass: a combined NMR, neutron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction study,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 274, 1–8 (2000). Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids 9.
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

V. Dimitrov and T. Komatsu, “Electronic polarizability, optical basicity and non-linear optical properties of oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 249, 160–179 (1999).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

E. Fargin, A. Berthereau, T. Cardinal, G. L. Flem, L. Ducasse, L. Canioni, P. Segonds, L. Sarger, and A. Ducasse, “Optical non-linearity in oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 203, 96–101 (1996). Optical and Electrical Propertias of Glasses.
[Crossref]

1994 (1)

J. S. Wang, E. M. Vogel, and E. Snitzer, “Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices,” Opt. Mater. 3, 187–203 (1994).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

J. Wang, J. R. Lincoln, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Deol, C. J. Mackechnie, A. Pearson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and D. N. Payne, “Fabrication and optical properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fibers doped with tm3+,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066–8075 (1993).
[Crossref]

1992 (2)

H. Burger, K. Kneipp, H. Hobert, W. Vogel, V. Kozhukharov, and S. Neov, “Glass formation, properties and structure of glasses in the TeO2-ZnO system,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 151, 134–142 (1992).
[Crossref]

T. Sekiya, N. Mochida, A. Ohtsuka, and M. Tonokawa, “Raman spectra of MO1/2TeO2 (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Tl) glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 144, 128–144 (1992).
[Crossref]

1990 (1)

T. Nishida, M. Yamada, H. Ide, and Y. Takashima, “Correlation between the structure and glass transition temperature of potassium, magnesium and barium tellurite glasses,” J. Mater. Sci. 25, 3546–3550 (1990). .
[Crossref]

1989 (1)

T. Sekiya, N. Mochida, A. Ohtsuka, and M. Tonokawa, “Normal vibrations of two polymorphic forms of TeO2 crystals and assignment of Raman peaks of pure TeO2 glass,” Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi 97, 1435–1440 (1989).
[Crossref]

1983 (1)

1970 (1)

C. C. Wang, “Empirical relation between the linear and the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities,” Phys. Rev. B 2, 2045–2048 (1970).
[Crossref]

1964 (1)

R. C. Miller, “Optical second harmonic generation in piezoelectric crystals,” App. Phys. Lett. 5, 17–19 (1964).
[Crossref]

Aizawa, T.

S. Suehara, P. Thomas, A. P. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Méjean, J. C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, T. Aizawa, S. Hishita, S. Todoroki, T. Konishi, and S. Inoue, “Localized hyperpolarizability approach to the origin of nonlinear optical properties in Teo2-based materials,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205121 (2004).
[Crossref]

Awai, I.

Berthereau, A.

E. Fargin, A. Berthereau, T. Cardinal, G. L. Flem, L. Ducasse, L. Canioni, P. Segonds, L. Sarger, and A. Ducasse, “Optical non-linearity in oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 203, 96–101 (1996). Optical and Electrical Propertias of Glasses.
[Crossref]

Biaggio, I.

A. Ryasnyanskiy, A. Lin, C. Guintrand, I. Biaggio, and J. Toulouse, “Tunable nonlinear frequency conversion of bismuth-tellurite glass holey fiber,” Optical Fibre Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), pp. 1–3.

Binks, D.

Bookey, H.

J. Lousteau, H. Bookey, X. Jiang, C. Hill, A. Kar, and A. Jha, “Fabrication of multicore tellurite glass optical fibres,” in Transparent Optical Networks, 2007. ICTON ’07. 9th International Conference on, vol. 2 (2007), Vol. 2, pp. 305–308.

Brocklesby, W. S.

J. Wang, J. R. Lincoln, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Deol, C. J. Mackechnie, A. Pearson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and D. N. Payne, “Fabrication and optical properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fibers doped with tm3+,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066–8075 (1993).
[Crossref]

Burger, H.

H. Burger, K. Kneipp, H. Hobert, W. Vogel, V. Kozhukharov, and S. Neov, “Glass formation, properties and structure of glasses in the TeO2-ZnO system,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 151, 134–142 (1992).
[Crossref]

Bushong, E. J.

