In vivo thickness dynamics measurement of tear film lipid and aqueous layers with optical coherence tomography and maximum-likelihood estimation

Jinxin Huang; Holly B. Hindman; Jannick P. Rolland

doi:10.1364/OL.41.001981

In vivo thickness dynamics measurement of tear film lipid and aqueous layers with optical coherence tomography and maximum-likelihood estimation

Jinxin Huang, Holly B. Hindman, and Jannick P. Rolland

Optics Letters
Vol. 41,
Issue 9,
pp. 1981-1984
(2016)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.41.001981

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Jinxin Huang, Holly B. Hindman, and Jannick P. Rolland, "In vivo thickness dynamics measurement of tear film lipid and aqueous layers with optical coherence tomography and maximum-likelihood estimation," Opt. Lett. 41, 1981-1984 (2016)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Vision, Color, and Visual Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Coherence and statistical optics (030.0030)
- Image quality assessment (110.3000)
- Optical coherence tomography (170.4500)
- Visual optics, ophthalmic instrumentation (330.7327)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: February 22, 2016
- Revised Manuscript: March 26, 2016
- Manuscript Accepted: March 28, 2016
- Published: April 20, 2016
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 11, Iss. 6

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ophthalmic condition that is characterized by tear film instability and leads to ocular surface discomfort and visual disturbance. Advancements in the understanding and management of this condition have been limited by our ability to study the tear film secondary to its thin structure and dynamic nature. Here, we report a technique to simultaneously estimate the thickness of both the lipid and aqueous layers of the tear film in vivo using optical coherence tomography and maximum-likelihood estimation. After a blink, the lipid layer was rapidly thickened at an average rate of $10 nm / s$ over the first 2.5 s before stabilizing, whereas the aqueous layer continued thinning at an average rate of $0.29 μm / s$ of the 10 s blink cycle. Further development of this tear film imaging technique may allow for the elucidation of events that trigger tear film instability in DED.

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References

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|
Year
|
Author
|
Publication

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).
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[Crossref]
J. L. Gayton, Clin. Ophthalmol. 3, 405 (2009).
[Crossref]
R. Montes-Mico and J. Cataract, Refr. Surg. 33, 1631 (2007).
[Crossref]
P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, R. M. Hill, K. W. Koelling, and J. M. Tiffany, Curr. Eye Res. 29, 357 (2004).
[Crossref]
M. Rolando and M. Zierhut, Surv. Ophthalmol. 45, S203 (2001).
[Crossref]
M. G. Doane, Opto. Vis. Sci. 66, 383 (1989).
[Crossref]
N. Fogt, P. E. King-Smith, and G. Tuell, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 268 (1998).
[Crossref]
P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, and N. Fogt, Opto. Vis. Sci. 76, 19 (1999).
[Crossref]
J. I. Prydal and F. W. Campbell, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 33, 1996 (1992).
J. H. Wang, D. Fonn, T. L. Simpson, and L. Jones, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 44, 2524 (2003).
[Crossref]
T. Schmoll, A. Unterhuber, C. Kolbitsch, T. Le, A. Stingl, and R. Leitgeb, Opto. Vis. Sci. 89, E795 (2012).
[Crossref]
V. A. dos Santos, L. Schmetterer, M. Groschl, G. Garhofer, D. Schmidl, M. Kucera, A. Unterhuber, J. P. Hermand, and R. M. Werkmeister, Opt. Express 23, 21043 (2015).
[Crossref]
R. M. Werkmeister, A. Alex, S. Kaya, A. Unterhuber, B. Hofer, J. Riedl, M. Bronhagl, M. Vietauer, D. Schmidl, T. Schmoll, G. Garhofer, W. Drexler, R. A. Leitgeb, M. Groeschl, and L. Schmetterer, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 54, 5578 (2013).
[Crossref]
J. Huang, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. S. Lee, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1806 (2013).
[Crossref]
J. Huang, J. Yao, N. Cirucci, T. Ivanov, and J. P. Rolland, J. Biomed. Opt. 20, 121306 (2015).
[Crossref]
J. Huang, K. S. Lee, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Opt. Lett. 38, 1721 (2013).
[Crossref]
J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]
P. E. King-Smith, S. H. Kimball, and J. J. Nichols, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 55, 2614 (2014).
[Crossref]
J. M. Tiffany, Curr. Eye Res. 5, 887 (1986).
[Crossref]
S. Patel, J. Marshall, and F. W. Fitzke, J. Refract. Surg. 11, 100 (1995).
J. P. Craig, P. A. Simmons, S. Patel, and A. Tomlinson, Opto. Vis. Sci. 72, 718 (1995).
[Crossref]
R. M. Steinman, G. M. Haddad, A. A. Skavenski, and D. Wyman, Science 181, 810 (1973).
[Crossref]
D. F. Sweeney, T. J. Millar, and S. R. Raju, Exp. Eye. Res. 117, 28 (2013).
[Crossref]
P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, J. J. Nichols, K. K. Nichols, R. J. Braun, and G. B. McFadden, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 50, 2747 (2009).
[Crossref]
P. E. King-Smith, E. A. Hinel, and J. J. Nichols, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 51, 2418 (2010).
[Crossref]
P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, N. Fogt, K. K. Nichols, R. M. Hill, and G. S. Wilson, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 41, 3348 (2000).

