Abstract

In polarization optical time domain reflectometry (POTDR) system, the performance of polarimetric measurement is constrained by the low signal to noise ratio (SNR) due to the weak Rayleigh backscattering and the degradation of the degree of polarization (DOP) of signal light. Therefore, it is indispensable to improve the SNR without sacrificing the DOP of backscattered signal for a sufficient dynamic range. In this paper, a Simplex coded POTDR (sc-POTDR) system is proposed and demonstrated. The relationships between the signal’s DOP and coding length/bit width are studied. Both numerical simulations and experimental results show that the length of Simplex code has no impact to the signal’s DOP and the temporal depolarization effect can be suppressed just by reducing the bit width. Applying 511-bit Simplex code, a coding gain of 10.125 dB has been demonstrated. By taking advantage of high DOP and the coding gain, the changes of polarization state caused by a mechanical event in a long fiber link have been detected and located precisely.

© 2017 Optical Society of America

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References

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  1. M. K. Barnoski, M. D. Rourke, S. M. Jensen, and R. T. Melville, “Optical time domain reflectometer,” Appl. Opt. 16(9), 2375–2379 (1977).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  2. A. H. Hartog, M. P. Gold, and A. P. Leach, “Optical time-domain reflectometry,” U.S. Patent, No.4823166 (1989).
  3. M. Nazarathy, S. A. Newton, R. P. Giffard, D. S. Moberly, F. Sischka, W. R. Trutna, and S. Foster, “Real-time long range complementary correlation optical time domain reflectometer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(1), 24–38 (1989).
    [Crossref]
  4. Z. Yang, M. A. Soto, and L. Thévenaz, “Increasing robustness of bipolar pulse coding in Brillouin distributed fiber sensors,” Opt. Express 24(1), 586–597 (2016).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  5. D. Lee, H. Yoon, P. Kim, J. Park, N. Y. Kim, and N. Park, “SNR enhancement of OTDR using biorthogonal codes and generalized inverses,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(1), 163–165 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  6. J. Park, G. Bolognini, D. Lee, P. Kim, P. Cho, F. Di Pasquale, and N. Park, “Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with simplex coding and link optimization,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1879–1881 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  7. M. A. Soto, P. K. Sahu, G. Bolognini, and F. Di Pasquale, “Brillouin-based distributed temperature sensor employing pulse coding,” IEEE Sens. J. 8(3), 225–226 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  8. A. J. Rogers, “Polarization-optical time domain reflectometry: a technique for the measurement of field distributions,” Appl. Opt. 20(6), 1060–1074 (1981).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Measurement and analysis on polarization properties of backward Rayleigh scattering for single-mode optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 17(12), 2326–2334 (1981).
    [Crossref]
  10. M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Polarisation beat length measurement in a single-mode optical fibre by backward Rayleigh scattering,” Electron. Lett. 17(15), 513–515 (1981).
    [Crossref]
  11. F. Corsi, A. Galtarossa, and L. Palmieri, “Polarization mode dispersion characterization of single-mode optical fiber using backscattering technique,” J. Lightwave Technol. 16(10), 1832–1843 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  12. C. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Zhou, S. Fu, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Temporal depolarization suppressed POTDR system for quasi-distributed instantaneous intrusion sensing and vibration frequency measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  13. A. Galtarossa and L. Palmieri, “Theoretical Analysis of Reflectometric Measurements in Optical Fiber Links Affected by Polarization-Dependent Loss,” J. Lightwave Technol. 21(5), 1233–1241 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  14. R. Goldman, A. Agmon, and M. Nazarathy, “Direct Detection and Coherent Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry with Golay Complementary Codes,” J. Lightwave Technol. 31(13), 2207–2222 (2013).
    [Crossref]
  15. C. M. Gittins, E. T. Wetjen, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, A. L. Hutchinson, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantitative gas sensing by backscatter-absorption measurements of a pseudorandom code modulated λ ~ 8-µm quantum cascade laser,” Opt. Lett. 25(16), 1162–1164 (2000).
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  16. M. A. Soto, M. Taki, G. Bolognini, and F. Di Pasquale, “Optimization of a DPP-BOTDA sensor with 25 cm spatial resolution over 60 km standard single-mode fiber using Simplex codes and optical pre-amplification,” Opt. Express 20(7), 6860–6869 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. M. O. Van Deventer, “Polarization properties of Rayleigh backscattering in single-mode fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 11(12), 1895–1899 (1993).
    [Crossref]
  18. D. Lee, H. Yoon, N. Y. Kim, H. Lee, and N. Park, “Analysis and experimental demonstration of simplex coding technique for SNR enhancement of OTDR,” in Proceedings of Lightwave Technologies in Instrumentation and Measurement Conference (IEEE, 2004), pp. 118–122.
  19. A. Ambirajan and D. C. Look., “Optimum angles for a polarimeter: part I,” Opt. Eng. 34(6), 1651–1655 (1995).
    [Crossref]

