Ambient contrast ratio of LCDs and OLED displays

H. Chen, J. H. Lee, B. Y. Lin, S. Chen, and S. T. Wu, “Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: present status and future perspectives,” Light Sci. Appl. 7, e17168 (2018).

H. Chen, R. Zhu, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Pixel-by-pixel local dimming for high-dynamic-range liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(3), 1973–1984 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, G. Tan, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Depolarization effect in liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(10), 11315–11328 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Tan, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Lan, M. K. Wei, L. H. Peng, I. C. Cheng, and S. T. Wu, “Broadband antireflection film with Moth-eye-like structure for flexible display application,” Optica 4(7), 678–683 (2017).
[Crossref]

G. Tan, R. Zhu, Y. S. Tsai, K. C. Lee, Z. Luo, Y. Z. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient contrast ratio OLED and QLED without a circular polarizer,” J. Phys. D 49(31), 315101 (2016).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, R. Zhu, K. Käläntär, and S. T. Wu, “Quantum dot-enhanced LCDs with wide color gamut and broad angular luminance distribution,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 47(1), 1413–1416 (2016).

H. J. Shin, S. Takasugi, K. M. Park, S. H. Choi, Y. S. Jeong, B. C. Song, H. S. Kim, C. H. Oh, and B. C. Ahn, “Novel OLED display technologies for large-size UHD OLED TVs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 46(1), 53–56 (2015).

B. C. Kim, Y. J. Lim, J. H. Song, J. H. Lee, K. U. Jeong, J. H. Lee, G. D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Wideband antireflective circular polarizer exhibiting a perfect dark state in organic light-emitting-diode display,” Opt. Express 22(107), A1725–A1730 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Takahashi, Y. Furuki, S. Yoshida, T. Otani, M. Muto, Y. Suga, and Y. Ito, “A new achromatic quarter-wave film using liquid-crystal materials for anti-reflection of OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 45(1), 381–384 (2014).

J. H. Lee, K. H. Park, S. H. Kim, H. C. Choi, B. K. Kim, and Y. Yin, “AH-IPS, superb display for mobile device,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 44(1), 32–33 (2013).

R. Singh, K. N. Narayanan Unni, A. Solanki, and Deepak, “Improving the contrast ratio of OLED displays: An analysis of various techniques,” Opt. Mater. 34(4), 716–723 (2012).
[Crossref]

H. J. Yun, M. H. Jo, I. W. Jang, S. H. Lee, S. H. Ahn, and H. J. Hur, “Achieving high light efficiency and fast response time in fringe field switching mode using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy,” Liq. Cryst. 39(9), 1141–1148 (2012).
[Crossref]

N. Koma, M. Hashizume, M. Yamamoto, and Y. Sato, “Development of photochromic circular polarizer for OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 43(1), 1268–1271 (2012).

H. K. Raut, V. A. Ganesh, A. S. Nair, and S. Ramakrishna, “Anti-reflective coatings: A critical, in-depth review,” Energy Environ. Sci. 4(10), 3779–3804 (2011).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, T. H. Ha, J. H. Sung, H. R. Kim, and B. H. Han, “Evaluation of LCD local-dimming-backlight system,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 18(1), 57–65 (2010).
[Crossref]

C. C. Lai and C. C. Tsai, “Backlight power reduction and image contrast enhancement using adaptive dimming for global backlight applications,” IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 54(2), 669–674 (2008).
[Crossref]

P. de Greef and H. G. Hulze, “Adaptive dimming and boosting backlight for LCD-TV Systems,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38(1), 1332–1335 (2007).

T. Urabe, T. Sasaoka, K. Tatsuki, and J. Takaki, “Technological evolution for large screen size active matrix OLED display,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38(1), 161–164 (2007).