2015 (2)

J. Huang, J. Yao, N. Cirucci, T. Ivanov, and J. P. Rolland, J. Biomed. Opt. 20, 121306 (2015).
[Crossref]

V. A. dos Santos, L. Schmetterer, M. Groschl, G. Garhofer, D. Schmidl, M. Kucera, A. Unterhuber, J. P. Hermand, and R. M. Werkmeister, Opt. Express 23, 21043 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (2)

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]

P. E. King-Smith, S. H. Kimball, and J. J. Nichols, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 55, 2614 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (4)

R. M. Werkmeister, A. Alex, S. Kaya, A. Unterhuber, B. Hofer, J. Riedl, M. Bronhagl, M. Vietauer, D. Schmidl, T. Schmoll, G. Garhofer, W. Drexler, R. A. Leitgeb, M. Groeschl, and L. Schmetterer, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 54, 5578 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, K. S. Lee, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Opt. Lett. 38, 1721 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. S. Lee, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1806 (2013).
[Crossref]

D. F. Sweeney, T. J. Millar, and S. R. Raju, Exp. Eye. Res. 117, 28 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (1)

T. Schmoll, A. Unterhuber, C. Kolbitsch, T. Le, A. Stingl, and R. Leitgeb, Opto. Vis. Sci. 89, E795 (2012).
[Crossref]

2010 (1)

P. E. King-Smith, E. A. Hinel, and J. J. Nichols, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 51, 2418 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (2)

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, J. J. Nichols, K. K. Nichols, R. J. Braun, and G. B. McFadden, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 50, 2747 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. L. Gayton, Clin. Ophthalmol. 3, 405 (2009).
[Crossref]

2007 (3)

R. Montes-Mico and J. Cataract, Refr. Surg. 33, 1631 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

B. Miljanovic, R. Dana, D. A. Sullivan, and D. A. Schaumberg, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 143, 409 (2007).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, R. M. Hill, K. W. Koelling, and J. M. Tiffany, Curr. Eye Res. 29, 357 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

J. H. Wang, D. Fonn, T. L. Simpson, and L. Jones, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 44, 2524 (2003).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

M. Rolando and M. Zierhut, Surv. Ophthalmol. 45, S203 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, N. Fogt, K. K. Nichols, R. M. Hill, and G. S. Wilson, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 41, 3348 (2000).

1999 (1)

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, and N. Fogt, Opto. Vis. Sci. 76, 19 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

N. Fogt, P. E. King-Smith, and G. Tuell, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 268 (1998).
[Crossref]

1995 (2)

S. Patel, J. Marshall, and F. W. Fitzke, J. Refract. Surg. 11, 100 (1995).

J. P. Craig, P. A. Simmons, S. Patel, and A. Tomlinson, Opto. Vis. Sci. 72, 718 (1995).
[Crossref]

1992 (1)

J. I. Prydal and F. W. Campbell, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 33, 1996 (1992).

1989 (1)

M. G. Doane, Opto. Vis. Sci. 66, 383 (1989).
[Crossref]

1986 (1)

J. M. Tiffany, Curr. Eye Res. 5, 887 (1986).
[Crossref]

1973 (1)

R. M. Steinman, G. M. Haddad, A. A. Skavenski, and D. Wyman, Science 181, 810 (1973).
[Crossref]

Alex, A.

Aquavella, J. V.

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. S. Lee, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1806 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, K. S. Lee, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Opt. Lett. 38, 1721 (2013).
[Crossref]

Baudouin, C.

