Three-dimensional optical tomography of hemodynamics in the human head

Avraham Y. Bluestone; Gassan Abdoulaev; Christoph H. Schmitz; Randall L. Barbour; Andreas H. Hielscher

doi:10.1364/OE.9.000272

Three-dimensional optical tomography of hemodynamics in the human head

Avraham Y. Bluestone, Gassan Abdoulaev, Christoph H. Schmitz, Randall L. Barbour, and Andreas H. Hielscher

Optics Express
Vol. 9,
Issue 6,
pp. 272-286
(2001)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.9.000272

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Avraham Y. Bluestone, Gassan Abdoulaev, Christoph H. Schmitz, Randall L. Barbour, and Andreas H. Hielscher, "Three-dimensional optical tomography of hemodynamics in the human head," Opt. Express 9, 272-286 (2001)

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Table of Contents Category
- Research Papers
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Imaging systems (170.0110)
- Blood or tissue constituent monitoring (170.1470)
- Medical and biological imaging (170.3880)
- Tomography (170.6960)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: July 27, 2001
- Revised Manuscript: August 29, 2001
- Published: September 10, 2001

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

We report on the first three-dimensional, volumetric, tomographic localization of vascular reactivity in the brain. To this end we developed a model-based iterative image reconstruction scheme that employs adjoint differentiation methods to minimize the difference between measured and predicted data. The necessary human-head geometry and optode locations were determined with a photogrammetric method. To illustrate the performance of the technique, the three-dimensional distribution of changes in the concentration of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and total hemoglobin during a Valsalva maneuver were visualized. The observed results are consistent with previously reported effects concerning optical responses to hemodynamic perturbations.