Canioni, L.

E. Fargin, A. Berthereau, T. Cardinal, G. L. Flem, L. Ducasse, L. Canioni, P. Segonds, L. Sarger, and A. Ducasse, “Optical non-linearity in oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 203, 96–101 (1996). Optical and Electrical Propertias of Glasses.
[Crossref]

Cardinal, T.

M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
[Crossref]

E. Fargin, A. Berthereau, T. Cardinal, G. L. Flem, L. Ducasse, L. Canioni, P. Segonds, L. Sarger, and A. Ducasse, “Optical non-linearity in oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 203, 96–101 (1996). Optical and Electrical Propertias of Glasses.
[Crossref]

Champarnaud, J.-C.

A. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Mjean, J.-C. Champarnaud, P. Thomas, and B. Frit, “Dynamics and structure of TeO2 polymorphs: model treatment of paratellurite and tellurite; Raman scattering evidence for new γ- and δ-phases,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 61, 501–509 (2000).
[Crossref]

Champarnaud-Mesjard, J. C.

S. Suehara, P. Thomas, A. P. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Méjean, J. C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, T. Aizawa, S. Hishita, S. Todoroki, T. Konishi, and S. Inoue, “Localized hyperpolarizability approach to the origin of nonlinear optical properties in Teo2-based materials,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205121 (2004).
[Crossref]

Champarnaud-Mesjard, J.-C.

O. Noguera, T. Merle-Mjean, A. Mirgorodsky, M. Smirnov, P. Thomas, and J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, “Vibrational and structural properties of glass and crystalline phases of teo2,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 330, 50–60 (2003).
[Crossref]

Chaudhari, C.

Churbanov, M. F.

Couzi, M.

M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
[Crossref]

Deepika,

Deepika and N. S. Saxena, “Thermodynamics of glass/crystal transformation in Se58Ge42–xPbx (9 ≤ x ≤ 20) glasses,” J. Phys. Chem. B 114, 28–35 (2010).
[Crossref]

Deol, R. S.

J. Wang, J. R. Lincoln, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Deol, C. J. Mackechnie, A. Pearson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and D. N. Payne, “Fabrication and optical properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fibers doped with tm3+,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066–8075 (1993).
[Crossref]

Dianov, E. M.

Dimitrov, V.

V. Dimitrov and T. Komatsu, “Electronic polarizability, optical basicity and non-linear optical properties of oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 249, 160–179 (1999).
[Crossref]

Ducasse, A.

E. Fargin, A. Berthereau, T. Cardinal, G. L. Flem, L. Ducasse, L. Canioni, P. Segonds, L. Sarger, and A. Ducasse, “Optical non-linearity in oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 203, 96–101 (1996). Optical and Electrical Propertias of Glasses.
[Crossref]

Ducasse, L.

E. Fargin, A. Berthereau, T. Cardinal, G. L. Flem, L. Ducasse, L. Canioni, P. Segonds, L. Sarger, and A. Ducasse, “Optical non-linearity in oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 203, 96–101 (1996). Optical and Electrical Propertias of Glasses.
[Crossref]

Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.

El-Mallawany, R. A. H.

R. A. H. El-Mallawany, Tellurite Glasses Handbook Physical Properites and Data (CRC Press LLC, 2002).

Fargin, E.

E. Fargin, A. Berthereau, T. Cardinal, G. L. Flem, L. Ducasse, L. Canioni, P. Segonds, L. Sarger, and A. Ducasse, “Optical non-linearity in oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 203, 96–101 (1996). Optical and Electrical Propertias of Glasses.
[Crossref]

Feng, X.

Flem, G. L.

E. Fargin, A. Berthereau, T. Cardinal, G. L. Flem, L. Ducasse, L. Canioni, P. Segonds, L. Sarger, and A. Ducasse, “Optical non-linearity in oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 203, 96–101 (1996). Optical and Electrical Propertias of Glasses.
[Crossref]

Foo, T.

Frit, B.

A. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Mjean, J.-C. Champarnaud, P. Thomas, and B. Frit, “Dynamics and structure of TeO2 polymorphs: model treatment of paratellurite and tellurite; Raman scattering evidence for new γ- and δ-phases,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 61, 501–509 (2000).
[Crossref]

Furniss, D.

M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
[Crossref]

GmbH, V. S.

V. S. GmbH, “Infrared chalcogenide glass IG5” (2009).

Grishin, I. A.

Guintrand, C.

A. Ryasnyanskiy, A. Lin, C. Guintrand, I. Biaggio, and J. Toulouse, “Tunable nonlinear frequency conversion of bismuth-tellurite glass holey fiber,” Optical Fibre Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), pp. 1–3.

Haeffner, D. R.

J. C. McLaughlin, S. L. Tagg, J. W. Zwanziger, D. R. Haeffner, and S. D. Shastri, “The structure of tellurite glass: a combined NMR, neutron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction study,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 274, 1–8 (2000). Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids 9.
[Crossref]

Hanna, D. C.

J. Wang, J. R. Lincoln, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Deol, C. J. Mackechnie, A. Pearson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and D. N. Payne, “Fabrication and optical properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fibers doped with tm3+,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066–8075 (1993).
[Crossref]

Hewak, D.

Hill, C.

J. Lousteau, H. Bookey, X. Jiang, C. Hill, A. Kar, and A. Jha, “Fabrication of multicore tellurite glass optical fibres,” in Transparent Optical Networks, 2007. ICTON ’07. 9th International Conference on, vol. 2 (2007), Vol. 2, pp. 305–308.

Hishita, S.

S. Suehara, P. Thomas, A. P. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Méjean, J. C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, T. Aizawa, S. Hishita, S. Todoroki, T. Konishi, and S. Inoue, “Localized hyperpolarizability approach to the origin of nonlinear optical properties in Teo2-based materials,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205121 (2004).
[Crossref]

Hobert, H.

H. Burger, K. Kneipp, H. Hobert, W. Vogel, V. Kozhukharov, and S. Neov, “Glass formation, properties and structure of glasses in the TeO2-ZnO system,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 151, 134–142 (1992).
[Crossref]

Ide, H.

T. Nishida, M. Yamada, H. Ide, and Y. Takashima, “Correlation between the structure and glass transition temperature of potassium, magnesium and barium tellurite glasses,” J. Mater. Sci. 25, 3546–3550 (1990). .
[Crossref]

Ikenoue, J.

Inoue, S.

S. Suehara, P. Thomas, A. P. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Méjean, J. C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, T. Aizawa, S. Hishita, S. Todoroki, T. Konishi, and S. Inoue, “Localized hyperpolarizability approach to the origin of nonlinear optical properties in Teo2-based materials,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205121 (2004).
[Crossref]

Jha, A.

Y. Tsang, B. Richards, D. Binks, J. Lousteau, and A. Jha, “A yb3+/tm3+/ho3+ triply-doped tellurite fibre laser,” Opt. Express 16, 10690–10695 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Lousteau, H. Bookey, X. Jiang, C. Hill, A. Kar, and A. Jha, “Fabrication of multicore tellurite glass optical fibres,” in Transparent Optical Networks, 2007. ICTON ’07. 9th International Conference on, vol. 2 (2007), Vol. 2, pp. 305–308.

Jiang, X.

J. Lousteau, H. Bookey, X. Jiang, C. Hill, A. Kar, and A. Jha, “Fabrication of multicore tellurite glass optical fibres,” in Transparent Optical Networks, 2007. ICTON ’07. 9th International Conference on, vol. 2 (2007), Vol. 2, pp. 305–308.

Kar, A.

J. Lousteau, H. Bookey, X. Jiang, C. Hill, A. Kar, and A. Jha, “Fabrication of multicore tellurite glass optical fibres,” in Transparent Optical Networks, 2007. ICTON ’07. 9th International Conference on, vol. 2 (2007), Vol. 2, pp. 305–308.

Kneipp, K.