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

Baum, J.

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

Braun, R. J.

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, J. J. Nichols, K. K. Nichols, R. J. Braun, and G. B. McFadden, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 50, 2747 (2009).
[Crossref]

Bronhagl, M.

Campbell, F. W.

J. I. Prydal and F. W. Campbell, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 33, 1996 (1992).

Cataract, J.

R. Montes-Mico and J. Cataract, Refr. Surg. 33, 1631 (2007).
[Crossref]

Cirucci, N.

J. Huang, J. Yao, N. Cirucci, T. Ivanov, and J. P. Rolland, J. Biomed. Opt. 20, 121306 (2015).
[Crossref]

Clarkson, E.

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, K. S. Lee, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Opt. Lett. 38, 1721 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. S. Lee, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1806 (2013).
[Crossref]

Craig, J. P.

J. P. Craig, P. A. Simmons, S. Patel, and A. Tomlinson, Opto. Vis. Sci. 72, 718 (1995).
[Crossref]

Dana, R.

B. Miljanovic, R. Dana, D. A. Sullivan, and D. A. Schaumberg, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 143, 409 (2007).
[Crossref]

Doane, M. G.

M. G. Doane, Opto. Vis. Sci. 66, 383 (1989).
[Crossref]

Dogru, M.

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

dos Santos, V. A.

V. A. dos Santos, L. Schmetterer, M. Groschl, G. Garhofer, D. Schmidl, M. Kucera, A. Unterhuber, J. P. Hermand, and R. M. Werkmeister, Opt. Express 23, 21043 (2015).
[Crossref]

Drexler, W.

Fink, B. A.

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, J. J. Nichols, K. K. Nichols, R. J. Braun, and G. B. McFadden, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 50, 2747 (2009).
[Crossref]

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, R. M. Hill, K. W. Koelling, and J. M. Tiffany, Curr. Eye Res. 29, 357 (2004).
[Crossref]

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, N. Fogt, K. K. Nichols, R. M. Hill, and G. S. Wilson, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 41, 3348 (2000).

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, and N. Fogt, Opto. Vis. Sci. 76, 19 (1999).
[Crossref]

Fitzke, F. W.

S. Patel, J. Marshall, and F. W. Fitzke, J. Refract. Surg. 11, 100 (1995).

Fogt, N.

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, N. Fogt, K. K. Nichols, R. M. Hill, and G. S. Wilson, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 41, 3348 (2000).

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, and N. Fogt, Opto. Vis. Sci. 76, 19 (1999).
[Crossref]

N. Fogt, P. E. King-Smith, and G. Tuell, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 268 (1998).
[Crossref]

Fonn, D.

J. H. Wang, D. Fonn, T. L. Simpson, and L. Jones, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 44, 2524 (2003).
[Crossref]

Foulks, G. N.

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

Garhofer, G.

V. A. dos Santos, L. Schmetterer, M. Groschl, G. Garhofer, D. Schmidl, M. Kucera, A. Unterhuber, J. P. Hermand, and R. M. Werkmeister, Opt. Express 23, 21043 (2015).
[Crossref]

Gayton, J. L.

J. L. Gayton, Clin. Ophthalmol. 3, 405 (2009).
[Crossref]

Groeschl, M.

Groschl, M.

V. A. dos Santos, L. Schmetterer, M. Groschl, G. Garhofer, D. Schmidl, M. Kucera, A. Unterhuber, J. P. Hermand, and R. M. Werkmeister, Opt. Express 23, 21043 (2015).
[Crossref]

Haddad, G. M.

R. M. Steinman, G. M. Haddad, A. A. Skavenski, and D. Wyman, Science 181, 810 (1973).
[Crossref]

Hermand, J. P.

V. A. dos Santos, L. Schmetterer, M. Groschl, G. Garhofer, D. Schmidl, M. Kucera, A. Unterhuber, J. P. Hermand, and R. M. Werkmeister, Opt. Express 23, 21043 (2015).
[Crossref]

Hill, R. M.

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, R. M. Hill, K. W. Koelling, and J. M. Tiffany, Curr. Eye Res. 29, 357 (2004).
[Crossref]

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, N. Fogt, K. K. Nichols, R. M. Hill, and G. S. Wilson, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 41, 3348 (2000).

Hindman, H. B.

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]

Hinel, E. A.

P. E. King-Smith, E. A. Hinel, and J. J. Nichols, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 51, 2418 (2010).
[Crossref]

Hofer, B.