E. F. Kelley, M. Lindfors, and J. Penczek, “Display daylight ambient contrast measurement methods and daylight readability,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 14(11), 1019–1030 (2006).
[Crossref]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, X. Zhu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Extraordinarily high-contrast and wide-view liquid-crystal displays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(12), 121107 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. H. Lee, X. Zhu, Y. H. Lin, W. Choi, T. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu, H. Y. Lin, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient-contrast-ratio display using tandem reflective liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting device,” Opt. Express 13(23), 9431–9438 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Wide-view circular polarizer consisting of a linear polarizer and two biaxial films,” Opt. Express 13(26), 10777–10783 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Seetzen, W. Heidrich, W. Stuerzlinger, G. Ward, L. Whitehead, M. Trentacoste, A. Ghosh, and A. Vorozcovs, “High dynamic range display systems,” ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 760–768 (2004).
[Crossref]

H. Seetzen, L. A. Whitehead, and G. Ward, “A high dynamic range display using low and high resolution modulators,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 34(1), 1450–1453 (2003).

S. R. Kennedy and M. J. Brett, “Porous broadband antireflection coating by glancing angle deposition,” Appl. Opt. 42(22), 4573–4579 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Uchiyama and T. Yatabe, “Characteristics and applications of new wide-band retardation films,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 32(1), 566–569 (2001).

N. Y. Kim, Y. B. Son, J. H. Oh, C. K. Hwangbo, and M. C. Park, “TiNx layer as an antireflection and antistatic coating for display,” Surf. Coat. Tech. 128, 156–160 (2000).
[Crossref]

A. Takeda, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, H. Chida, H. Tsuda, K. Ohmuro, T. Sasabayashi, Y. Koike, and K. Okamoto, “A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 29(1), 1077–1080 (1998).

S. H. Lee, S. L. Lee, and H. Y. Kim, “Electro-optic characteristics and switching principle of a nematic liquid crystal cell controlled by fringe-field switching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(20), 2881–2883 (1998).
[Crossref]

J. A. Dobrowolski, B. T. Sullivan, and R. C. Bajcar, “Optical interference, contrast-enhanced electroluminescent device,” Appl. Opt. 31(28), 5988–5996 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. W. Tang and S. A. VanSlyke, “Organic electroluminescent diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(12), 913–915 (1987).
[Crossref]

M. Schadt and W. Helfrich, “Voltage-dependent optical activity of a twisted nematic liquid crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 18(4), 127–128 (1971).
[Crossref]

H. J. Shin, S. Takasugi, K. M. Park, S. H. Choi, Y. S. Jeong, B. C. Song, H. S. Kim, C. H. Oh, and B. C. Ahn, “Novel OLED display technologies for large-size UHD OLED TVs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 46(1), 53–56 (2015).

H. J. Yun, M. H. Jo, I. W. Jang, S. H. Lee, S. H. Ahn, and H. J. Hur, “Achieving high light efficiency and fast response time in fringe field switching mode using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy,” Liq. Cryst. 39(9), 1141–1148 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. A. Dobrowolski, B. T. Sullivan, and R. C. Bajcar, “Optical interference, contrast-enhanced electroluminescent device,” Appl. Opt. 31(28), 5988–5996 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. R. Kennedy and M. J. Brett, “Porous broadband antireflection coating by glancing angle deposition,” Appl. Opt. 42(22), 4573–4579 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Chen, J. H. Lee, B. Y. Lin, S. Chen, and S. T. Wu, “Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: present status and future perspectives,” Light Sci. Appl. 7, e17168 (2018).

H. Chen, R. Zhu, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Pixel-by-pixel local dimming for high-dynamic-range liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(3), 1973–1984 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, G. Tan, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Depolarization effect in liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(10), 11315–11328 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Chen, R. Zhu, K. Käläntär, and S. T. Wu, “Quantum dot-enhanced LCDs with wide color gamut and broad angular luminance distribution,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 47(1), 1413–1416 (2016).