H. Burger, K. Kneipp, H. Hobert, W. Vogel, V. Kozhukharov, and S. Neov, “Glass formation, properties and structure of glasses in the TeO2-ZnO system,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 151, 134–142 (1992).
[Crossref]

Koltashev, V. V.

Komatsu, T.

V. Dimitrov and T. Komatsu, “Electronic polarizability, optical basicity and non-linear optical properties of oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 249, 160–179 (1999).
[Crossref]

Konishi, T.

S. Suehara, P. Thomas, A. P. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Méjean, J. C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, T. Aizawa, S. Hishita, S. Todoroki, T. Konishi, and S. Inoue, “Localized hyperpolarizability approach to the origin of nonlinear optical properties in Teo2-based materials,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205121 (2004).
[Crossref]

Kozhukharov, V.

H. Burger, K. Kneipp, H. Hobert, W. Vogel, V. Kozhukharov, and S. Neov, “Glass formation, properties and structure of glasses in the TeO2-ZnO system,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 151, 134–142 (1992).
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Li, Y.

Liao, M.

M. Liao, X. Yan, G. Qin, C. Chaudhari, T. Suzuki, and Y. Ohishi, “A highly non-linear tellurite microstructure fiber with multi-ring holes for supercontinuum generation,” Opt. Express 17, 15481–15490 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Ohishi, G. Qin, M. Liao, X. Yan, and T. Suzuki, “Recent progress in tellurite fibers,” in “Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, 2010 Conference on (OFC/NFOEC),” (2010), pp. 1–3.

Lin, A.

A. Lin, A. Zhang, E. J. Bushong, and J. Toulouse, “Solid-core tellurite glass fiber for infrared and nonlinear applications,” Opt. Express 17, 16716–16721 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Ryasnyanskiy, A. Lin, C. Guintrand, I. Biaggio, and J. Toulouse, “Tunable nonlinear frequency conversion of bismuth-tellurite glass holey fiber,” Optical Fibre Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), pp. 1–3.

Lincoln, J. R.

J. Wang, J. R. Lincoln, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Deol, C. J. Mackechnie, A. Pearson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and D. N. Payne, “Fabrication and optical properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fibers doped with tm3+,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066–8075 (1993).
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Lousteau, J.

Y. Tsang, B. Richards, D. Binks, J. Lousteau, and A. Jha, “A yb3+/tm3+/ho3+ triply-doped tellurite fibre laser,” Opt. Express 16, 10690–10695 (2008).
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J. Lousteau, H. Bookey, X. Jiang, C. Hill, A. Kar, and A. Jha, “Fabrication of multicore tellurite glass optical fibres,” in Transparent Optical Networks, 2007. ICTON ’07. 9th International Conference on, vol. 2 (2007), Vol. 2, pp. 305–308.

Mackechnie, C. J.

J. Wang, J. R. Lincoln, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Deol, C. J. Mackechnie, A. Pearson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and D. N. Payne, “Fabrication and optical properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fibers doped with tm3+,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066–8075 (1993).
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Mairaj, A.

McLaughlin, J. C.

J. C. McLaughlin, S. L. Tagg, J. W. Zwanziger, D. R. Haeffner, and S. D. Shastri, “The structure of tellurite glass: a combined NMR, neutron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction study,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 274, 1–8 (2000). Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids 9.
[Crossref]

Merle-Méjean, T.

S. Suehara, P. Thomas, A. P. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Méjean, J. C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, T. Aizawa, S. Hishita, S. Todoroki, T. Konishi, and S. Inoue, “Localized hyperpolarizability approach to the origin of nonlinear optical properties in Teo2-based materials,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205121 (2004).
[Crossref]

Merle-Mjean, T.