Huang, J.

J. Huang, J. Yao, N. Cirucci, T. Ivanov, and J. P. Rolland, J. Biomed. Opt. 20, 121306 (2015).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, K. S. Lee, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Opt. Lett. 38, 1721 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. S. Lee, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1806 (2013).
[Crossref]

Ivanov, T.

J. Huang, J. Yao, N. Cirucci, T. Ivanov, and J. P. Rolland, J. Biomed. Opt. 20, 121306 (2015).
[Crossref]

Jones, L.

J. H. Wang, D. Fonn, T. L. Simpson, and L. Jones, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 44, 2524 (2003).
[Crossref]

Kaya, S.

Kimball, S. H.

P. E. King-Smith, S. H. Kimball, and J. J. Nichols, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 55, 2614 (2014).
[Crossref]

King-Smith, P. E.

P. E. King-Smith, S. H. Kimball, and J. J. Nichols, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 55, 2614 (2014).
[Crossref]

P. E. King-Smith, E. A. Hinel, and J. J. Nichols, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 51, 2418 (2010).
[Crossref]

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, J. J. Nichols, K. K. Nichols, R. J. Braun, and G. B. McFadden, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 50, 2747 (2009).
[Crossref]

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, R. M. Hill, K. W. Koelling, and J. M. Tiffany, Curr. Eye Res. 29, 357 (2004).
[Crossref]

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, N. Fogt, K. K. Nichols, R. M. Hill, and G. S. Wilson, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 41, 3348 (2000).

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, and N. Fogt, Opto. Vis. Sci. 76, 19 (1999).
[Crossref]

N. Fogt, P. E. King-Smith, and G. Tuell, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 268 (1998).
[Crossref]

Kinoshita, S.

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

Koelling, K. W.

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, R. M. Hill, K. W. Koelling, and J. M. Tiffany, Curr. Eye Res. 29, 357 (2004).
[Crossref]

Kolbitsch, C.

T. Schmoll, A. Unterhuber, C. Kolbitsch, T. Le, A. Stingl, and R. Leitgeb, Opto. Vis. Sci. 89, E795 (2012).
[Crossref]

Kucera, M.

V. A. dos Santos, L. Schmetterer, M. Groschl, G. Garhofer, D. Schmidl, M. Kucera, A. Unterhuber, J. P. Hermand, and R. M. Werkmeister, Opt. Express 23, 21043 (2015).
[Crossref]

Kupinski, M.

J. Huang, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. S. Lee, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1806 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, K. S. Lee, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Opt. Lett. 38, 1721 (2013).
[Crossref]

Kupinski, M. A.

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]

Laibson, P.

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

Le, T.

T. Schmoll, A. Unterhuber, C. Kolbitsch, T. Le, A. Stingl, and R. Leitgeb, Opto. Vis. Sci. 89, E795 (2012).
[Crossref]

Lee, K. S.

J. Huang, K. S. Lee, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Opt. Lett. 38, 1721 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. S. Lee, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1806 (2013).
[Crossref]

Leitgeb, R.

T. Schmoll, A. Unterhuber, C. Kolbitsch, T. Le, A. Stingl, and R. Leitgeb, Opto. Vis. Sci. 89, E795 (2012).
[Crossref]

Leitgeb, R. A.

Lemp, M. A.

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

Maki, K. L.

J. Huang, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. S. Lee, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1806 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, K. S. Lee, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Opt. Lett. 38, 1721 (2013).
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S. Patel, J. Marshall, and F. W. Fitzke, J. Refract. Surg. 11, 100 (1995).

McCulley, J.

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

McFadden, G. B.

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, J. J. Nichols, K. K. Nichols, R. J. Braun, and G. B. McFadden, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 50, 2747 (2009).
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B. Miljanovic, R. Dana, D. A. Sullivan, and D. A. Schaumberg, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 143, 409 (2007).
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D. F. Sweeney, T. J. Millar, and S. R. Raju, Exp. Eye. Res. 117, 28 (2013).
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Montes-Mico, R.

R. Montes-Mico and J. Cataract, Refr. Surg. 33, 1631 (2007).
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Murube, J.

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

Nichols, J. J.

