Abstract

Graphene is widely recognized as an outstanding and multi-functional material in various application fields such as electronics, photonics, mechanics, and life sciences. We propose a neurotransmitter sensor with ultra-small volume for detecting the photonic light-matter response. Such detection can be achieved using surface-activated monolayer graphene sheets and CMOS-compatible silicon-photonic circuits. Patterned pieces of CVD-grown graphene are integrated on the top of a silicon micro-ring resonator, which induce the adsorption of catecholamine molecules originated from the π-stacking effect. We used dopamine to demonstrate such detection and examine the sensitivity of graphene-dopamine coupling. To avoid high optical insertion loss and degradation of resonance characteristics caused by a graphene’s extremely high optical absorption coefficient in the near infrared region, a ring resonator with adjusted coupling design is used to compensate for the drawbacks. Owing to the advanced nano-sensing platform and measurement system, an activated graphene-sensing surface of only ∼30 µm2/ch enables π coupling to dopamine with enough sensitivity to detect less than 10-µM solution concentration. The detection mechanism through the surface reaction is also verified by optical simulation and atomic force microscopy measurement, revealing that the flowing dopamine molecules can only occupy the outermost surface of graphene. We expect this sensor to contribute to the development of an innovative label-free and disposable bio-sensing platform with accurate, sensitive, and fast response.

© 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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References

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    [Crossref]

2019 (1)

P. O. Patil, G. R. Pandey, A. G. Patil, V. B. Borse, P. K. Deshmukh, D. R. Patil, R. S. Tade, S. N. Nangare, Z. G. Khan, A. M. Patil, M. P. More, M. Veerapandian, and S. B. Bari, “Graphene-based nanocomposites for sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensor for biological and chemical sensing: A review,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 139, 111324 (2019).
[Crossref]

2018 (1)

W. J. Hu, Y. Y. Huang, C. Y. Chen, Y. K. Liu, T. A. Guo, and B. O. Guan, “Highly sensitive detection of dopamine using a graphene functionalized plasmonic fiber-optic sensor with aptamer conformational amplification,” Sens. Actuators, B 264, 440–447 (2018).
[Crossref]

2017 (1)

A. Ishizawa, T. Goto, R. Kou, T. Tsuchizawa, N. Matsuda, K. Hitachi, T. Nishikawa, K. Yamada, T. Sogawa, and H. Gotoh, “Octave-spanning supercontinuum generation at telecommunications wavelengths in a precisely dispersion- and length-controlled silicon-wire waveguide with a double taper structure,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 111(2), 021105 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (2)

R. Kou, Y. Hori, T. Tsuchizawa, K. Warabi, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Harada, H. Hibino, T. Yamamoto, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Ultra-fine metal gate operated graphene optical intensity modulator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(25), 251101 (2016).
[Crossref]

D. Rithesh Raj, S. Prasanth, T. V. Vineeshkumar, and C. Sudarsanakumar, “Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic dopamine sensor using green synthesized silver nanoparticles,” Sens. Actuators, B 224, 600–606 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (1)

J. Ng, A. Papandreou, S. J. Heales, and M. A. Kurian, “Monoamine neurotransmitter disorders clinical advances and future perspectives,” Nat. Rev. Neurol. 11(10), 567–584 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (5)

A. Pandikumar, G. T. S. How, T. P. See, F. S. Omar, S. Jayabal, K. Z. Kamali, N. Yusoff, A. Jamil, R. Ramaraj, S. A. John, H. N. Lim, and N. M. Huang, “Graphene and its nanocomposite material based electrochemical sensor platform for dopamine,” RSC Adv. 4(108), 63296–63323 (2014).
[Crossref]

R. Kou, S. Tanabe, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Yamamoto, H. Hibino, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Influence of graphene on quality factor variation in a silicon ring resonator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(9), 091122 (2014).
[Crossref]

R. Kou, Y. Kobayashi, K. Warabi, H. Nishi, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Yamamoto, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Efficient- and Broadband-Coupled Selective Spot-Size Converters With Damage-Free Graphene Integration Process,” IEEE Photonics J. 6(3), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

N. Youngblood, Y. Anugrah, R. Ma, S. J. Koester, and M. Li, “Multifunctional Graphene Optical Modulator and Photodetector Integrated on Silicon Waveguides,” Nano Lett. 14(5), 2741–2746 (2014).
[Crossref]