2016 (2)

C. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Zhou, S. Fu, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Temporal depolarization suppressed POTDR system for quasi-distributed instantaneous intrusion sensing and vibration frequency measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1 (2016).
[Crossref]

Z. Yang, M. A. Soto, and L. Thévenaz, “Increasing robustness of bipolar pulse coding in Brillouin distributed fiber sensors,” Opt. Express 24(1), 586–597 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (1)

2012 (1)

2008 (1)

M. A. Soto, P. K. Sahu, G. Bolognini, and F. Di Pasquale, “Brillouin-based distributed temperature sensor employing pulse coding,” IEEE Sens. J. 8(3), 225–226 (2008).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

J. Park, G. Bolognini, D. Lee, P. Kim, P. Cho, F. Di Pasquale, and N. Park, “Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with simplex coding and link optimization,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1879–1881 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

D. Lee, H. Yoon, P. Kim, J. Park, N. Y. Kim, and N. Park, “SNR enhancement of OTDR using biorthogonal codes and generalized inverses,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(1), 163–165 (2005).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

2000 (1)

1998 (1)

1995 (1)

A. Ambirajan and D. C. Look., “Optimum angles for a polarimeter: part I,” Opt. Eng. 34(6), 1651–1655 (1995).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

M. O. Van Deventer, “Polarization properties of Rayleigh backscattering in single-mode fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 11(12), 1895–1899 (1993).
[Crossref]

1989 (1)

M. Nazarathy, S. A. Newton, R. P. Giffard, D. S. Moberly, F. Sischka, W. R. Trutna, and S. Foster, “Real-time long range complementary correlation optical time domain reflectometer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(1), 24–38 (1989).
[Crossref]

1981 (3)

M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Measurement and analysis on polarization properties of backward Rayleigh scattering for single-mode optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 17(12), 2326–2334 (1981).
[Crossref]

M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Polarisation beat length measurement in a single-mode optical fibre by backward Rayleigh scattering,” Electron. Lett. 17(15), 513–515 (1981).
[Crossref]

A. J. Rogers, “Polarization-optical time domain reflectometry: a technique for the measurement of field distributions,” Appl. Opt. 20(6), 1060–1074 (1981).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1977 (1)

Agmon, A.

Ambirajan, A.

A. Ambirajan and D. C. Look., “Optimum angles for a polarimeter: part I,” Opt. Eng. 34(6), 1651–1655 (1995).
[Crossref]

Baillargeon, J. N.

Barnoski, M. K.

Bolognini, G.