H. Chen, T. H. Ha, J. H. Sung, H. R. Kim, and B. H. Han, “Evaluation of LCD local-dimming-backlight system,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 18(1), 57–65 (2010).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, J. H. Lee, B. Y. Lin, S. Chen, and S. T. Wu, “Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: present status and future perspectives,” Light Sci. Appl. 7, e17168 (2018).

G. Tan, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Lan, M. K. Wei, L. H. Peng, I. C. Cheng, and S. T. Wu, “Broadband antireflection film with Moth-eye-like structure for flexible display application,” Optica 4(7), 678–683 (2017).
[Crossref]

A. Takeda, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, H. Chida, H. Tsuda, K. Ohmuro, T. Sasabayashi, Y. Koike, and K. Okamoto, “A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 29(1), 1077–1080 (1998).

J. H. Lee, K. H. Park, S. H. Kim, H. C. Choi, B. K. Kim, and Y. Yin, “AH-IPS, superb display for mobile device,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 44(1), 32–33 (2013).

H. J. Shin, S. Takasugi, K. M. Park, S. H. Choi, Y. S. Jeong, B. C. Song, H. S. Kim, C. H. Oh, and B. C. Ahn, “Novel OLED display technologies for large-size UHD OLED TVs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 46(1), 53–56 (2015).

J. H. Lee, X. Zhu, Y. H. Lin, W. Choi, T. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu, H. Y. Lin, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient-contrast-ratio display using tandem reflective liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting device,” Opt. Express 13(23), 9431–9438 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. de Greef and H. G. Hulze, “Adaptive dimming and boosting backlight for LCD-TV Systems,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38(1), 1332–1335 (2007).

R. Singh, K. N. Narayanan Unni, A. Solanki, and Deepak, “Improving the contrast ratio of OLED displays: An analysis of various techniques,” Opt. Mater. 34(4), 716–723 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. A. Dobrowolski, B. T. Sullivan, and R. C. Bajcar, “Optical interference, contrast-enhanced electroluminescent device,” Appl. Opt. 31(28), 5988–5996 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Takahashi, Y. Furuki, S. Yoshida, T. Otani, M. Muto, Y. Suga, and Y. Ito, “A new achromatic quarter-wave film using liquid-crystal materials for anti-reflection of OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 45(1), 381–384 (2014).

H. K. Raut, V. A. Ganesh, A. S. Nair, and S. Ramakrishna, “Anti-reflective coatings: A critical, in-depth review,” Energy Environ. Sci. 4(10), 3779–3804 (2011).
[Crossref]

H. Seetzen, W. Heidrich, W. Stuerzlinger, G. Ward, L. Whitehead, M. Trentacoste, A. Ghosh, and A. Vorozcovs, “High dynamic range display systems,” ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 760–768 (2004).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, T. H. Ha, J. H. Sung, H. R. Kim, and B. H. Han, “Evaluation of LCD local-dimming-backlight system,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 18(1), 57–65 (2010).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, T. H. Ha, J. H. Sung, H. R. Kim, and B. H. Han, “Evaluation of LCD local-dimming-backlight system,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 18(1), 57–65 (2010).
[Crossref]

N. Koma, M. Hashizume, M. Yamamoto, and Y. Sato, “Development of photochromic circular polarizer for OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 43(1), 1268–1271 (2012).

H. Seetzen, W. Heidrich, W. Stuerzlinger, G. Ward, L. Whitehead, M. Trentacoste, A. Ghosh, and A. Vorozcovs, “High dynamic range display systems,” ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 760–768 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Schadt and W. Helfrich, “Voltage-dependent optical activity of a twisted nematic liquid crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 18(4), 127–128 (1971).
[Crossref]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Wide-view circular polarizer consisting of a linear polarizer and two biaxial films,” Opt. Express 13(26), 10777–10783 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, X. Zhu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Extraordinarily high-contrast and wide-view liquid-crystal displays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(12), 121107 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. H. Lee, X. Zhu, Y. H. Lin, W. Choi, T. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu, H. Y. Lin, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient-contrast-ratio display using tandem reflective liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting device,” Opt. Express 13(23), 9431–9438 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. de Greef and H. G. Hulze, “Adaptive dimming and boosting backlight for LCD-TV Systems,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38(1), 1332–1335 (2007).