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D. A. Benaron, S. R. Hintz, A. Villringer, D. Boas, A. Kleinschmidt, J. Frahm, C. Hirth, H. Obrig, J. C. Van Houten, E. L. Kermit, W. Cheong, and D. K. Stevenson, “Noninvasive functional imaging of human brain using light,” J. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 20, 469–477 (2000).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. Watanabe, A. Maki, F. Kawaguchi, Y. Yamashita, H. Koizumi, and Y. Mayanagi, “Noninvasive cerebral blood volume measurement during seizures using multichannel near infrared spectroscopic topography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 5, 287–290 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Franceschini, V. Toronov, M. E. Filiaci, E. Gratton, and S. Fantini, “On-line optical imaging of the human brain with 160-ms temporal resolution,” Optics Express 6, 49–57 (2000), http://www.opticsexpress.org/oearchive/source/18957.htm
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Fantini, D. Huebert, M. A. Franceschini, E. Gratton, W. Rosenfeld, P. G. Stubblefield, D. Maulik, and M. Stankovic, “Non-invasive optical monitoring of the newborn piglet brain using continuous-wave and frequency-domain spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 1543–1563 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. R. Stankovic, D. Maulik, W. Rosenfeld, P. G. Stubblefield, A. D. Kofinas, S. Drexler, R. Nair, M. A. Franceschini, D. Hueber, E. Gratton, and S. Fantini,, “Real-time optical imaging of experimental brain ischemia and hemorrhage in neonatal piglets,” J. Perinat. Med. 27, 279–286 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Koizumi, Y. Yamashita, A. Maki, T. Yamamoto, Y. Ito, H. Itagaki, and R. Kennan, “Higher-Order Brain Function Analysis by trans-cranial dynamic near-infrared spectroscopy imaging,” Journal of Biomedical Opt. 4, 403–413 (1999).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Tamura, Y. Hoshi, and F. Okada, “Localized near-infrared spectroscopy and functional optical imaging of brain activity,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences. 352(1354), 737–42 (1997).
[Crossref]
A. Kleinschmidt, H. Obrig, M. Requardt, K. Merboldt, U. Dirnagl, A. Villringer, and J. Frahm, “Simultaneous recording of cerebral blood oxygenation changes during human brain activation by magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy,” J. of Cerebral blood flow and metabolism 16, 817–826 (1996).
[Crossref]
H. Liu, B. Chance, A. H. Hielscher, S. L. Jacques, and F. K. Tittel, “Influence of blood vessels on the measurement of hemoglobin oxygenation as determined by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy,” Med. Phys. 22, 1209–1217 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
G. Gratton and M. Fabiani, “Dynamic brain imaging: Event-related optical signal (EROS) measures of the time course and localization of cognitive-related activity,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 5, 535–563 (1995).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. H. Hielscher, A. D. Klose, and K. M. Hanson, “Gradient-based iterative image reconstruction scheme for time-resolved optical tomography,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 18, 262–271 (1999).
[Crossref]
A. D. Klose and A. H. Hielscher, “Iterative reconstruction scheme for optical tomography based on the equation of radiative transfer,” Medical Physics 26, 1698–1707 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. Roy and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Truncated Newton’s optimization scheme for absorption and fluorescence optical tomography: Part I Theory and formulation,” Opt. Express 4, 353–371 (1999). http://www.opticsexpress.org/oearchive/source/9268.htm
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. R. Arridge and M. Schweiger, “A gradient-based optimization scheme for optical tomography,” Opt. Express 2, 213–226 (1998). http://www.opticsexpress.org/oearchive/source/10447.htm
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Schweiger, S. R. Arridge, M. Hiraoka, and D. T. Delpy, “The finite element model for the propagation of light in scattering media: Boundary and source conditions,” Med. Phys. 22, 1779–92 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. R. Arridge, M. Schweiger, M. Hiraoka, and D. T. Delpy, “A finite element approach for modeling photon transport in tissue,” Med. Phys. 20, 299–309 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Jiang, K. D. Paulsen, and U. L. Osterberg, “Optical image reconstruction using DC data: simulations and experiments,” Phys. Med. Biol. 41, 1483–1498 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
G. Abdoulaev, A. Varone, and G. Zanetti, “An object oriented flow solver for the CRS4 virtual vascular project,” in Proc. Of the 3rd European Conf. on Numerical Mathematics and Advanced Applications, P. Neittaanmaki, T. Tiihonen, and P. Tarvainen (eds.) (World Scientific, Singapore), 407–415 (2000).
J. H. Bramble, J. E. Pasciak, and J. Xu, “Parallel multilevel preconditioners,” Math. Comp. 55, 1–22 (1990).
[Crossref]
Y. Pei, H. L. Graber, and R. L. Barbour, “Influence of systematic errors in reference states on image quality and on stability of derived information for DC optical imaging,” Appl. Opt.40 (2001) in press.
[Crossref]