P. E. King-Smith, S. H. Kimball, and J. J. Nichols, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 55, 2614 (2014).
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P. E. King-Smith, E. A. Hinel, and J. J. Nichols, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 51, 2418 (2010).
[Crossref]

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, J. J. Nichols, K. K. Nichols, R. J. Braun, and G. B. McFadden, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 50, 2747 (2009).
[Crossref]

Nichols, K. K.

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, J. J. Nichols, K. K. Nichols, R. J. Braun, and G. B. McFadden, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 50, 2747 (2009).
[Crossref]

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, N. Fogt, K. K. Nichols, R. M. Hill, and G. S. Wilson, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 41, 3348 (2000).

Patel, S.

S. Patel, J. Marshall, and F. W. Fitzke, J. Refract. Surg. 11, 100 (1995).

J. P. Craig, P. A. Simmons, S. Patel, and A. Tomlinson, Opto. Vis. Sci. 72, 718 (1995).
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Pflugfelder, S. C.

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

Prydal, J. I.

J. I. Prydal and F. W. Campbell, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 33, 1996 (1992).

Raju, S. R.

D. F. Sweeney, T. J. Millar, and S. R. Raju, Exp. Eye. Res. 117, 28 (2013).
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Riedl, J.

Rolando, M.

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

M. Rolando and M. Zierhut, Surv. Ophthalmol. 45, S203 (2001).
[Crossref]

Rolland, J. P.

J. Huang, J. Yao, N. Cirucci, T. Ivanov, and J. P. Rolland, J. Biomed. Opt. 20, 121306 (2015).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, K. S. Lee, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Opt. Lett. 38, 1721 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. S. Lee, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1806 (2013).
[Crossref]

Ross, D. S.

J. Huang, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. S. Lee, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1806 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Huang, K. S. Lee, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Opt. Lett. 38, 1721 (2013).
[Crossref]

Schaumberg, D. A.

B. Miljanovic, R. Dana, D. A. Sullivan, and D. A. Schaumberg, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 143, 409 (2007).
[Crossref]

Schmetterer, L.

V. A. dos Santos, L. Schmetterer, M. Groschl, G. Garhofer, D. Schmidl, M. Kucera, A. Unterhuber, J. P. Hermand, and R. M. Werkmeister, Opt. Express 23, 21043 (2015).
[Crossref]

Schmidl, D.

V. A. dos Santos, L. Schmetterer, M. Groschl, G. Garhofer, D. Schmidl, M. Kucera, A. Unterhuber, J. P. Hermand, and R. M. Werkmeister, Opt. Express 23, 21043 (2015).
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T. Schmoll, A. Unterhuber, C. Kolbitsch, T. Le, A. Stingl, and R. Leitgeb, Opto. Vis. Sci. 89, E795 (2012).
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Simmons, P. A.

J. P. Craig, P. A. Simmons, S. Patel, and A. Tomlinson, Opto. Vis. Sci. 72, 718 (1995).
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Simpson, T. L.

J. H. Wang, D. Fonn, T. L. Simpson, and L. Jones, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 44, 2524 (2003).
[Crossref]

Skavenski, A. A.

R. M. Steinman, G. M. Haddad, A. A. Skavenski, and D. Wyman, Science 181, 810 (1973).
[Crossref]

Steinman, R. M.

R. M. Steinman, G. M. Haddad, A. A. Skavenski, and D. Wyman, Science 181, 810 (1973).
[Crossref]

Stingl, A.

T. Schmoll, A. Unterhuber, C. Kolbitsch, T. Le, A. Stingl, and R. Leitgeb, Opto. Vis. Sci. 89, E795 (2012).
[Crossref]

Suleski, T. J.

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]

Sullivan, D. A.

B. Miljanovic, R. Dana, D. A. Sullivan, and D. A. Schaumberg, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 143, 409 (2007).
[Crossref]

Sweeney, D. F.

D. F. Sweeney, T. J. Millar, and S. R. Raju, Exp. Eye. Res. 117, 28 (2013).
[Crossref]

Tankam, P.

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]

Tiffany, J. M.

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, R. M. Hill, K. W. Koelling, and J. M. Tiffany, Curr. Eye Res. 29, 357 (2004).
[Crossref]

J. M. Tiffany, Curr. Eye Res. 5, 887 (1986).
[Crossref]

Toda, I.

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

Tomlinson, A.

J. P. Craig, P. A. Simmons, S. Patel, and A. Tomlinson, Opto. Vis. Sci. 72, 718 (1995).
[Crossref]

Tuell, G.