H. J. Yun, M. H. Jo, I. W. Jang, S. H. Lee, S. H. Ahn, and H. J. Hur, “Achieving high light efficiency and fast response time in fringe field switching mode using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy,” Liq. Cryst. 39(9), 1141–1148 (2012).
[Crossref]

N. Y. Kim, Y. B. Son, J. H. Oh, C. K. Hwangbo, and M. C. Park, “TiNx layer as an antireflection and antistatic coating for display,” Surf. Coat. Tech. 128, 156–160 (2000).
[Crossref]

Y. Takahashi, Y. Furuki, S. Yoshida, T. Otani, M. Muto, Y. Suga, and Y. Ito, “A new achromatic quarter-wave film using liquid-crystal materials for anti-reflection of OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 45(1), 381–384 (2014).

H. J. Yun, M. H. Jo, I. W. Jang, S. H. Lee, S. H. Ahn, and H. J. Hur, “Achieving high light efficiency and fast response time in fringe field switching mode using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy,” Liq. Cryst. 39(9), 1141–1148 (2012).
[Crossref]

B. C. Kim, Y. J. Lim, J. H. Song, J. H. Lee, K. U. Jeong, J. H. Lee, G. D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Wideband antireflective circular polarizer exhibiting a perfect dark state in organic light-emitting-diode display,” Opt. Express 22(107), A1725–A1730 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. J. Shin, S. Takasugi, K. M. Park, S. H. Choi, Y. S. Jeong, B. C. Song, H. S. Kim, C. H. Oh, and B. C. Ahn, “Novel OLED display technologies for large-size UHD OLED TVs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 46(1), 53–56 (2015).

H. J. Yun, M. H. Jo, I. W. Jang, S. H. Lee, S. H. Ahn, and H. J. Hur, “Achieving high light efficiency and fast response time in fringe field switching mode using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy,” Liq. Cryst. 39(9), 1141–1148 (2012).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, R. Zhu, K. Käläntär, and S. T. Wu, “Quantum dot-enhanced LCDs with wide color gamut and broad angular luminance distribution,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 47(1), 1413–1416 (2016).

A. Takeda, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, H. Chida, H. Tsuda, K. Ohmuro, T. Sasabayashi, Y. Koike, and K. Okamoto, “A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 29(1), 1077–1080 (1998).

E. F. Kelley, M. Lindfors, and J. Penczek, “Display daylight ambient contrast measurement methods and daylight readability,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 14(11), 1019–1030 (2006).
[Crossref]

S. R. Kennedy and M. J. Brett, “Porous broadband antireflection coating by glancing angle deposition,” Appl. Opt. 42(22), 4573–4579 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. C. Kim, Y. J. Lim, J. H. Song, J. H. Lee, K. U. Jeong, J. H. Lee, G. D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Wideband antireflective circular polarizer exhibiting a perfect dark state in organic light-emitting-diode display,” Opt. Express 22(107), A1725–A1730 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. H. Lee, K. H. Park, S. H. Kim, H. C. Choi, B. K. Kim, and Y. Yin, “AH-IPS, superb display for mobile device,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 44(1), 32–33 (2013).

H. Chen, T. H. Ha, J. H. Sung, H. R. Kim, and B. H. Han, “Evaluation of LCD local-dimming-backlight system,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 18(1), 57–65 (2010).
[Crossref]

H. J. Shin, S. Takasugi, K. M. Park, S. H. Choi, Y. S. Jeong, B. C. Song, H. S. Kim, C. H. Oh, and B. C. Ahn, “Novel OLED display technologies for large-size UHD OLED TVs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 46(1), 53–56 (2015).