D. A. Boas, T. Gaudette, G. Strangman, X. Cheng, J. J. Marota, and J. B. Mandeville, “The accuracy of near infrared spectroscopy and imaging during focal changes in cerebral hemodynamics,” Neuroimage 13, 76–90 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. J. Davies, D. B. Christianson, L. C. W. Dixon, R. Roy, and P. van der Zee, “Reverse differentiation and the inverse diffusion problem,” Advances in Engineering Software 28, 217–221 (1997).
[Crossref]
D.B. Christianson, A. J. Davies, L. C. W. Dixon, R. Roy, and P. Van der zee, “Giving Reverse Differentiation a Helping Hand,” Optimization Methods and Software 8, 53–67 (1997).
[Crossref]
H. M. Karara, Handbook of Non-topographic Photogrammetry (American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, VA, 1989).
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R. H. Bartels, J. C. Beatty, and B. A. Barsky, An Introduction to Splines for Use in Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling (Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 1987).
C. H. Schmitz, M. Löcker, J. Lasker, A. H. Hielscher, and R. L. Barbour, “Performance characteristics of a silicon-photodiode-based instrument for fast functional optical tomography,” in Optical Tomography and Spectroscopy of Tissue IV, B. Chance, R. R. Alfano, B. Tromberg, M. Tamura, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, Proc. SPIE4250, 171–179 (2001).
C. H. Schmitz, H. L. Graber, H. Luo, I. Arif, J. Hira, Y. Pei, A.Y. Bluestone, S. Zhong, R. Andronica, I. Soller, N. Ramirex, S. L. S. Barbour, and R. L. Barbour, “Instrumentation and calibration protocol for imaging dynamic features in dense-scattering media by optical tomography,” Appl. Opt. 39, 6466–6486 (2000).
[Crossref]
F. P. Tiecks, C. Douville, S. Byrd, A. M. Lam, and D. W. Newell, “Evaluation of impaired cerebral autoregulation by the Valsalva Maneuver,” Stroke 27, 1177–1182 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
X. Cheng and D.A. Boas, “Systematic diffuse optical image errors resulting from uncertainty in the background optical properties,” Optics Express 4, 299–307 (1999), http://www.opticsexpress.org/oearchive/source/9108.htm
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Wray, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, “Characteristics of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and hemoglobin for the noninvasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation,” Biochim Biophys Acta 933, 184–192 (1988).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. O. McBride, B. W. Pogue, U. L. Osterberg, and K. D. Paulsen, “Separation of absorption and scattering heterogeneities in NIR tomographic imaging of tissues,” in Biomedical Topical Meetings, OSA Technical digest (Optical Society of America, Washington DC, 2000), pp. 339–341.
Y. Pei, H. L. Graber, and R. L. Barbour, “Normalized-constraint algorithm for minimizing inter-parameter crosstalk in DC optical tomography,” Opt. Express 9, 97–109 (2001), http://www.opticsexpress.org/oearchive/source/33900.htm
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Hoshi, N. Kobayashi, and M. Tamura, “Interpretation of near-infrared spectroscopy signals: a study with a newly developed perfused rat brain model,” J. Appl. Physiol. 90, 1657–1662 (2001).
[PubMed]
F. P. Tiecks, A. M. Lam, B. F. Matta, S. Strebel, C. Douville, and D. W. Newell, “Effects of the Valsalva maneuver on cerebral circulation in healthy adults,” Stroke 26, 1386–1392 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. P. Sharpey-Schafer and P. J. Taylor, “Absent circulatory reflexes in diabetic neuritis,” Lancet 1, 559–562 (1960).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
W. I. Schievink, J. M. Karemaker, L. M. Hageman, and D. J. van der Werf, “Circumstances surrounding aneurismal hemorrhage,” Surg. Neurol. 32, 266–272 (1989).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. E. Raisis, G. W. Kindt, J. E. McGillicuddy, and S. L. Giannotta, “The effects of primary elevation of cerebral venous pressure on cerebral hemodynamics intracranial pressure,” J. Surg. Res. 26, 101–107 (1979).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. F. Matta, J. Lam, and P. Smileswiski, “The effect of the Valsalva maneuver on cerebral hemodynamics: a near infrared spectroscopy study,” J. Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 8, 601 (1996).
F. Pott, J. J. Van Lieshout, K. Ide, P. Madsen, and N. H. Secher, “Middle cerebral artery blood velocity during Valsalva mameuver in the standing position,” J. Appl. Physiol. 88, 1545–1550 (2000).
[PubMed]
S. L. Dawson, R. B. Panerai, and J. F. Potter, “Critical closing pressure explains cerebral hemodynamics during the Valsalva maneuver,” J. Appl. Physiol. 86, 675–680 (1999).
[PubMed]
J. E. Raisis, G. W. Kindt, J. E. McGillicuddy, and S. L. Giannotta, “The effects of primary elevation of cerebral venous pressure on cerebral hemodynamics and intracranial pressure,” J. Surg. Res. 26, 101–107 (1979).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Steinbrink, H. Wabnitz, H. Obrig, A. Villringer, and H. Rinnberg, “Determining changes in NIR absorption using a layered model of the human head,” Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 879–896 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. E. Maier, C. J. Hardy, and F. A. Jolesz, “Brain and cerebrospinal fluid motion: real time quantification with M-mode MR imaging,” Radiology 193, 477–483 (1994).
[PubMed]

