Large optical nonlinearity of ITO/Ag/ITO sandwiches based on Z-scan measurement

Ke Wu; Zhewei Wang; Jianhan Yang; Hui Ye

doi:10.1364/OL.44.002490

Optics Letters
Vol. 44,
Issue 10,
pp. 2490-2493
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.44.002490

Large optical nonlinearity of ITO/Ag/ITO sandwiches based on Z-scan measurement

Ke Wu, Zhewei Wang, Jianhan Yang, and Hui Ye

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Ke Wu, Zhewei Wang, Jianhan Yang, and Hui Ye, "Large optical nonlinearity of ITO/Ag/ITO sandwiches based on Z-scan measurement," Opt. Lett. 44, 2490-2493 (2019)

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Abstract

Indium tin oxide (ITO)-based sandwich structures with the insertion of silver (ITO/Ag/ITO) show large nonlinear optical enhancement of both nonlinear refraction and saturable absorption. Here optical nonlinearity is measured using a Z-scan experiment with a 1310 nm pulsed laser at normal incidence. The nonlinear refractive index ( $n_{2} = 15.43 \times 10^{- 16} m^{2} / W$ ) for an ITO/Ag/ITO sandwich with a 14 nm silver interlayer and the nonlinear absorption coefficient ( $β = - 648 \times 10^{- 11} m / W$ ) for an ITO/Ag/ITO sandwich with a 10 nm silver interlayer are about 18 and 16 times greater than that of a single-layer ITO, respectively. Meanwhile, a large figure of merit and modulation depth values hinted that ITO/Ag/ITO sandwiches are promising saturable absorber materials to switch continuous laser waves into laser pulses. These novel nonlinear optical properties make ITO/Ag/ITO sandwiches a promising candidate for all-optical modulation devices at optical communication wavelengths.

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Sample	$n_{2} (\times 10^{- 16} m^{2} / W)$	$β (\times 10^{- 11} m / W)$ )	Carrier concentration ( $\times 10^{21} {cm}^{- 3}$ )
Pure-ITO	0.82	−40.6	0.2735
IAI-8	3.98	−477	0.4196
IAI-10	4.72	−648	0.5679
IAI-12	9.32	−405	2.137
IAI-14	15.43	−378	5.775

Materials	Pump Laser	$β (\times 10^{- 11} m / W)$	$Im χ^{(3)}$ (esu)	FOM (esu·cm)	Modulation depth ( $α_{s}$ )
${MoS}_{2}$ [25]	800 nm, 100 fs	$- 4.6 \times 10^{- 3}$	$- 2.52 \times 10^{- 15}$	$1.06 \times 10^{- 15}$	27%
${Cu}_{2 - x} S$ [26]	1300 nm, 35 fs	−161	$- 1.39 \times 10^{- 10}$	$3.8 \times 10^{- 15}$	63.3%
ITO NCs [5]	1300 nm, 35 fs	−47.03	$- 4.06 \times 10^{- 11}$	$4.64 \times 10^{- 15}$	4.3%
Pure-ITO^b	1310 nm, 50 fs	−40.6	$- 5.76 \times 10^{- 12}$	$2.78 \times 10^{- 16}$	1.5%
IAI-10^b	1310 nm, 50 fs	−648	$- 1.25 \times 10^{- 11}$	$1.71 \times 10^{- 16}$	24.66%

Sample	$n_{2} (\times 10^{- 16} m^{2} / W)$	$β (\times 10^{- 11} m / W)$ )	Carrier concentration ( $\times 10^{21} {cm}^{- 3}$ )
Pure-ITO	0.82	−40.6	0.2735
IAI-8	3.98	−477	0.4196
IAI-10	4.72	−648	0.5679
IAI-12	9.32	−405	2.137
IAI-14	15.43	−378	5.775

Materials	Pump Laser	$β (\times 10^{- 11} m / W)$	$Im χ^{(3)}$ (esu)	FOM (esu·cm)	Modulation depth ( $α_{s}$ )
${MoS}_{2}$ [25]	800 nm, 100 fs	$- 4.6 \times 10^{- 3}$	$- 2.52 \times 10^{- 15}$	$1.06 \times 10^{- 15}$	27%
${Cu}_{2 - x} S$ [26]	1300 nm, 35 fs	−161	$- 1.39 \times 10^{- 10}$	$3.8 \times 10^{- 15}$	63.3%
ITO NCs [5]	1300 nm, 35 fs	−47.03	$- 4.06 \times 10^{- 11}$	$4.64 \times 10^{- 15}$	4.3%
Pure-ITO^b	1310 nm, 50 fs	−40.6	$- 5.76 \times 10^{- 12}$	$2.78 \times 10^{- 16}$	1.5%
IAI-10^b	1310 nm, 50 fs	−648	$- 1.25 \times 10^{- 11}$	$1.71 \times 10^{- 16}$	24.66%

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