S. H. Lee, S. L. Lee, and H. Y. Kim, “Electro-optic characteristics and switching principle of a nematic liquid crystal cell controlled by fringe-field switching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(20), 2881–2883 (1998).
[Crossref]

N. Y. Kim, Y. B. Son, J. H. Oh, C. K. Hwangbo, and M. C. Park, “TiNx layer as an antireflection and antistatic coating for display,” Surf. Coat. Tech. 128, 156–160 (2000).
[Crossref]

J. H. Lee, K. H. Park, S. H. Kim, H. C. Choi, B. K. Kim, and Y. Yin, “AH-IPS, superb display for mobile device,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 44(1), 32–33 (2013).

A. Takeda, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, H. Chida, H. Tsuda, K. Ohmuro, T. Sasabayashi, Y. Koike, and K. Okamoto, “A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 29(1), 1077–1080 (1998).

N. Koma, M. Hashizume, M. Yamamoto, and Y. Sato, “Development of photochromic circular polarizer for OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 43(1), 1268–1271 (2012).

C. C. Lai and C. C. Tsai, “Backlight power reduction and image contrast enhancement using adaptive dimming for global backlight applications,” IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 54(2), 669–674 (2008).
[Crossref]

G. Tan, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Lan, M. K. Wei, L. H. Peng, I. C. Cheng, and S. T. Wu, “Broadband antireflection film with Moth-eye-like structure for flexible display application,” Optica 4(7), 678–683 (2017).
[Crossref]

B. C. Kim, Y. J. Lim, J. H. Song, J. H. Lee, K. U. Jeong, J. H. Lee, G. D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Wideband antireflective circular polarizer exhibiting a perfect dark state in organic light-emitting-diode display,” Opt. Express 22(107), A1725–A1730 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Chen, J. H. Lee, B. Y. Lin, S. Chen, and S. T. Wu, “Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: present status and future perspectives,” Light Sci. Appl. 7, e17168 (2018).

G. Tan, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Lan, M. K. Wei, L. H. Peng, I. C. Cheng, and S. T. Wu, “Broadband antireflection film with Moth-eye-like structure for flexible display application,” Optica 4(7), 678–683 (2017).
[Crossref]

B. C. Kim, Y. J. Lim, J. H. Song, J. H. Lee, K. U. Jeong, J. H. Lee, G. D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Wideband antireflective circular polarizer exhibiting a perfect dark state in organic light-emitting-diode display,” Opt. Express 22(107), A1725–A1730 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. C. Kim, Y. J. Lim, J. H. Song, J. H. Lee, K. U. Jeong, J. H. Lee, G. D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Wideband antireflective circular polarizer exhibiting a perfect dark state in organic light-emitting-diode display,” Opt. Express 22(107), A1725–A1730 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. H. Lee, K. H. Park, S. H. Kim, H. C. Choi, B. K. Kim, and Y. Yin, “AH-IPS, superb display for mobile device,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 44(1), 32–33 (2013).

J. H. Lee, X. Zhu, Y. H. Lin, W. Choi, T. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu, H. Y. Lin, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient-contrast-ratio display using tandem reflective liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting device,” Opt. Express 13(23), 9431–9438 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Tan, R. Zhu, Y. S. Tsai, K. C. Lee, Z. Luo, Y. Z. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient contrast ratio OLED and QLED without a circular polarizer,” J. Phys. D 49(31), 315101 (2016).
[Crossref]

B. C. Kim, Y. J. Lim, J. H. Song, J. H. Lee, K. U. Jeong, J. H. Lee, G. D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Wideband antireflective circular polarizer exhibiting a perfect dark state in organic light-emitting-diode display,” Opt. Express 22(107), A1725–A1730 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. J. Yun, M. H. Jo, I. W. Jang, S. H. Lee, S. H. Ahn, and H. J. Hur, “Achieving high light efficiency and fast response time in fringe field switching mode using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy,” Liq. Cryst. 39(9), 1141–1148 (2012).
[Crossref]