2001 (4)

D. A. Boas, T. Gaudette, G. Strangman, X. Cheng, J. J. Marota, and J. B. Mandeville, “The accuracy of near infrared spectroscopy and imaging during focal changes in cerebral hemodynamics,” Neuroimage 13, 76–90 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Hoshi, N. Kobayashi, and M. Tamura, “Interpretation of near-infrared spectroscopy signals: a study with a newly developed perfused rat brain model,” J. Appl. Physiol. 90, 1657–1662 (2001).
[PubMed]

J. Steinbrink, H. Wabnitz, H. Obrig, A. Villringer, and H. Rinnberg, “Determining changes in NIR absorption using a layered model of the human head,” Phys. Med. Biol. 46, 879–896 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Pei, H. L. Graber, and R. L. Barbour, “Normalized-constraint algorithm for minimizing inter-parameter crosstalk in DC optical tomography,” Opt. Express 9, 97–109 (2001), http://www.opticsexpress.org/oearchive/source/33900.htm
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (6)

C. H. Schmitz, H. L. Graber, H. Luo, I. Arif, J. Hira, Y. Pei, A.Y. Bluestone, S. Zhong, R. Andronica, I. Soller, N. Ramirex, S. L. S. Barbour, and R. L. Barbour, “Instrumentation and calibration protocol for imaging dynamic features in dense-scattering media by optical tomography,” Appl. Opt. 39, 6466–6486 (2000).
[Crossref]

F. Pott, J. J. Van Lieshout, K. Ide, P. Madsen, and N. H. Secher, “Middle cerebral artery blood velocity during Valsalva mameuver in the standing position,” J. Appl. Physiol. 88, 1545–1550 (2000).
[PubMed]

D. A. Benaron, S. R. Hintz, A. Villringer, D. Boas, A. Kleinschmidt, J. Frahm, C. Hirth, H. Obrig, J. C. Van Houten, E. L. Kermit, W. Cheong, and D. K. Stevenson, “Noninvasive functional imaging of human brain using light,” J. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 20, 469–477 (2000).
[Crossref]

Y. Hoshi, I. Oda, Y. Wada, Y. Ito, Y. Yamashita, M. Oda, K. Ohta, Y. Yamada, and M. Tamura, “Visuospatial imagery is a fruitful strategy for the digit span backward task: a study with near-infrared optical tomography,” Cognitive Brain Research 9, 339–342 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Watanabe, A. Maki, F. Kawaguchi, Y. Yamashita, H. Koizumi, and Y. Mayanagi, “Noninvasive cerebral blood volume measurement during seizures using multichannel near infrared spectroscopic topography,” J. Biomed. Opt. 5, 287–290 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Franceschini, V. Toronov, M. E. Filiaci, E. Gratton, and S. Fantini, “On-line optical imaging of the human brain with 160-ms temporal resolution,” Optics Express 6, 49–57 (2000), http://www.opticsexpress.org/oearchive/source/18957.htm
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1999 (9)

S. Fantini, D. Huebert, M. A. Franceschini, E. Gratton, W. Rosenfeld, P. G. Stubblefield, D. Maulik, and M. Stankovic, “Non-invasive optical monitoring of the newborn piglet brain using continuous-wave and frequency-domain spectroscopy,” Phys. Med. Biol. 44, 1543–1563 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. R. Stankovic, D. Maulik, W. Rosenfeld, P. G. Stubblefield, A. D. Kofinas, S. Drexler, R. Nair, M. A. Franceschini, D. Hueber, E. Gratton, and S. Fantini,, “Real-time optical imaging of experimental brain ischemia and hemorrhage in neonatal piglets,” J. Perinat. Med. 27, 279–286 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Koizumi, Y. Yamashita, A. Maki, T. Yamamoto, Y. Ito, H. Itagaki, and R. Kennan, “Higher-Order Brain Function Analysis by trans-cranial dynamic near-infrared spectroscopy imaging,” Journal of Biomedical Opt. 4, 403–413 (1999).
[Crossref]

S. R. Hintz, W. F. Cheong, J. P. van Houten, D. K. Stevenson, and D. A. Benaron, “Bedside imaging of intracranial hemorrhage in the neonate using light: comparison with ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging,” Pediatr. Res. 45, 54–59 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. H. Hielscher, A. D. Klose, and K. M. Hanson, “Gradient-based iterative image reconstruction scheme for time-resolved optical tomography,” IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 18, 262–271 (1999).
[Crossref]

A. D. Klose and A. H. Hielscher, “Iterative reconstruction scheme for optical tomography based on the equation of radiative transfer,” Medical Physics 26, 1698–1707 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. L. Dawson, R. B. Panerai, and J. F. Potter, “Critical closing pressure explains cerebral hemodynamics during the Valsalva maneuver,” J. Appl. Physiol. 86, 675–680 (1999).
[PubMed]

R. Roy and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, “Truncated Newton’s optimization scheme for absorption and fluorescence optical tomography: Part I Theory and formulation,” Opt. Express 4, 353–371 (1999). http://www.opticsexpress.org/oearchive/source/9268.htm
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Cheng and D.A. Boas, “Systematic diffuse optical image errors resulting from uncertainty in the background optical properties,” Optics Express 4, 299–307 (1999), http://www.opticsexpress.org/oearchive/source/9108.htm
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1998 (1)