A. P. Mirgorodsky, M. Soulis, P. Thomas, T. Merle-Mjean, and M. Smirnov, “Ab initio study of the nonlinear optical susceptibility of TeO2-based glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 73, 1–13 (2006).
[Crossref]

O. Noguera, T. Merle-Mjean, A. Mirgorodsky, M. Smirnov, P. Thomas, and J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, “Vibrational and structural properties of glass and crystalline phases of teo2,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 330, 50–60 (2003).
[Crossref]

A. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Mjean, J.-C. Champarnaud, P. Thomas, and B. Frit, “Dynamics and structure of TeO2 polymorphs: model treatment of paratellurite and tellurite; Raman scattering evidence for new γ- and δ-phases,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 61, 501–509 (2000).
[Crossref]

Miller, R. C.

R. C. Miller, “Optical second harmonic generation in piezoelectric crystals,” App. Phys. Lett. 5, 17–19 (1964).
[Crossref]

Mirgorodsky, A.

O. Noguera, T. Merle-Mjean, A. Mirgorodsky, M. Smirnov, P. Thomas, and J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, “Vibrational and structural properties of glass and crystalline phases of teo2,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 330, 50–60 (2003).
[Crossref]

A. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Mjean, J.-C. Champarnaud, P. Thomas, and B. Frit, “Dynamics and structure of TeO2 polymorphs: model treatment of paratellurite and tellurite; Raman scattering evidence for new γ- and δ-phases,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 61, 501–509 (2000).
[Crossref]

Mirgorodsky, A. P.

A. P. Mirgorodsky, M. Soulis, P. Thomas, T. Merle-Mjean, and M. Smirnov, “Ab initio study of the nonlinear optical susceptibility of TeO2-based glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 73, 1–13 (2006).
[Crossref]

S. Suehara, P. Thomas, A. P. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Méjean, J. C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, T. Aizawa, S. Hishita, S. Todoroki, T. Konishi, and S. Inoue, “Localized hyperpolarizability approach to the origin of nonlinear optical properties in Teo2-based materials,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205121 (2004).
[Crossref]

Mochida, N.

T. Sekiya, N. Mochida, A. Ohtsuka, and M. Tonokawa, “Raman spectra of MO1/2TeO2 (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Tl) glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 144, 128–144 (1992).
[Crossref]

T. Sekiya, N. Mochida, A. Ohtsuka, and M. Tonokawa, “Normal vibrations of two polymorphic forms of TeO2 crystals and assignment of Raman peaks of pure TeO2 glass,” Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi 97, 1435–1440 (1989).
[Crossref]

Monro, T.

Monro, T. M.

Neov, S.

H. Burger, K. Kneipp, H. Hobert, W. Vogel, V. Kozhukharov, and S. Neov, “Glass formation, properties and structure of glasses in the TeO2-ZnO system,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 151, 134–142 (1992).
[Crossref]

Nishida, T.

T. Nishida, M. Yamada, H. Ide, and Y. Takashima, “Correlation between the structure and glass transition temperature of potassium, magnesium and barium tellurite glasses,” J. Mater. Sci. 25, 3546–3550 (1990). .
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Noguera, O.

O. Noguera, T. Merle-Mjean, A. Mirgorodsky, M. Smirnov, P. Thomas, and J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, “Vibrational and structural properties of glass and crystalline phases of teo2,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 330, 50–60 (2003).
[Crossref]

O’Donnell, M. D.

M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
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Oermann, M. R.

Ohishi, Y.

M. Liao, X. Yan, G. Qin, C. Chaudhari, T. Suzuki, and Y. Ohishi, “A highly non-linear tellurite microstructure fiber with multi-ring holes for supercontinuum generation,” Opt. Express 17, 15481–15490 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Ohishi, G. Qin, M. Liao, X. Yan, and T. Suzuki, “Recent progress in tellurite fibers,” in “Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, 2010 Conference on (OFC/NFOEC),” (2010), pp. 1–3.

Ohtsuka, A.

T. Sekiya, N. Mochida, A. Ohtsuka, and M. Tonokawa, “Raman spectra of MO1/2TeO2 (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Tl) glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 144, 128–144 (1992).
[Crossref]

T. Sekiya, N. Mochida, A. Ohtsuka, and M. Tonokawa, “Normal vibrations of two polymorphic forms of TeO2 crystals and assignment of Raman peaks of pure TeO2 glass,” Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi 97, 1435–1440 (1989).
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Onodera, H.