S. H. Lee, S. L. Lee, and H. Y. Kim, “Electro-optic characteristics and switching principle of a nematic liquid crystal cell controlled by fringe-field switching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(20), 2881–2883 (1998).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, R. Zhu, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Pixel-by-pixel local dimming for high-dynamic-range liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(3), 1973–1984 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, G. Tan, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Depolarization effect in liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(10), 11315–11328 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. H. Lee, S. L. Lee, and H. Y. Kim, “Electro-optic characteristics and switching principle of a nematic liquid crystal cell controlled by fringe-field switching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(20), 2881–2883 (1998).
[Crossref]

G. Tan, R. Zhu, Y. S. Tsai, K. C. Lee, Z. Luo, Y. Z. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient contrast ratio OLED and QLED without a circular polarizer,” J. Phys. D 49(31), 315101 (2016).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, R. Zhu, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Pixel-by-pixel local dimming for high-dynamic-range liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(3), 1973–1984 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, G. Tan, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Depolarization effect in liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(10), 11315–11328 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. C. Kim, Y. J. Lim, J. H. Song, J. H. Lee, K. U. Jeong, J. H. Lee, G. D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Wideband antireflective circular polarizer exhibiting a perfect dark state in organic light-emitting-diode display,” Opt. Express 22(107), A1725–A1730 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Chen, J. H. Lee, B. Y. Lin, S. Chen, and S. T. Wu, “Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: present status and future perspectives,” Light Sci. Appl. 7, e17168 (2018).

J. H. Lee, X. Zhu, Y. H. Lin, W. Choi, T. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu, H. Y. Lin, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient-contrast-ratio display using tandem reflective liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting device,” Opt. Express 13(23), 9431–9438 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. H. Lee, X. Zhu, Y. H. Lin, W. Choi, T. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu, H. Y. Lin, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient-contrast-ratio display using tandem reflective liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting device,” Opt. Express 13(23), 9431–9438 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. H. Lee, X. Zhu, Y. H. Lin, W. Choi, T. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu, H. Y. Lin, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient-contrast-ratio display using tandem reflective liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting device,” Opt. Express 13(23), 9431–9438 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. F. Kelley, M. Lindfors, and J. Penczek, “Display daylight ambient contrast measurement methods and daylight readability,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 14(11), 1019–1030 (2006).
[Crossref]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, X. Zhu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Extraordinarily high-contrast and wide-view liquid-crystal displays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(12), 121107 (2005).
[Crossref]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Wide-view circular polarizer consisting of a linear polarizer and two biaxial films,” Opt. Express 13(26), 10777–10783 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Tan, R. Zhu, Y. S. Tsai, K. C. Lee, Z. Luo, Y. Z. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient contrast ratio OLED and QLED without a circular polarizer,” J. Phys. D 49(31), 315101 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. Takahashi, Y. Furuki, S. Yoshida, T. Otani, M. Muto, Y. Suga, and Y. Ito, “A new achromatic quarter-wave film using liquid-crystal materials for anti-reflection of OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 45(1), 381–384 (2014).

H. K. Raut, V. A. Ganesh, A. S. Nair, and S. Ramakrishna, “Anti-reflective coatings: A critical, in-depth review,” Energy Environ. Sci. 4(10), 3779–3804 (2011).
[Crossref]

R. Singh, K. N. Narayanan Unni, A. Solanki, and Deepak, “Improving the contrast ratio of OLED displays: An analysis of various techniques,” Opt. Mater. 34(4), 716–723 (2012).
[Crossref]

H. J. Shin, S. Takasugi, K. M. Park, S. H. Choi, Y. S. Jeong, B. C. Song, H. S. Kim, C. H. Oh, and B. C. Ahn, “Novel OLED display technologies for large-size UHD OLED TVs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 46(1), 53–56 (2015).