S. R. Arridge and M. Schweiger, “A gradient-based optimization scheme for optical tomography,” Opt. Express 2, 213–226 (1998). http://www.opticsexpress.org/oearchive/source/10447.htm
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1997 (4)

A. J. Davies, D. B. Christianson, L. C. W. Dixon, R. Roy, and P. van der Zee, “Reverse differentiation and the inverse diffusion problem,” Advances in Engineering Software 28, 217–221 (1997).
[Crossref]

D.B. Christianson, A. J. Davies, L. C. W. Dixon, R. Roy, and P. Van der zee, “Giving Reverse Differentiation a Helping Hand,” Optimization Methods and Software 8, 53–67 (1997).
[Crossref]

A. Villringer and B. Chance, “Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function,” Trends Neurosci. 20, 435–442 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Tamura, Y. Hoshi, and F. Okada, “Localized near-infrared spectroscopy and functional optical imaging of brain activity,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences. 352(1354), 737–42 (1997).
[Crossref]

1996 (4)

A. Kleinschmidt, H. Obrig, M. Requardt, K. Merboldt, U. Dirnagl, A. Villringer, and J. Frahm, “Simultaneous recording of cerebral blood oxygenation changes during human brain activation by magnetic resonance imaging and near infrared spectroscopy,” J. of Cerebral blood flow and metabolism 16, 817–826 (1996).
[Crossref]

H. Jiang, K. D. Paulsen, and U. L. Osterberg, “Optical image reconstruction using DC data: simulations and experiments,” Phys. Med. Biol. 41, 1483–1498 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. F. Matta, J. Lam, and P. Smileswiski, “The effect of the Valsalva maneuver on cerebral hemodynamics: a near infrared spectroscopy study,” J. Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 8, 601 (1996).

F. P. Tiecks, C. Douville, S. Byrd, A. M. Lam, and D. W. Newell, “Evaluation of impaired cerebral autoregulation by the Valsalva Maneuver,” Stroke 27, 1177–1182 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1995 (5)

F. P. Tiecks, A. M. Lam, B. F. Matta, S. Strebel, C. Douville, and D. W. Newell, “Effects of the Valsalva maneuver on cerebral circulation in healthy adults,” Stroke 26, 1386–1392 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Schweiger, S. R. Arridge, M. Hiraoka, and D. T. Delpy, “The finite element model for the propagation of light in scattering media: Boundary and source conditions,” Med. Phys. 22, 1779–92 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Liu, B. Chance, A. H. Hielscher, S. L. Jacques, and F. K. Tittel, “Influence of blood vessels on the measurement of hemoglobin oxygenation as determined by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy,” Med. Phys. 22, 1209–1217 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Gratton and M. Fabiani, “Dynamic brain imaging: Event-related optical signal (EROS) measures of the time course and localization of cognitive-related activity,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 5, 535–563 (1995).
[Crossref]

A. Maki, Y. Yamashita, Y. Ito, E. Watanabe, Y. Mayanagi, and H. Koizumi, “Spatial and temporal analysis of human motor activity using non-invasive NIR topography,” J. Med. Phys. 22, 1997–2005 (1995).
[Crossref]

1994 (1)

S. E. Maier, C. J. Hardy, and F. A. Jolesz, “Brain and cerebrospinal fluid motion: real time quantification with M-mode MR imaging,” Radiology 193, 477–483 (1994).
[PubMed]

1993 (2)

Y. Hoshi and M. Tamura, “Detection of dynamic changes in cerebral oxygenation coupled to neuronal function during mental work in man,” Neuroscience Letters, 150, 5–8 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. R. Arridge, M. Schweiger, M. Hiraoka, and D. T. Delpy, “A finite element approach for modeling photon transport in tissue,” Med. Phys. 20, 299–309 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1990 (1)

J. H. Bramble, J. E. Pasciak, and J. Xu, “Parallel multilevel preconditioners,” Math. Comp. 55, 1–22 (1990).
[Crossref]

1989 (1)