Payne, D. N.

J. Wang, J. R. Lincoln, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Deol, C. J. Mackechnie, A. Pearson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and D. N. Payne, “Fabrication and optical properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fibers doped with tm3+,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066–8075 (1993).
[Crossref]

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J. Wang, J. R. Lincoln, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Deol, C. J. Mackechnie, A. Pearson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and D. N. Payne, “Fabrication and optical properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fibers doped with tm3+,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066–8075 (1993).
[Crossref]

Plotnichenko, V. G.

Qin, G.

M. Liao, X. Yan, G. Qin, C. Chaudhari, T. Suzuki, and Y. Ohishi, “A highly non-linear tellurite microstructure fiber with multi-ring holes for supercontinuum generation,” Opt. Express 17, 15481–15490 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Ohishi, G. Qin, M. Liao, X. Yan, and T. Suzuki, “Recent progress in tellurite fibers,” in “Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, 2010 Conference on (OFC/NFOEC),” (2010), pp. 1–3.

Ramme, M.

M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
[Crossref]

Richards, B.

Richardson, K.

M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
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M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
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A. Ryasnyanskiy, A. Lin, C. Guintrand, I. Biaggio, and J. Toulouse, “Tunable nonlinear frequency conversion of bismuth-tellurite glass holey fiber,” Optical Fibre Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), pp. 1–3.

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E. Fargin, A. Berthereau, T. Cardinal, G. L. Flem, L. Ducasse, L. Canioni, P. Segonds, L. Sarger, and A. Ducasse, “Optical non-linearity in oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 203, 96–101 (1996). Optical and Electrical Propertias of Glasses.
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M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
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E. Fargin, A. Berthereau, T. Cardinal, G. L. Flem, L. Ducasse, L. Canioni, P. Segonds, L. Sarger, and A. Ducasse, “Optical non-linearity in oxide glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 203, 96–101 (1996). Optical and Electrical Propertias of Glasses.
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T. Sekiya, N. Mochida, A. Ohtsuka, and M. Tonokawa, “Raman spectra of MO1/2TeO2 (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Tl) glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 144, 128–144 (1992).
[Crossref]

T. Sekiya, N. Mochida, A. Ohtsuka, and M. Tonokawa, “Normal vibrations of two polymorphic forms of TeO2 crystals and assignment of Raman peaks of pure TeO2 glass,” Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi 97, 1435–1440 (1989).
[Crossref]

Shastri, S. D.

J. C. McLaughlin, S. L. Tagg, J. W. Zwanziger, D. R. Haeffner, and S. D. Shastri, “The structure of tellurite glass: a combined NMR, neutron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction study,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 274, 1–8 (2000). Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids 9.
[Crossref]

Smirnov, M.

A. P. Mirgorodsky, M. Soulis, P. Thomas, T. Merle-Mjean, and M. Smirnov, “Ab initio study of the nonlinear optical susceptibility of TeO2-based glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 73, 1–13 (2006).
[Crossref]

O. Noguera, T. Merle-Mjean, A. Mirgorodsky, M. Smirnov, P. Thomas, and J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, “Vibrational and structural properties of glass and crystalline phases of teo2,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 330, 50–60 (2003).
[Crossref]

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J. S. Wang, E. M. Vogel, and E. Snitzer, “Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices,” Opt. Mater. 3, 187–203 (1994).
[Crossref]

Sokolov, V. O.

Soulis, M.

A. P. Mirgorodsky, M. Soulis, P. Thomas, T. Merle-Mjean, and M. Smirnov, “Ab initio study of the nonlinear optical susceptibility of TeO2-based glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 73, 1–13 (2006).
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M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
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M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
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M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
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S. Suehara, P. Thomas, A. P. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Méjean, J. C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, T. Aizawa, S. Hishita, S. Todoroki, T. Konishi, and S. Inoue, “Localized hyperpolarizability approach to the origin of nonlinear optical properties in Teo2-based materials,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205121 (2004).
[Crossref]

Suzuki, T.