D. Schall, D. Neumaier, M. Mohsin, B. Chmielak, J. Bolten, C. Porschatis, A. Prinzen, C. Matheisen, W. Kuebart, B. Junginger, W. Templ, A. L. Giesecke, and H. Kurz, “50 GBit/s Photodetectors Based on Wafer-Scale Graphene for Integrated Silicon Photonic Communication Systems,” ACS Photonics 1(9), 781–784 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (3)

X. Gan, R.-J. Shiue, Y. Gao, I. Meric, T. F. Heinz, K. Shepard, J. Hone, S. Assefa, and D. Englund, “Chip-integrated ultrafast graphene photodetector with high responsivity,” Nat. Photonics 7(11), 883–887 (2013).
[Crossref]

R. Kou, S. Tanabe, T. Tsuchizawa, K. Warabi, S. Suzuki, H. Hibino, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Characterization of Optical Absorption and Polarization Dependence of Single-Layer Graphene Integrated on a Silicon Wire Waveguide,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 52(6R), 060203 (2013).
[Crossref]

A. Majumdar, J. Kim, J. Vuckovic, and F. Wang, “Electrical Control of Silicon Photonic Crystal Cavity by Graphene,” Nano Lett. 13(2), 515–518 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (4)

Y. C. Lin, C. C. Lu, C. H. Yeh, C. H. Jin, K. Suenaga, and P. W. Chiu, “Graphene Annealing: How Clean Can It Be?” Nano Lett. 12(1), 414–419 (2012).

W. Bogaerts, P. De Heyn, T. Van Vaerenbergh, K. De Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Liu, X. B. Yin, and X. Zhang, “Double-Layer Graphene Optical Modulator,” Nano Lett. 12(3), 1482–1485 (2012).
[Crossref]

A. J. Oyer, J.-M. Y. Carrillo, C. C. Hire, H. C. Schniepp, A. D. Asandei, A. V. Dobrynin, and D. H. Adamson, “Stabilization of Graphene Sheets by a Structured Benzene/Hexafluorobenzene Mixed Solvent,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(11), 5018–5021 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (2)

M. Liu, X. B. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. S. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. A. Kurian, P. Gissen, M. Smith, S. J. R. Heales, and P. T. Clayton, “The monoamine neurotransmitter disorders: an expanding range of neurological syndromes,” Lancet Neurol. 10(8), 721–733 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (3)

M. S. Dresselhaus, A. Jorio, M. Hofmann, G. Dresselhaus, and R. Saito, “Perspectives on Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Raman Spectroscopy,” Nano Lett. 10(3), 751–758 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. Iqbal, M. A. Gleeson, B. Spaugh, F. Tybor, W. G. Gunn, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, R. C. Bailey, and L. C. Gunn, “Label-Free Biosensor Arrays Based on Silicon Ring Resonators and High-Speed Optical Scanning Instrumentation,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16(3), 654–661 (2010).
[Crossref]

F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. C. Ferrari, “Graphene photonics and optoelectronics,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 611–622 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (1)

M. Zhou, Y. M. Zhai, and S. J. Dong, “Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing Platform Based on Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide,” Anal. Chem. 81(14), 5603–5613 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

A. Das, S. Pisana, B. Chakraborty, S. Piscanec, S. K. Saha, U. V. Waghmare, K. S. Novoselov, H. R. Krishnamurthy, A. K. Geim, A. C. Ferrari, and A. K. Sood, “Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(4), 210–215 (2008).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

T. C. Sudhof, “The synaptic vesicle cycle,” Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27(1), 509–547 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

H. Y. Wang, Q. S. Hui, L. X. Xu, J. G. Jiang, and Y. Sun, “Fluorimetric determination of dopamine in pharmaceutical products and urine using ethylene diamine as the fluorigenic reagent,” Anal. Chim. Acta 497(1-2), 93–99 (2003).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

R. Fernandez-Chacon, A. Konigstorfer, S. H. Gerber, J. Garcia, M. F. Matos, C. F. Stevens, N. Brose, J. Rizo, C. Rosenmund, and T. C. Sudhof, “Synaptotagmin I functions as a calcium regulator of release probability,” Nature 410(6824), 41–49 (2001).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

G. Cocorullo, F. G. Della Corte, and I. Rendina, “Temperature dependence of the thermo-optic coefficient in crystalline silicon between room temperature and 550 K at the wavelength of 1523 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(22), 3338–3340 (1999).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

T. E. Peddicord, K. M. Olsen, T. L. ZumBrunnen, D. J. Warner, and L. Webb, “Stability of high-concentration dopamine hydrochloride, norepinephrine bitartrate, epinephrine hydrochloride, and nitroglycerin in 5% dextrose injection,” Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 54(12), 1417–1419 (1997).