W. I. Schievink, J. M. Karemaker, L. M. Hageman, and D. J. van der Werf, “Circumstances surrounding aneurismal hemorrhage,” Surg. Neurol. 32, 266–272 (1989).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1988 (1)

S. Wray, M. Cope, and D. T. Delpy, “Characteristics of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and hemoglobin for the noninvasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation,” Biochim Biophys Acta 933, 184–192 (1988).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1979 (2)

J. E. Raisis, G. W. Kindt, J. E. McGillicuddy, and S. L. Giannotta, “The effects of primary elevation of cerebral venous pressure on cerebral hemodynamics intracranial pressure,” J. Surg. Res. 26, 101–107 (1979).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. E. Raisis, G. W. Kindt, J. E. McGillicuddy, and S. L. Giannotta, “The effects of primary elevation of cerebral venous pressure on cerebral hemodynamics and intracranial pressure,” J. Surg. Res. 26, 101–107 (1979).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1960 (1)

E. P. Sharpey-Schafer and P. J. Taylor, “Absent circulatory reflexes in diabetic neuritis,” Lancet 1, 559–562 (1960).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Abdoulaev, G.

G. Abdoulaev, A. Varone, and G. Zanetti, “An object oriented flow solver for the CRS4 virtual vascular project,” in Proc. Of the 3rd European Conf. on Numerical Mathematics and Advanced Applications, P. Neittaanmaki, T. Tiihonen, and P. Tarvainen (eds.) (World Scientific, Singapore), 407–415 (2000).

Alfano, R. R.

C. H. Schmitz, M. Löcker, J. Lasker, A. H. Hielscher, and R. L. Barbour, “Performance characteristics of a silicon-photodiode-based instrument for fast functional optical tomography,” in Optical Tomography and Spectroscopy of Tissue IV, B. Chance, R. R. Alfano, B. Tromberg, M. Tamura, and E. M. Sevick-Muraca, Proc. SPIE4250, 171–179 (2001).

Andronica, R.

Arif, I.

Arridge, S. R.

S. R. Arridge, M. Schweiger, M. Hiraoka, and D. T. Delpy, “A finite element approach for modeling photon transport in tissue,” Med. Phys. 20, 299–309 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Barbour, R. L.

Y. Pei, H. L. Graber, and R. L. Barbour, “Influence of systematic errors in reference states on image quality and on stability of derived information for DC optical imaging,” Appl. Opt.40 (2001) in press.
[Crossref]

Barbour, S. L. S.

Barsky, B. A.

R. H. Bartels, J. C. Beatty, and B. A. Barsky, An Introduction to Splines for Use in Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling (Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 1987).

Bartels, R. H.

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Advances in Engineering Software (1)

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Biochim Biophys Acta (1)

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J. Appl. Physiol. (3)

S. L. Dawson, R. B. Panerai, and J. F. Potter, “Critical closing pressure explains cerebral hemodynamics during the Valsalva maneuver,” J. Appl. Physiol. 86, 675–680 (1999).
[PubMed]

J. Biomed. Opt. (1)

J. Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism (1)

J. Med. Phys. (1)

J. Neurosurgical Anesthesiology (1)

B. F. Matta, J. Lam, and P. Smileswiski, “The effect of the Valsalva maneuver on cerebral hemodynamics: a near infrared spectroscopy study,” J. Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 8, 601 (1996).

J. of Cerebral blood flow and metabolism (1)

J. Perinat. Med. (1)

J. Surg. Res. (2)

Journal of Biomedical Opt. (1)

Lancet (1)

E. P. Sharpey-Schafer and P. J. Taylor, “Absent circulatory reflexes in diabetic neuritis,” Lancet 1, 559–562 (1960).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Math. Comp. (1)

J. H. Bramble, J. E. Pasciak, and J. Xu, “Parallel multilevel preconditioners,” Math. Comp. 55, 1–22 (1990).
[Crossref]

Med. Phys. (3)

S. R. Arridge, M. Schweiger, M. Hiraoka, and D. T. Delpy, “A finite element approach for modeling photon transport in tissue,” Med. Phys. 20, 299–309 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Medical Physics (1)

A. D. Klose and A. H. Hielscher, “Iterative reconstruction scheme for optical tomography based on the equation of radiative transfer,” Medical Physics 26, 1698–1707 (1999).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Neuroimage (1)