M. Liao, X. Yan, G. Qin, C. Chaudhari, T. Suzuki, and Y. Ohishi, “A highly non-linear tellurite microstructure fiber with multi-ring holes for supercontinuum generation,” Opt. Express 17, 15481–15490 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Ohishi, G. Qin, M. Liao, X. Yan, and T. Suzuki, “Recent progress in tellurite fibers,” in “Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, 2010 Conference on (OFC/NFOEC),” (2010), pp. 1–3.

Tagg, S. L.

J. C. McLaughlin, S. L. Tagg, J. W. Zwanziger, D. R. Haeffner, and S. D. Shastri, “The structure of tellurite glass: a combined NMR, neutron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction study,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 274, 1–8 (2000). Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids 9.
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T. Nishida, M. Yamada, H. Ide, and Y. Takashima, “Correlation between the structure and glass transition temperature of potassium, magnesium and barium tellurite glasses,” J. Mater. Sci. 25, 3546–3550 (1990). .
[Crossref]

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A. P. Mirgorodsky, M. Soulis, P. Thomas, T. Merle-Mjean, and M. Smirnov, “Ab initio study of the nonlinear optical susceptibility of TeO2-based glasses,” Phys. Rev. B 73, 1–13 (2006).
[Crossref]

S. Suehara, P. Thomas, A. P. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Méjean, J. C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, T. Aizawa, S. Hishita, S. Todoroki, T. Konishi, and S. Inoue, “Localized hyperpolarizability approach to the origin of nonlinear optical properties in Teo2-based materials,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205121 (2004).
[Crossref]

O. Noguera, T. Merle-Mjean, A. Mirgorodsky, M. Smirnov, P. Thomas, and J.-C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, “Vibrational and structural properties of glass and crystalline phases of teo2,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 330, 50–60 (2003).
[Crossref]

A. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Mjean, J.-C. Champarnaud, P. Thomas, and B. Frit, “Dynamics and structure of TeO2 polymorphs: model treatment of paratellurite and tellurite; Raman scattering evidence for new γ- and δ-phases,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 61, 501–509 (2000).
[Crossref]

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M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
[Crossref]

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S. Suehara, P. Thomas, A. P. Mirgorodsky, T. Merle-Méjean, J. C. Champarnaud-Mesjard, T. Aizawa, S. Hishita, S. Todoroki, T. Konishi, and S. Inoue, “Localized hyperpolarizability approach to the origin of nonlinear optical properties in Teo2-based materials,” Phys. Rev. B 70, 205121 (2004).
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T. Sekiya, N. Mochida, A. Ohtsuka, and M. Tonokawa, “Raman spectra of MO1/2TeO2 (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Tl) glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 144, 128–144 (1992).
[Crossref]

T. Sekiya, N. Mochida, A. Ohtsuka, and M. Tonokawa, “Normal vibrations of two polymorphic forms of TeO2 crystals and assignment of Raman peaks of pure TeO2 glass,” Nippon Seramikkusu Kyokai Gakujutsu Ronbunshi 97, 1435–1440 (1989).
[Crossref]

Toulouse, J.

A. Lin, A. Zhang, E. J. Bushong, and J. Toulouse, “Solid-core tellurite glass fiber for infrared and nonlinear applications,” Opt. Express 17, 16716–16721 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Ryasnyanskiy, A. Lin, C. Guintrand, I. Biaggio, and J. Toulouse, “Tunable nonlinear frequency conversion of bismuth-tellurite glass holey fiber,” Optical Fibre Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), pp. 1–3.

Tropper, A. C.