N. Fogt, P. E. King-Smith, and G. Tuell, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 268 (1998).
[Crossref]

Unterhuber, A.

V. A. dos Santos, L. Schmetterer, M. Groschl, G. Garhofer, D. Schmidl, M. Kucera, A. Unterhuber, J. P. Hermand, and R. M. Werkmeister, Opt. Express 23, 21043 (2015).
[Crossref]

T. Schmoll, A. Unterhuber, C. Kolbitsch, T. Le, A. Stingl, and R. Leitgeb, Opto. Vis. Sci. 89, E795 (2012).
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Vietauer, M.

Wang, J. H.

J. H. Wang, D. Fonn, T. L. Simpson, and L. Jones, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 44, 2524 (2003).
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Werkmeister, R. M.

V. A. dos Santos, L. Schmetterer, M. Groschl, G. Garhofer, D. Schmidl, M. Kucera, A. Unterhuber, J. P. Hermand, and R. M. Werkmeister, Opt. Express 23, 21043 (2015).
[Crossref]

Wilson, G. S.

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, N. Fogt, K. K. Nichols, R. M. Hill, and G. S. Wilson, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 41, 3348 (2000).

Wyman, D.

R. M. Steinman, G. M. Haddad, A. A. Skavenski, and D. Wyman, Science 181, 810 (1973).
[Crossref]

Xu, K.

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]

Yao, J.

J. Huang, J. Yao, N. Cirucci, T. Ivanov, and J. P. Rolland, J. Biomed. Opt. 20, 121306 (2015).
[Crossref]

Yuan, Q.

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]

Zhang, B.

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
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Zierhut, M.

M. Rolando and M. Zierhut, Surv. Ophthalmol. 45, S203 (2001).
[Crossref]

Am. J. Ophthalmol. (1)

B. Miljanovic, R. Dana, D. A. Sullivan, and D. A. Schaumberg, Am. J. Ophthalmol. 143, 409 (2007).
[Crossref]

Biomed Opt. Express (1)

J. Huang, Q. Yuan, B. Zhang, K. Xu, P. Tankam, E. Clarkson, M. A. Kupinski, H. B. Hindman, J. V. Aquavella, T. J. Suleski, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed Opt. Express 5, 4374 (2014).
[Crossref]

Biomed. Opt. Express (1)

J. Huang, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. S. Lee, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Biomed. Opt. Express 4, 1806 (2013).
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Clin. Ophthalmol. (1)

J. L. Gayton, Clin. Ophthalmol. 3, 405 (2009).
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Curr. Eye Res. (2)

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, R. M. Hill, K. W. Koelling, and J. M. Tiffany, Curr. Eye Res. 29, 357 (2004).
[Crossref]

J. M. Tiffany, Curr. Eye Res. 5, 887 (1986).
[Crossref]

Exp. Eye. Res. (1)

D. F. Sweeney, T. J. Millar, and S. R. Raju, Exp. Eye. Res. 117, 28 (2013).
[Crossref]

Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. (7)

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, J. J. Nichols, K. K. Nichols, R. J. Braun, and G. B. McFadden, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 50, 2747 (2009).
[Crossref]

P. E. King-Smith, E. A. Hinel, and J. J. Nichols, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 51, 2418 (2010).
[Crossref]

P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, N. Fogt, K. K. Nichols, R. M. Hill, and G. S. Wilson, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 41, 3348 (2000).

P. E. King-Smith, S. H. Kimball, and J. J. Nichols, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 55, 2614 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. I. Prydal and F. W. Campbell, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 33, 1996 (1992).

J. H. Wang, D. Fonn, T. L. Simpson, and L. Jones, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 44, 2524 (2003).
[Crossref]

J. Biomed. Opt. (1)

J. Huang, J. Yao, N. Cirucci, T. Ivanov, and J. P. Rolland, J. Biomed. Opt. 20, 121306 (2015).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

N. Fogt, P. E. King-Smith, and G. Tuell, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 268 (1998).
[Crossref]

J. Refract. Surg. (1)

S. Patel, J. Marshall, and F. W. Fitzke, J. Refract. Surg. 11, 100 (1995).

Ocul. Surf. (1)

M. A. Lemp, C. Baudouin, J. Baum, M. Dogru, G. N. Foulks, S. Kinoshita, P. Laibson, J. McCulley, J. Murube, S. C. Pflugfelder, M. Rolando, and I. Toda, Ocul. Surf. 5, 75 (2007).