Neuroscience Letters (1)

Y. Hoshi and M. Tamura, “Detection of dynamic changes in cerebral oxygenation coupled to neuronal function during mental work in man,” Neuroscience Letters, 150, 5–8 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (3)

Optics Express (2)

Optimization Methods and Software (1)

D.B. Christianson, A. J. Davies, L. C. W. Dixon, R. Roy, and P. Van der zee, “Giving Reverse Differentiation a Helping Hand,” Optimization Methods and Software 8, 53–67 (1997).
[Crossref]

Pediatr. Res. (1)

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences. (1)

Phys. Med. Biol. (3)

H. Jiang, K. D. Paulsen, and U. L. Osterberg, “Optical image reconstruction using DC data: simulations and experiments,” Phys. Med. Biol. 41, 1483–1498 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Psychonomic Bulletin and Review (1)

Radiology (1)

S. E. Maier, C. J. Hardy, and F. A. Jolesz, “Brain and cerebrospinal fluid motion: real time quantification with M-mode MR imaging,” Radiology 193, 477–483 (1994).
[PubMed]

Stroke (2)

F. P. Tiecks, C. Douville, S. Byrd, A. M. Lam, and D. W. Newell, “Evaluation of impaired cerebral autoregulation by the Valsalva Maneuver,” Stroke 27, 1177–1182 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Surg. Neurol. (1)

W. I. Schievink, J. M. Karemaker, L. M. Hageman, and D. J. van der Werf, “Circumstances surrounding aneurismal hemorrhage,” Surg. Neurol. 32, 266–272 (1989).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Trends Neurosci. (1)

A. Villringer and B. Chance, “Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function,” Trends Neurosci. 20, 435–442 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (8)

H. M. Karara, Handbook of Non-topographic Photogrammetry (American Society of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, VA, 1989).

E. F. Church, Elements of Photogrammetry (Syracuse University Press, New York, 1948).

G. Deng and W. Falg, “An evaluation of an off-the-shelf digital close-range photogrammetric software package,” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing67, 227–233 (2001).

R. H. Bartels, J. C. Beatty, and B. A. Barsky, An Introduction to Splines for Use in Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling (Morgan Kaufman Publishers, 1987).

Supplementary Material (3)

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Fig. 1. Patient with distribution of markers on forehead with overlaid mesh; optodes (red) surface information (blue/green/red), the sources are located at positions 3,6,10, and 13.

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Fig. 2. Time series of the experimental protocol at 760nm: 3 epochs - consisting of a Valsalva maneuver followed by a rest period (between dashed black lines).

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Figure 3. Time series for first Valsalva maneuver epoch for source 3 (flat red trace) at 760nm.

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Fig. 4. (1.6MB) Time-series reconstruction showing change in deoxyhemoglobin in units of mM during the Valsalva maneuver; Coronal view (upper left), Parasagittal view (upper right), Horizontal view (lower left), scale (lower right).

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Fig. 5. (1.6MB) Time-series reconstruction showing change in oxyhemoglobin in units of mM during the Valsalva maneuver; Coronal view (upper left), Parasagittal view (upper right), Horizontal view (lower left), scale (lower right).

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Fig 6. (1.6MB) Time-series reconstruction showing change in blood volume as reflected by total hemoglobin in units of mM during the Valsalva maneuver; Coronal view (upper left), Parasagittal view (upper right), Horizontal view (lower left), scale (lower right).

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Equations (22)

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A_{i, j}^{e} = \int D \nabla φ_{i} \nabla φ_{j} + μ_{a} φ_{i} φ_{j} d Ω_{e}

Φ = \sum_{s} \sum_{d} \frac{{(M_{s, d} - P_{s, d})}^{2}}{σ_{s, d}^{2}},

Φ = \sum_{s} \sum_{d} \frac{{[(\frac{M_{s, d}^{pert (t)}}{M_{s, d}^{ref}} P_{s, d} (ξ_{0})) - P_{s, d} (ξ_{n})]}^{2}}{{(\frac{M_{s, d}^{pert (t)}}{M_{s, d}^{ref}} P_{s, d} (ξ_{0}))}^{2}}

\frac{\partial Φ}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} = 2 \sum_{s, d} (\frac{(φ^{s} (x_{d}) - M_{s, d})}{{M_{s, d}}^{2}} \cdot \frac{\partial φ^{s} (x_{d})}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}}) .