1993 (1)

1976 (1)

H. H. Li, “Refractive index of alkali halides and its wavelength and temperature derivatives,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 5(2), 329–528 (1976).
[Crossref]

Adamson, D. H.

A. J. Oyer, J.-M. Y. Carrillo, C. C. Hire, H. C. Schniepp, A. D. Asandei, A. V. Dobrynin, and D. H. Adamson, “Stabilization of Graphene Sheets by a Structured Benzene/Hexafluorobenzene Mixed Solvent,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(11), 5018–5021 (2012).
[Crossref]

Anugrah, Y.

N. Youngblood, Y. Anugrah, R. Ma, S. J. Koester, and M. Li, “Multifunctional Graphene Optical Modulator and Photodetector Integrated on Silicon Waveguides,” Nano Lett. 14(5), 2741–2746 (2014).
[Crossref]

Asandei, A. D.

A. J. Oyer, J.-M. Y. Carrillo, C. C. Hire, H. C. Schniepp, A. D. Asandei, A. V. Dobrynin, and D. H. Adamson, “Stabilization of Graphene Sheets by a Structured Benzene/Hexafluorobenzene Mixed Solvent,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(11), 5018–5021 (2012).
[Crossref]

Assefa, S.

X. Gan, R.-J. Shiue, Y. Gao, I. Meric, T. F. Heinz, K. Shepard, J. Hone, S. Assefa, and D. Englund, “Chip-integrated ultrafast graphene photodetector with high responsivity,” Nat. Photonics 7(11), 883–887 (2013).
[Crossref]

Baehr-Jones, T.

M. Iqbal, M. A. Gleeson, B. Spaugh, F. Tybor, W. G. Gunn, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, R. C. Bailey, and L. C. Gunn, “Label-Free Biosensor Arrays Based on Silicon Ring Resonators and High-Speed Optical Scanning Instrumentation,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16(3), 654–661 (2010).
[Crossref]

Baets, R.

W. Bogaerts, P. De Heyn, T. Van Vaerenbergh, K. De Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Bailey, R. C.

M. Iqbal, M. A. Gleeson, B. Spaugh, F. Tybor, W. G. Gunn, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, R. C. Bailey, and L. C. Gunn, “Label-Free Biosensor Arrays Based on Silicon Ring Resonators and High-Speed Optical Scanning Instrumentation,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16(3), 654–661 (2010).
[Crossref]

Bari, S. B.

P. O. Patil, G. R. Pandey, A. G. Patil, V. B. Borse, P. K. Deshmukh, D. R. Patil, R. S. Tade, S. N. Nangare, Z. G. Khan, A. M. Patil, M. P. More, M. Veerapandian, and S. B. Bari, “Graphene-based nanocomposites for sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensor for biological and chemical sensing: A review,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 139, 111324 (2019).
[Crossref]

Bienstman, P.

W. Bogaerts, P. De Heyn, T. Van Vaerenbergh, K. De Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Bogaerts, W.

W. Bogaerts, P. De Heyn, T. Van Vaerenbergh, K. De Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Bolten, J.

D. Schall, D. Neumaier, M. Mohsin, B. Chmielak, J. Bolten, C. Porschatis, A. Prinzen, C. Matheisen, W. Kuebart, B. Junginger, W. Templ, A. L. Giesecke, and H. Kurz, “50 GBit/s Photodetectors Based on Wafer-Scale Graphene for Integrated Silicon Photonic Communication Systems,” ACS Photonics 1(9), 781–784 (2014).
[Crossref]

Bonaccorso, F.

F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. C. Ferrari, “Graphene photonics and optoelectronics,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 611–622 (2010).
[Crossref]

Borse, V. B.

P. O. Patil, G. R. Pandey, A. G. Patil, V. B. Borse, P. K. Deshmukh, D. R. Patil, R. S. Tade, S. N. Nangare, Z. G. Khan, A. M. Patil, M. P. More, M. Veerapandian, and S. B. Bari, “Graphene-based nanocomposites for sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensor for biological and chemical sensing: A review,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 139, 111324 (2019).
[Crossref]

Brose, N.