N. Y. Kim, Y. B. Son, J. H. Oh, C. K. Hwangbo, and M. C. Park, “TiNx layer as an antireflection and antistatic coating for display,” Surf. Coat. Tech. 128, 156–160 (2000).
[Crossref]

A. Takeda, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, H. Chida, H. Tsuda, K. Ohmuro, T. Sasabayashi, Y. Koike, and K. Okamoto, “A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 29(1), 1077–1080 (1998).

A. Takeda, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, H. Chida, H. Tsuda, K. Ohmuro, T. Sasabayashi, Y. Koike, and K. Okamoto, “A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 29(1), 1077–1080 (1998).

Y. Takahashi, Y. Furuki, S. Yoshida, T. Otani, M. Muto, Y. Suga, and Y. Ito, “A new achromatic quarter-wave film using liquid-crystal materials for anti-reflection of OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 45(1), 381–384 (2014).

J. H. Lee, K. H. Park, S. H. Kim, H. C. Choi, B. K. Kim, and Y. Yin, “AH-IPS, superb display for mobile device,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 44(1), 32–33 (2013).

H. J. Shin, S. Takasugi, K. M. Park, S. H. Choi, Y. S. Jeong, B. C. Song, H. S. Kim, C. H. Oh, and B. C. Ahn, “Novel OLED display technologies for large-size UHD OLED TVs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 46(1), 53–56 (2015).

N. Y. Kim, Y. B. Son, J. H. Oh, C. K. Hwangbo, and M. C. Park, “TiNx layer as an antireflection and antistatic coating for display,” Surf. Coat. Tech. 128, 156–160 (2000).
[Crossref]

E. F. Kelley, M. Lindfors, and J. Penczek, “Display daylight ambient contrast measurement methods and daylight readability,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 14(11), 1019–1030 (2006).
[Crossref]

G. Tan, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Lan, M. K. Wei, L. H. Peng, I. C. Cheng, and S. T. Wu, “Broadband antireflection film with Moth-eye-like structure for flexible display application,” Optica 4(7), 678–683 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. K. Raut, V. A. Ganesh, A. S. Nair, and S. Ramakrishna, “Anti-reflective coatings: A critical, in-depth review,” Energy Environ. Sci. 4(10), 3779–3804 (2011).
[Crossref]

H. K. Raut, V. A. Ganesh, A. S. Nair, and S. Ramakrishna, “Anti-reflective coatings: A critical, in-depth review,” Energy Environ. Sci. 4(10), 3779–3804 (2011).
[Crossref]

A. Takeda, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, H. Chida, H. Tsuda, K. Ohmuro, T. Sasabayashi, Y. Koike, and K. Okamoto, “A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 29(1), 1077–1080 (1998).

A. Takeda, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, H. Chida, H. Tsuda, K. Ohmuro, T. Sasabayashi, Y. Koike, and K. Okamoto, “A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 29(1), 1077–1080 (1998).

T. Urabe, T. Sasaoka, K. Tatsuki, and J. Takaki, “Technological evolution for large screen size active matrix OLED display,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38(1), 161–164 (2007).

N. Koma, M. Hashizume, M. Yamamoto, and Y. Sato, “Development of photochromic circular polarizer for OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 43(1), 1268–1271 (2012).

M. Schadt and W. Helfrich, “Voltage-dependent optical activity of a twisted nematic liquid crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 18(4), 127–128 (1971).
[Crossref]

H. Seetzen, W. Heidrich, W. Stuerzlinger, G. Ward, L. Whitehead, M. Trentacoste, A. Ghosh, and A. Vorozcovs, “High dynamic range display systems,” ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 760–768 (2004).
[Crossref]

H. Seetzen, L. A. Whitehead, and G. Ward, “A high dynamic range display using low and high resolution modulators,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 34(1), 1450–1453 (2003).

H. J. Shin, S. Takasugi, K. M. Park, S. H. Choi, Y. S. Jeong, B. C. Song, H. S. Kim, C. H. Oh, and B. C. Ahn, “Novel OLED display technologies for large-size UHD OLED TVs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 46(1), 53–56 (2015).