\frac{\partial φ^{s} (x_{r})}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} = P_{r}^{T} \frac{\partial φ^{s}}{\partial μ_{a}} .

\frac{\partial Φ}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} = 2 \sum_{s} ((\sum_{s} \frac{(φ^{s} (x_{r}) - M^{s, d})}{{(M^{s, d})}^{2}} P_{r}^{T}) \frac{\partial φ^{s}}{\partial μ_{a}}) .

A \frac{\partial φ^{s}}{\partial μ_{a}} = - \frac{\partial A}{\partial μ_{a}} φ^{s}

\frac{\partial φ^{s}}{\partial μ_{a}} = - A^{- 1} \frac{\partial A}{\partial μ_{a}} φ^{s}

\frac{\partial Φ}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} = - 2 \sum_{s} (\sum_{d} \frac{(φ^{s} (x_{r}) - M^{s, d})}{{(M^{s, d})}^{2}} \cdot P_{r}^{T} A^{- 1}) \frac{\partial A}{\partial μ_{a}} φ^{s} .

{(φ^{s^{*}})}^{T} \equiv \sum_{d} \frac{(φ^{s} (x_{r}) - M^{s, d})}{{(M^{s, d})}^{2}} \cdot P_{d}^{T} A^{- 1}

\frac{\partial φ}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} = - 2 \sum_{s} {(φ^{s^{*}})}^{T} \frac{\partial A}{\partial μ_{a}} φ^{s} .

\frac{\partial Φ}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} = - 2 \sum_{s} \sum_{el} \sum_{i, j} \frac{\partial A_{i, j}^{e}}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} φ_{i} φ_{j}^{*}

\frac{\partial Φ}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} = \sum_{el} \sum_{i, j} {- 2 \frac{\partial A_{i, j}^{e}}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} \sum_{s} φ_{i} φ_{j}^{*}} .

\frac{\partial Φ}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} = \sum_{el} \sum_{i, j} \frac{\partial A_{i, j}^{e}}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} {\sum_{s} - 2 φ_{i} φ_{j}^{*}} .

\frac{\partial A_{i, j}^{e}}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} = \frac{\partial}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} \int μ_{a_{r}} φ_{i} φ_{j} d Ω_{e}

= \frac{\partial}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} \sum_{k = 1}^{4} φ_{i} φ_{j} I (μ_{a_{1}}, μ_{a_{2}}, μ_{a_{3}}, μ_{a_{4}}) ∣_{x = x_{k}}

I (μ_{a_{1}}, μ_{a_{2}}, μ_{a_{3}}, μ_{a_{4}}) = \sum_{l = 1}^{4} μ_{a_{l}} φ_{l}

So \frac{\partial I}{\partial μ_{a_{k}}} = φ_{k} and therefore : \frac{\partial A_{i, j}^{e}}{\partial μ_{a_{r}}} = \sum_{k = 1}^{4} \sum_{i, j = 1}^{4} φ_{i} φ_{j} φ_{k}

Δ μ_{a}^{λ} = ε_{Hb O_{2}}^{λ} Δ [Hb O_{2}] + ε_{Hb}^{λ} Δ [Hb]

Δ {[Hb]}_{meas} = \frac{ε_{Hb O_{2}}^{λ_{2}} Δ μ_{a}^{λ_{1}} - ε_{Hb O_{2}}^{λ_{1}} Δ μ_{a}^{λ_{2}}}{ε_{Hb}^{λ_{1}} ε_{Hb O_{2}}^{λ_{2}} - ε_{Hb}^{λ_{2}} ε_{Hb O_{2}}^{λ_{1}}},

Δ {[{HbO}_{2}]}_{meas} = \frac{ε_{Hb}^{λ_{1}} Δ μ_{a}^{λ_{2}} - ε_{Hb}^{λ_{2}} Δ μ_{a}^{λ_{1}}}{ε_{Hb}^{λ_{1}} ε_{{HbO}_{2}}^{λ_{2}} - ε_{Hb}^{λ_{2}} ε_{{HbO}_{2}}^{λ_{1}}} .

x_{i} = \frac{1}{2 n} \sum_{k = i - n}^{k = i + n} x_{k} .