R. Fernandez-Chacon, A. Konigstorfer, S. H. Gerber, J. Garcia, M. F. Matos, C. F. Stevens, N. Brose, J. Rizo, C. Rosenmund, and T. C. Sudhof, “Synaptotagmin I functions as a calcium regulator of release probability,” Nature 410(6824), 41–49 (2001).
[Crossref]

Carrillo, J.-M. Y.

A. J. Oyer, J.-M. Y. Carrillo, C. C. Hire, H. C. Schniepp, A. D. Asandei, A. V. Dobrynin, and D. H. Adamson, “Stabilization of Graphene Sheets by a Structured Benzene/Hexafluorobenzene Mixed Solvent,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(11), 5018–5021 (2012).
[Crossref]

Chakraborty, B.

A. Das, S. Pisana, B. Chakraborty, S. Piscanec, S. K. Saha, U. V. Waghmare, K. S. Novoselov, H. R. Krishnamurthy, A. K. Geim, A. C. Ferrari, and A. K. Sood, “Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(4), 210–215 (2008).
[Crossref]

Chen, C. Y.

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R. Kou, Y. Kobayashi, K. Warabi, H. Nishi, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Yamamoto, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Efficient- and Broadband-Coupled Selective Spot-Size Converters With Damage-Free Graphene Integration Process,” IEEE Photonics J. 6(3), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

R. Kou, S. Tanabe, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Yamamoto, H. Hibino, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Influence of graphene on quality factor variation in a silicon ring resonator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(9), 091122 (2014).
[Crossref]

R. Kou, S. Tanabe, T. Tsuchizawa, K. Warabi, S. Suzuki, H. Hibino, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Characterization of Optical Absorption and Polarization Dependence of Single-Layer Graphene Integrated on a Silicon Wire Waveguide,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 52(6R), 060203 (2013).
[Crossref]

Tybor, F.

M. Iqbal, M. A. Gleeson, B. Spaugh, F. Tybor, W. G. Gunn, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, R. C. Bailey, and L. C. Gunn, “Label-Free Biosensor Arrays Based on Silicon Ring Resonators and High-Speed Optical Scanning Instrumentation,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 16(3), 654–661 (2010).
[Crossref]

Ulin-Avila, E.

M. Liu, X. B. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. S. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
[Crossref]

Van Thourhout, D.

W. Bogaerts, P. De Heyn, T. Van Vaerenbergh, K. De Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Van Vaerenbergh, T.

W. Bogaerts, P. De Heyn, T. Van Vaerenbergh, K. De Vos, S. K. Selvaraja, T. Claes, P. Dumon, P. Bienstman, D. Van Thourhout, and R. Baets, “Silicon microring resonators,” Laser Photonics Rev. 6(1), 47–73 (2012).
[Crossref]

Veerapandian, M.

P. O. Patil, G. R. Pandey, A. G. Patil, V. B. Borse, P. K. Deshmukh, D. R. Patil, R. S. Tade, S. N. Nangare, Z. G. Khan, A. M. Patil, M. P. More, M. Veerapandian, and S. B. Bari, “Graphene-based nanocomposites for sensitivity enhancement of surface plasmon resonance sensor for biological and chemical sensing: A review,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 139, 111324 (2019).
[Crossref]

Vineeshkumar, T. V.

D. Rithesh Raj, S. Prasanth, T. V. Vineeshkumar, and C. Sudarsanakumar, “Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic dopamine sensor using green synthesized silver nanoparticles,” Sens. Actuators, B 224, 600–606 (2016).
[Crossref]

Vuckovic, J.

A. Majumdar, J. Kim, J. Vuckovic, and F. Wang, “Electrical Control of Silicon Photonic Crystal Cavity by Graphene,” Nano Lett. 13(2), 515–518 (2013).
[Crossref]

Waghmare, U. V.

A. Das, S. Pisana, B. Chakraborty, S. Piscanec, S. K. Saha, U. V. Waghmare, K. S. Novoselov, H. R. Krishnamurthy, A. K. Geim, A. C. Ferrari, and A. K. Sood, “Monitoring dopants by Raman scattering in an electrochemically top-gated graphene transistor,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 3(4), 210–215 (2008).
[Crossref]

Wang, F.

A. Majumdar, J. Kim, J. Vuckovic, and F. Wang, “Electrical Control of Silicon Photonic Crystal Cavity by Graphene,” Nano Lett. 13(2), 515–518 (2013).
[Crossref]

M. Liu, X. B. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. S. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
[Crossref]

Wang, H. Y.