M. A. Soto, M. Taki, G. Bolognini, and F. Di Pasquale, “Optimization of a DPP-BOTDA sensor with 25 cm spatial resolution over 60 km standard single-mode fiber using Simplex codes and optical pre-amplification,” Opt. Express 20(7), 6860–6869 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. A. Soto, P. K. Sahu, G. Bolognini, and F. Di Pasquale, “Brillouin-based distributed temperature sensor employing pulse coding,” IEEE Sens. J. 8(3), 225–226 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. Park, G. Bolognini, D. Lee, P. Kim, P. Cho, F. Di Pasquale, and N. Park, “Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with simplex coding and link optimization,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1879–1881 (2006).
[Crossref]

Capasso, F.

Cho, A. Y.

Cho, P.

J. Park, G. Bolognini, D. Lee, P. Kim, P. Cho, F. Di Pasquale, and N. Park, “Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with simplex coding and link optimization,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1879–1881 (2006).
[Crossref]

Corsi, F.

Di Pasquale, F.

M. A. Soto, M. Taki, G. Bolognini, and F. Di Pasquale, “Optimization of a DPP-BOTDA sensor with 25 cm spatial resolution over 60 km standard single-mode fiber using Simplex codes and optical pre-amplification,” Opt. Express 20(7), 6860–6869 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. A. Soto, P. K. Sahu, G. Bolognini, and F. Di Pasquale, “Brillouin-based distributed temperature sensor employing pulse coding,” IEEE Sens. J. 8(3), 225–226 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. Park, G. Bolognini, D. Lee, P. Kim, P. Cho, F. Di Pasquale, and N. Park, “Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with simplex coding and link optimization,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1879–1881 (2006).
[Crossref]

Foster, S.

M. Nazarathy, S. A. Newton, R. P. Giffard, D. S. Moberly, F. Sischka, W. R. Trutna, and S. Foster, “Real-time long range complementary correlation optical time domain reflectometer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(1), 24–38 (1989).
[Crossref]

Fu, S.

C. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Zhou, S. Fu, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Temporal depolarization suppressed POTDR system for quasi-distributed instantaneous intrusion sensing and vibration frequency measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1 (2016).
[Crossref]

Galtarossa, A.

Giffard, R. P.

M. Nazarathy, S. A. Newton, R. P. Giffard, D. S. Moberly, F. Sischka, W. R. Trutna, and S. Foster, “Real-time long range complementary correlation optical time domain reflectometer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(1), 24–38 (1989).
[Crossref]

Gittins, C. M.

Gmachl, C.

Goldman, R.

Horiguchi, T.

M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Polarisation beat length measurement in a single-mode optical fibre by backward Rayleigh scattering,” Electron. Lett. 17(15), 513–515 (1981).
[Crossref]

M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Measurement and analysis on polarization properties of backward Rayleigh scattering for single-mode optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 17(12), 2326–2334 (1981).
[Crossref]

Hutchinson, A. L.

Jensen, S. M.

Kim, N. Y.

D. Lee, H. Yoon, P. Kim, J. Park, N. Y. Kim, and N. Park, “SNR enhancement of OTDR using biorthogonal codes and generalized inverses,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(1), 163–165 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. Lee, H. Yoon, N. Y. Kim, H. Lee, and N. Park, “Analysis and experimental demonstration of simplex coding technique for SNR enhancement of OTDR,” in Proceedings of Lightwave Technologies in Instrumentation and Measurement Conference (IEEE, 2004), pp. 118–122.

Kim, P.

J. Park, G. Bolognini, D. Lee, P. Kim, P. Cho, F. Di Pasquale, and N. Park, “Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with simplex coding and link optimization,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1879–1881 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. Lee, H. Yoon, P. Kim, J. Park, N. Y. Kim, and N. Park, “SNR enhancement of OTDR using biorthogonal codes and generalized inverses,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(1), 163–165 (2005).
[Crossref]

Lee, D.