Opt. Express (1)

V. A. dos Santos, L. Schmetterer, M. Groschl, G. Garhofer, D. Schmidl, M. Kucera, A. Unterhuber, J. P. Hermand, and R. M. Werkmeister, Opt. Express 23, 21043 (2015).
[Crossref]

Opt. Lett. (1)

J. Huang, K. S. Lee, E. Clarkson, M. Kupinski, K. L. Maki, D. S. Ross, J. V. Aquavella, and J. P. Rolland, Opt. Lett. 38, 1721 (2013).
[Crossref]

Opto. Vis. Sci. (4)

J. P. Craig, P. A. Simmons, S. Patel, and A. Tomlinson, Opto. Vis. Sci. 72, 718 (1995).
[Crossref]

T. Schmoll, A. Unterhuber, C. Kolbitsch, T. Le, A. Stingl, and R. Leitgeb, Opto. Vis. Sci. 89, E795 (2012).
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M. G. Doane, Opto. Vis. Sci. 66, 383 (1989).
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P. E. King-Smith, B. A. Fink, and N. Fogt, Opto. Vis. Sci. 76, 19 (1999).
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Refr. Surg. (1)

R. Montes-Mico and J. Cataract, Refr. Surg. 33, 1631 (2007).
[Crossref]

Science (1)

R. M. Steinman, G. M. Haddad, A. A. Skavenski, and D. Wyman, Science 181, 810 (1973).
[Crossref]

Surv. Ophthalmol. (1)

M. Rolando and M. Zierhut, Surv. Ophthalmol. 45, S203 (2001).
[Crossref]

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Fig. 1. Tear film model (the mucin component is considered as a rough interface between the aqueous layer and the corneal epithelium).

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Fig. 2. Energy maps of (a) a coarse scanning over a 3 by 3 mm area and (b) a

10 \times

zoom in of the red box area in (a).

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3. (a) Negative conditional log-likelihood of one measured spectrum is generated by different thickness pairs of lipid and aqueous layer thickness; (b) conditional log-likelihood along the red line in (a) and the lipid layer thickness estimate; (c) conditional log-likelihood along the green line in (a) and the aqueous layer thickness estimate.

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Fig. 4. Repeated measurements of the tear film dynamics of both the lipid and aqueous layers over the corneal apex of one subject over a three week period. Each color represents a measurement, and the measurements were taken one week apart.

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Equations (5)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

〈 〈 〈 N_{g | (d_{l}, d_{a})} (x, Δ t) 〉 〉 〉 = \frac{R (x)}{e} Δ t \int_{ω_{x} - Δ ω_{x}}^{ω_{x}} S (ω) {| m (ω) |}^{2} d ω + N_{dark} (x, Δ t),

m_{s} (ω) = \frac{1}{2} (\begin{array}{l} r_{1} + r_{2} (1 - r_{1}^{2}) \cdot \exp (i 2 n_{l} \frac{ω}{c} d_{l}) / (1 + r_{1} r_{2} \cdot \exp (i 2 n_{l} \frac{ω}{c} d_{l})) \\ + r_{3} (1 - r_{1}^{2}) (1 - r_{2}^{2}) \cdot \exp (i 2 n_{l} \frac{ω}{c} d_{l} + i 2 n_{a} \frac{ω}{c} d_{a}) \end{array}) \cdot \exp (i 2 n_{0} \frac{ω}{c} l_{s}),

r_{3} = \frac{n_{a} - n_{c}}{n_{a} + n_{c}} \cdot \exp (- 2 σ^{2} n_{a}^{2} \frac{ω^{2}}{c^{2}}),

P (N_{g} | d_{l}, d_{a}) = \frac{1}{{(2 π)}^{\frac{M}{2}} \prod_{x} {[K_{N_{g | (d_{l}, d_{a})}} (x, Δ t)]}^{\frac{1}{2}}} \times \exp [- \frac{1}{2} \sum_{x} \frac{{(N_{g} (x, Δ t) - 〈 〈 〈 N_{g | (d_{l}, d_{a})} (x, Δ t) 〉 〉 〉)}^{2}}{K_{N_{g | (d_{l}, d_{a})}} (x, Δ t)}],

({\hat{d}}_{l}, {\hat{d}}_{a}) = \begin{matrix} \arg \min \\ d_{l}, d_{a} \end{matrix} (- \log (P (N_{g} | d_{l}, d_{a}))) .