H. Y. Wang, Q. S. Hui, L. X. Xu, J. G. Jiang, and Y. Sun, “Fluorimetric determination of dopamine in pharmaceutical products and urine using ethylene diamine as the fluorigenic reagent,” Anal. Chim. Acta 497(1-2), 93–99 (2003).
[Crossref]

Warabi, K.

R. Kou, Y. Hori, T. Tsuchizawa, K. Warabi, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Harada, H. Hibino, T. Yamamoto, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Ultra-fine metal gate operated graphene optical intensity modulator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(25), 251101 (2016).
[Crossref]

R. Kou, Y. Kobayashi, K. Warabi, H. Nishi, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Yamamoto, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Efficient- and Broadband-Coupled Selective Spot-Size Converters With Damage-Free Graphene Integration Process,” IEEE Photonics J. 6(3), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

R. Kou, S. Tanabe, T. Tsuchizawa, K. Warabi, S. Suzuki, H. Hibino, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Characterization of Optical Absorption and Polarization Dependence of Single-Layer Graphene Integrated on a Silicon Wire Waveguide,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 52(6R), 060203 (2013).
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T. E. Peddicord, K. M. Olsen, T. L. ZumBrunnen, D. J. Warner, and L. Webb, “Stability of high-concentration dopamine hydrochloride, norepinephrine bitartrate, epinephrine hydrochloride, and nitroglycerin in 5% dextrose injection,” Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 54(12), 1417–1419 (1997).

Webb, L.

T. E. Peddicord, K. M. Olsen, T. L. ZumBrunnen, D. J. Warner, and L. Webb, “Stability of high-concentration dopamine hydrochloride, norepinephrine bitartrate, epinephrine hydrochloride, and nitroglycerin in 5% dextrose injection,” Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 54(12), 1417–1419 (1997).

Worek, W. M.

Xu, L. X.

H. Y. Wang, Q. S. Hui, L. X. Xu, J. G. Jiang, and Y. Sun, “Fluorimetric determination of dopamine in pharmaceutical products and urine using ethylene diamine as the fluorigenic reagent,” Anal. Chim. Acta 497(1-2), 93–99 (2003).
[Crossref]

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[Crossref]

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[Crossref]

R. Kou, Y. Kobayashi, K. Warabi, H. Nishi, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Yamamoto, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Efficient- and Broadband-Coupled Selective Spot-Size Converters With Damage-Free Graphene Integration Process,” IEEE Photonics J. 6(3), 1–9 (2014).
[Crossref]

R. Kou, S. Tanabe, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Yamamoto, H. Hibino, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Influence of graphene on quality factor variation in a silicon ring resonator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(9), 091122 (2014).
[Crossref]

R. Kou, S. Tanabe, T. Tsuchizawa, K. Warabi, S. Suzuki, H. Hibino, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Characterization of Optical Absorption and Polarization Dependence of Single-Layer Graphene Integrated on a Silicon Wire Waveguide,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 52(6R), 060203 (2013).
[Crossref]

Yamamoto, T.

R. Kou, Y. Hori, T. Tsuchizawa, K. Warabi, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Harada, H. Hibino, T. Yamamoto, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Ultra-fine metal gate operated graphene optical intensity modulator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(25), 251101 (2016).
[Crossref]

R. Kou, S. Tanabe, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Yamamoto, H. Hibino, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Influence of graphene on quality factor variation in a silicon ring resonator,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(9), 091122 (2014).
[Crossref]

R. Kou, Y. Kobayashi, K. Warabi, H. Nishi, T. Tsuchizawa, T. Yamamoto, H. Nakajima, and K. Yamada, “Efficient- and Broadband-Coupled Selective Spot-Size Converters With Damage-Free Graphene Integration Process,” IEEE Photonics J. 6(3), 1–9 (2014).
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M. Liu, X. B. Yin, and X. Zhang, “Double-Layer Graphene Optical Modulator,” Nano Lett. 12(3), 1482–1485 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Liu, X. B. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. S. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
[Crossref]

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N. Youngblood, Y. Anugrah, R. Ma, S. J. Koester, and M. Li, “Multifunctional Graphene Optical Modulator and Photodetector Integrated on Silicon Waveguides,” Nano Lett. 14(5), 2741–2746 (2014).
[Crossref]

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A. Pandikumar, G. T. S. How, T. P. See, F. S. Omar, S. Jayabal, K. Z. Kamali, N. Yusoff, A. Jamil, R. Ramaraj, S. A. John, H. N. Lim, and N. M. Huang, “Graphene and its nanocomposite material based electrochemical sensor platform for dopamine,” RSC Adv. 4(108), 63296–63323 (2014).
[Crossref]