J. Park, G. Bolognini, D. Lee, P. Kim, P. Cho, F. Di Pasquale, and N. Park, “Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with simplex coding and link optimization,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1879–1881 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. Lee, H. Yoon, P. Kim, J. Park, N. Y. Kim, and N. Park, “SNR enhancement of OTDR using biorthogonal codes and generalized inverses,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(1), 163–165 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. Lee, H. Yoon, N. Y. Kim, H. Lee, and N. Park, “Analysis and experimental demonstration of simplex coding technique for SNR enhancement of OTDR,” in Proceedings of Lightwave Technologies in Instrumentation and Measurement Conference (IEEE, 2004), pp. 118–122.

Lee, H.

D. Lee, H. Yoon, N. Y. Kim, H. Lee, and N. Park, “Analysis and experimental demonstration of simplex coding technique for SNR enhancement of OTDR,” in Proceedings of Lightwave Technologies in Instrumentation and Measurement Conference (IEEE, 2004), pp. 118–122.

Look, D. C.

A. Ambirajan and D. C. Look., “Optimum angles for a polarimeter: part I,” Opt. Eng. 34(6), 1651–1655 (1995).
[Crossref]

Melville, R. T.

Moberly, D. S.

M. Nazarathy, S. A. Newton, R. P. Giffard, D. S. Moberly, F. Sischka, W. R. Trutna, and S. Foster, “Real-time long range complementary correlation optical time domain reflectometer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(1), 24–38 (1989).
[Crossref]

Nakazawa, M.

M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Polarisation beat length measurement in a single-mode optical fibre by backward Rayleigh scattering,” Electron. Lett. 17(15), 513–515 (1981).
[Crossref]

M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Measurement and analysis on polarization properties of backward Rayleigh scattering for single-mode optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 17(12), 2326–2334 (1981).
[Crossref]

Nazarathy, M.

R. Goldman, A. Agmon, and M. Nazarathy, “Direct Detection and Coherent Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry with Golay Complementary Codes,” J. Lightwave Technol. 31(13), 2207–2222 (2013).
[Crossref]

M. Nazarathy, S. A. Newton, R. P. Giffard, D. S. Moberly, F. Sischka, W. R. Trutna, and S. Foster, “Real-time long range complementary correlation optical time domain reflectometer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(1), 24–38 (1989).
[Crossref]

Newton, S. A.

M. Nazarathy, S. A. Newton, R. P. Giffard, D. S. Moberly, F. Sischka, W. R. Trutna, and S. Foster, “Real-time long range complementary correlation optical time domain reflectometer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(1), 24–38 (1989).
[Crossref]

Palmieri, L.

Park, J.

J. Park, G. Bolognini, D. Lee, P. Kim, P. Cho, F. Di Pasquale, and N. Park, “Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with simplex coding and link optimization,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1879–1881 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. Lee, H. Yoon, P. Kim, J. Park, N. Y. Kim, and N. Park, “SNR enhancement of OTDR using biorthogonal codes and generalized inverses,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(1), 163–165 (2005).
[Crossref]

Park, N.

J. Park, G. Bolognini, D. Lee, P. Kim, P. Cho, F. Di Pasquale, and N. Park, “Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with simplex coding and link optimization,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1879–1881 (2006).
[Crossref]

D. Lee, H. Yoon, P. Kim, J. Park, N. Y. Kim, and N. Park, “SNR enhancement of OTDR using biorthogonal codes and generalized inverses,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(1), 163–165 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. Lee, H. Yoon, N. Y. Kim, H. Lee, and N. Park, “Analysis and experimental demonstration of simplex coding technique for SNR enhancement of OTDR,” in Proceedings of Lightwave Technologies in Instrumentation and Measurement Conference (IEEE, 2004), pp. 118–122.

Rogers, A. J.

Rourke, M. D.

Sahu, P. K.

M. A. Soto, P. K. Sahu, G. Bolognini, and F. Di Pasquale, “Brillouin-based distributed temperature sensor employing pulse coding,” IEEE Sens. J. 8(3), 225–226 (2008).
[Crossref]

Shum, P.

C. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Zhou, S. Fu, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Temporal depolarization suppressed POTDR system for quasi-distributed instantaneous intrusion sensing and vibration frequency measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1 (2016).
[Crossref]

Sischka, F.