J. Wang, J. R. Lincoln, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Deol, C. J. Mackechnie, A. Pearson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and D. N. Payne, “Fabrication and optical properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fibers doped with tm3+,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066–8075 (1993).
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J. S. Wang, E. M. Vogel, and E. Snitzer, “Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices,” Opt. Mater. 3, 187–203 (1994).
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H. Burger, K. Kneipp, H. Hobert, W. Vogel, V. Kozhukharov, and S. Neov, “Glass formation, properties and structure of glasses in the TeO2-ZnO system,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 151, 134–142 (1992).
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J. Wang, J. R. Lincoln, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Deol, C. J. Mackechnie, A. Pearson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and D. N. Payne, “Fabrication and optical properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fibers doped with tm3+,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066–8075 (1993).
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J. S. Wang, E. M. Vogel, and E. Snitzer, “Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices,” Opt. Mater. 3, 187–203 (1994).
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T. Nishida, M. Yamada, H. Ide, and Y. Takashima, “Correlation between the structure and glass transition temperature of potassium, magnesium and barium tellurite glasses,” J. Mater. Sci. 25, 3546–3550 (1990). .
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Yan, X.

M. Liao, X. Yan, G. Qin, C. Chaudhari, T. Suzuki, and Y. Ohishi, “A highly non-linear tellurite microstructure fiber with multi-ring holes for supercontinuum generation,” Opt. Express 17, 15481–15490 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Ohishi, G. Qin, M. Liao, X. Yan, and T. Suzuki, “Recent progress in tellurite fibers,” in “Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, 2010 Conference on (OFC/NFOEC),” (2010), pp. 1–3.

Zhang, A.

Zwanziger, J. W.

J. C. McLaughlin, S. L. Tagg, J. W. Zwanziger, D. R. Haeffner, and S. D. Shastri, “The structure of tellurite glass: a combined NMR, neutron diffraction, and X-ray diffraction study,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 274, 1–8 (2000). Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids 9.
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M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K. Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, and T. Cardinal, “Tellurite and fluorotellurite glasses for fiberoptic Raman amplifiers: Glass characterization, optical properties, Raman gain, preliminary fiberization, and fiber characterization,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 1448–1457 (2007).
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J. Wang, J. R. Lincoln, W. S. Brocklesby, R. S. Deol, C. J. Mackechnie, A. Pearson, A. C. Tropper, D. C. Hanna, and D. N. Payne, “Fabrication and optical properties of lead-germanate glasses and a new class of optical fibers doped with tm3+,” J. Appl. Phys. 73, 8066–8075 (1993).
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Figures (9)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Experimental set up for measuring the coefficient of thermal expansion.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Experimental configuration for the Z-scan measurement. The sample is translated along the optic axis through the focal plane. The beam splitter allows for simultaneous measurement of the closed and open apertures, detectors 1 and 2 respectively.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Measured DSC curves with the transition temperatures Tg, crystallisation onset temperatures Tx and crystallisation peak temperatures Tc indicated.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4

(a) Crystallisation stability ΔT=Tg–Tx and (b) Enthalpy of crystallisation as a function of modifier concentration. Dashed lines are to guide the eye.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5

Variation of the coefficient of thermal expansion as a function of modifier concentration. Dashed lines are to guide the eye.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6

(a) Variation of refractive index with modifier concentration. (b) Variation of nonlinear refractive index with modifier concentration. Dashed lines are to guide the eye.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7

Ball and stick representation of the structural units present in tellurite glass. Left: Trigonal bipyramidal TeO4. Center: Distorted trigonal bipyramidal TeO3+1. Right: Trigonal pryamidal TeO3. Dots represent nonbonding electrons. Bond lengths (in nm) are taken from [24].

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8

Example of a deconvolved Raman spectrum (sample TZN2). Raw data (black), Raman bands denoted A,B,C,D and E (red, blue, magenta, green and cyan) and reconstructed spectrum (grey).

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9

Relative Raman band intensities for various modifier concentrations. (a) TMN glasses (b) TZN glasses and (c) TBN glasses. Dashed lines are to guide the eye.

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Tables (3)

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Table 1 Fabricated Glass Compositions1

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Table 2 Measured Values for the Linear Refractive Index n0, Nonlinear Refractive Index n2, Glass Relaxation Temperature Tg, Crystallisation Onset Temperature Tx, Crystallisation Stability ΔT, ΔHc, Enthalpy of Crystallisation and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion α

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Table 3 Raman Band Assignment to Structural Subunits and Nomenclature

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