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M. Liu, X. B. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. S. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
[Crossref]

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M. Zhou, Y. M. Zhai, and S. J. Dong, “Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing Platform Based on Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide,” Anal. Chem. 81(14), 5603–5613 (2009).
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M. Liu, X. B. Yin, and X. Zhang, “Double-Layer Graphene Optical Modulator,” Nano Lett. 12(3), 1482–1485 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Liu, X. B. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. S. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
[Crossref]

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M. Zhou, Y. M. Zhai, and S. J. Dong, “Electrochemical Sensing and Biosensing Platform Based on Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide,” Anal. Chem. 81(14), 5603–5613 (2009).
[Crossref]

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T. E. Peddicord, K. M. Olsen, T. L. ZumBrunnen, D. J. Warner, and L. Webb, “Stability of high-concentration dopamine hydrochloride, norepinephrine bitartrate, epinephrine hydrochloride, and nitroglycerin in 5% dextrose injection,” Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 54(12), 1417–1419 (1997).

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T. E. Peddicord, K. M. Olsen, T. L. ZumBrunnen, D. J. Warner, and L. Webb, “Stability of high-concentration dopamine hydrochloride, norepinephrine bitartrate, epinephrine hydrochloride, and nitroglycerin in 5% dextrose injection,” Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm. 54(12), 1417–1419 (1997).

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N. Youngblood, Y. Anugrah, R. Ma, S. J. Koester, and M. Li, “Multifunctional Graphene Optical Modulator and Photodetector Integrated on Silicon Waveguides,” Nano Lett. 14(5), 2741–2746 (2014).
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Figures (6)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) Sensing configuration for neurotransmitter detection. Sample consists of high-Q silicon ring resonator and partially integrated mono-layer graphene sheets on it. Bottom right is expanded view of graphene-covered reaction field, where adsorption of graphene and dopamine is illustrated. (b) Optical microscope image of fabricated sensing sample. Total of 9 channels and reference waveguides are integrated. Green sidelines are over-cladding layers of SiO2 for efficient taper coupling, and rest is open (air cladding). (c) SEM image of silicon ring resonator. Sections of graphene (length 5 µm; width 3 µm in image) are loaded on both left and right sides of circumference.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. (a) Schematic image of proposed sensing device. (b) Color-contour plots of transmitted peak intensity from drop port. Note that a and r are single-pass amplitude transmission of ring resonator and self-coupling coefficient of DC, respectively. Experimental results are plotted with designed parameters to compare conventional (red diamonds), and adjusted coupling designs (blue circles). White dashed line corresponds to “a­ = r”. (c) Color-contour plots of Q factor in same manner as (b). (d) Spectrum comparison of adjusted coupling and conventional ring resonators. Peak transmittance was improved by 13 dB (20 times). (e) Summary of adjusted coupling design LGr was set to 0, 5, and 10 µm, respectively.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. (a) Sensing measurement setup. µ-fluidics made of PDMS on silicon photonic circuit was mounted onto optical fiber alignment stage with temperature control. (b) Measured relationship of refractive index change and resonant peak shift with NaCl-solution calibration. Slope sensitivity of 120 nm/RIU was observed.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Experimental system for real-time optical sensing measurement.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. (a) Peak shift as function of DA-solution concentration obtained from flowing measurement and simulation with COMSOL. Upper-right inset is three-dimensional image of DA structure, right is simulated mode distribution (Ex) at DA concentration of 500 µM. (b) Reaction curve of graphene-integrated sample at concentrations of 5, 16, and 50 µM. (c) Reaction curve of reference silicon ring resonator.

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Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. AFM measurement results on thickness profiles of pristine graphene (after all fabrication steps), activated pristine graphene at 400 °C, and DA-flowed graphene samples with 5 and 50 µM. Inset is topography image of tested pattern at DA concentration of 50 µM.

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Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

T ( ϕ ) = I d r o p I i n p u t = ( 1 − r 2 ) 2 a 1 − 2 r 2 a cos ⁡ ϕ + ( r 2 a ) 2
a = exp ⁡ ( − α L r i n g 2 ) , r = cos ⁡ ( κ L D C ) , ϕ = β L r i n g
T max = ( 1 − r 2 ) 2 a ( 1 − r 2 a ) 2

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