M. Nazarathy, S. A. Newton, R. P. Giffard, D. S. Moberly, F. Sischka, W. R. Trutna, and S. Foster, “Real-time long range complementary correlation optical time domain reflectometer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(1), 24–38 (1989).
[Crossref]

Sivco, D. L.

Soto, M. A.

Taki, M.

Tang, J.

C. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Zhou, S. Fu, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Temporal depolarization suppressed POTDR system for quasi-distributed instantaneous intrusion sensing and vibration frequency measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1 (2016).
[Crossref]

Tang, M.

C. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Zhou, S. Fu, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Temporal depolarization suppressed POTDR system for quasi-distributed instantaneous intrusion sensing and vibration frequency measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1 (2016).
[Crossref]

Thévenaz, L.

Tokuda, M.

M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Polarisation beat length measurement in a single-mode optical fibre by backward Rayleigh scattering,” Electron. Lett. 17(15), 513–515 (1981).
[Crossref]

M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Measurement and analysis on polarization properties of backward Rayleigh scattering for single-mode optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 17(12), 2326–2334 (1981).
[Crossref]

Trutna, W. R.

M. Nazarathy, S. A. Newton, R. P. Giffard, D. S. Moberly, F. Sischka, W. R. Trutna, and S. Foster, “Real-time long range complementary correlation optical time domain reflectometer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(1), 24–38 (1989).
[Crossref]

Uchida, N.

M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Polarisation beat length measurement in a single-mode optical fibre by backward Rayleigh scattering,” Electron. Lett. 17(15), 513–515 (1981).
[Crossref]

M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Measurement and analysis on polarization properties of backward Rayleigh scattering for single-mode optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 17(12), 2326–2334 (1981).
[Crossref]

Van Deventer, M. O.

M. O. Van Deventer, “Polarization properties of Rayleigh backscattering in single-mode fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 11(12), 1895–1899 (1993).
[Crossref]

Wang, C.

C. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Zhou, S. Fu, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Temporal depolarization suppressed POTDR system for quasi-distributed instantaneous intrusion sensing and vibration frequency measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1 (2016).
[Crossref]

Wetjen, E. T.

Wu, H.

C. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Zhou, S. Fu, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Temporal depolarization suppressed POTDR system for quasi-distributed instantaneous intrusion sensing and vibration frequency measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1 (2016).
[Crossref]

Yang, Z.

Yoon, H.

D. Lee, H. Yoon, P. Kim, J. Park, N. Y. Kim, and N. Park, “SNR enhancement of OTDR using biorthogonal codes and generalized inverses,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(1), 163–165 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. Lee, H. Yoon, N. Y. Kim, H. Lee, and N. Park, “Analysis and experimental demonstration of simplex coding technique for SNR enhancement of OTDR,” in Proceedings of Lightwave Technologies in Instrumentation and Measurement Conference (IEEE, 2004), pp. 118–122.

Zhao, C.

C. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Zhou, S. Fu, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Temporal depolarization suppressed POTDR system for quasi-distributed instantaneous intrusion sensing and vibration frequency measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1 (2016).
[Crossref]

Zhou, C.

C. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Zhou, S. Fu, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Temporal depolarization suppressed POTDR system for quasi-distributed instantaneous intrusion sensing and vibration frequency measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1 (2016).
[Crossref]

Zhou, Y.

C. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Zhou, S. Fu, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Temporal depolarization suppressed POTDR system for quasi-distributed instantaneous intrusion sensing and vibration frequency measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1 (2016).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (2)

Electron. Lett. (1)

M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Polarisation beat length measurement in a single-mode optical fibre by backward Rayleigh scattering,” Electron. Lett. 17(15), 513–515 (1981).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (1)

M. Nakazawa, T. Horiguchi, M. Tokuda, and N. Uchida, “Measurement and analysis on polarization properties of backward Rayleigh scattering for single-mode optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 17(12), 2326–2334 (1981).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photonics J. (1)

C. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Zhou, S. Fu, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Temporal depolarization suppressed POTDR system for quasi-distributed instantaneous intrusion sensing and vibration frequency measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(2), 1 (2016).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. (2)

D. Lee, H. Yoon, P. Kim, J. Park, N. Y. Kim, and N. Park, “SNR enhancement of OTDR using biorthogonal codes and generalized inverses,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17(1), 163–165 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. Park, G. Bolognini, D. Lee, P. Kim, P. Cho, F. Di Pasquale, and N. Park, “Raman-based distributed temperature sensor with simplex coding and link optimization,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 18(17), 1879–1881 (2006).
[Crossref]

IEEE Sens. J. (1)

M. A. Soto, P. K. Sahu, G. Bolognini, and F. Di Pasquale, “Brillouin-based distributed temperature sensor employing pulse coding,” IEEE Sens. J. 8(3), 225–226 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (5)

Opt. Eng. (1)

A. Ambirajan and D. C. Look., “Optimum angles for a polarimeter: part I,” Opt. Eng. 34(6), 1651–1655 (1995).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (2)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Other (2)

D. Lee, H. Yoon, N. Y. Kim, H. Lee, and N. Park, “Analysis and experimental demonstration of simplex coding technique for SNR enhancement of OTDR,” in Proceedings of Lightwave Technologies in Instrumentation and Measurement Conference (IEEE, 2004), pp. 118–122.

A. H. Hartog, M. P. Gold, and A. P. Leach, “Optical time-domain reflectometry,” U.S. Patent, No.4823166 (1989).

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Figures (6)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) DOP variation with pulse width in conventional sp-POTDR system; (b) DOP variation with coding length in sc-POTDR system for different bit widths (20ns, 50ns, 100ns and 200ns).

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Experimental setup of sc-POTDR system.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 (a) DOP variation with pulse width in sp-POTDR system; (b) DOP variation with coding length in sc-POTDR system.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 (a) s0 of single pulse POTDR (gray line) and 511-bit (black line) sc-POTDR trace after decoding; (b) Coding gains calculated from theory and experimental results.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 (a) The Stokes parameter s1 of single pulse POTDR and 511-bit sc-POTDR system, respectively; (b) The correlation coefficient of s1, s2 and s3 between single pulse POTDR and 511-bit sc-POTDR system

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 (a) The sc-POTDR trace before and after disturbance; (b) Enlarged detail of the sc-POTDR traces in (a) around where the disturbance occurs (denoted by circle); (c) Correlation coefficient of two sc-POTDR trace.

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Equations (7)

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M i =α[ 1 0 0 0 0 cos 2 2 θ i + sin 2 2 θ i cos δ i cos2 θ i sin2 θ i (1−cos δ i ) −sin2 θ i sin δ i 0 cos2 θ i sin2 θ i (1−cos δ i ) sin 2 2 θ i + cos 2 2 θ i cos δ i cos2 θ i sin δ i 0 sin2 θ i sin δ i −cos2 θ i sin δ i cos δ i ]
S out (n)=r ∑ i=n−k n M cb (i) ⋅ S in
DOP= s out1 2 + s out2 2 + s out3 2 s out0
I= 1 2 ( s out0 + s out1 )= 1 2 ( s out0 ± s out0 2 ⋅DO P 2 - s out2 2 - s out3 2 )
D n = I max − I min s out0 =DOP
G= L+1 2 L
r(i)= n ∑ j=i j=i+n−1 x j y j − ∑ j=i j=i+n−1 x j y j n ∑ j=i j=i+n−1 x j 2 − ( ∑ j=i j=i+n−1 x j ) 2 ⋅ n ∑ j=i j=i+n−1 y j 2 − ( ∑ j=i j=i+n−1 y j ) 2

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