R. Singh, K. N. Narayanan Unni, A. Solanki, and Deepak, “Improving the contrast ratio of OLED displays: An analysis of various techniques,” Opt. Mater. 34(4), 716–723 (2012).
[Crossref]

R. Singh, K. N. Narayanan Unni, A. Solanki, and Deepak, “Improving the contrast ratio of OLED displays: An analysis of various techniques,” Opt. Mater. 34(4), 716–723 (2012).
[Crossref]

N. Y. Kim, Y. B. Son, J. H. Oh, C. K. Hwangbo, and M. C. Park, “TiNx layer as an antireflection and antistatic coating for display,” Surf. Coat. Tech. 128, 156–160 (2000).
[Crossref]

H. J. Shin, S. Takasugi, K. M. Park, S. H. Choi, Y. S. Jeong, B. C. Song, H. S. Kim, C. H. Oh, and B. C. Ahn, “Novel OLED display technologies for large-size UHD OLED TVs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 46(1), 53–56 (2015).

B. C. Kim, Y. J. Lim, J. H. Song, J. H. Lee, K. U. Jeong, J. H. Lee, G. D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Wideband antireflective circular polarizer exhibiting a perfect dark state in organic light-emitting-diode display,” Opt. Express 22(107), A1725–A1730 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Seetzen, W. Heidrich, W. Stuerzlinger, G. Ward, L. Whitehead, M. Trentacoste, A. Ghosh, and A. Vorozcovs, “High dynamic range display systems,” ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 760–768 (2004).
[Crossref]

Y. Takahashi, Y. Furuki, S. Yoshida, T. Otani, M. Muto, Y. Suga, and Y. Ito, “A new achromatic quarter-wave film using liquid-crystal materials for anti-reflection of OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 45(1), 381–384 (2014).

J. A. Dobrowolski, B. T. Sullivan, and R. C. Bajcar, “Optical interference, contrast-enhanced electroluminescent device,” Appl. Opt. 31(28), 5988–5996 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Chen, T. H. Ha, J. H. Sung, H. R. Kim, and B. H. Han, “Evaluation of LCD local-dimming-backlight system,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 18(1), 57–65 (2010).
[Crossref]

Y. Takahashi, Y. Furuki, S. Yoshida, T. Otani, M. Muto, Y. Suga, and Y. Ito, “A new achromatic quarter-wave film using liquid-crystal materials for anti-reflection of OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 45(1), 381–384 (2014).

T. Urabe, T. Sasaoka, K. Tatsuki, and J. Takaki, “Technological evolution for large screen size active matrix OLED display,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38(1), 161–164 (2007).

H. J. Shin, S. Takasugi, K. M. Park, S. H. Choi, Y. S. Jeong, B. C. Song, H. S. Kim, C. H. Oh, and B. C. Ahn, “Novel OLED display technologies for large-size UHD OLED TVs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 46(1), 53–56 (2015).

A. Takeda, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, H. Chida, H. Tsuda, K. Ohmuro, T. Sasabayashi, Y. Koike, and K. Okamoto, “A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 29(1), 1077–1080 (1998).

G. Tan, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Lan, M. K. Wei, L. H. Peng, I. C. Cheng, and S. T. Wu, “Broadband antireflection film with Moth-eye-like structure for flexible display application,” Optica 4(7), 678–683 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, G. Tan, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Depolarization effect in liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(10), 11315–11328 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Tan, R. Zhu, Y. S. Tsai, K. C. Lee, Z. Luo, Y. Z. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient contrast ratio OLED and QLED without a circular polarizer,” J. Phys. D 49(31), 315101 (2016).
[Crossref]

C. W. Tang and S. A. VanSlyke, “Organic electroluminescent diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(12), 913–915 (1987).
[Crossref]

T. Urabe, T. Sasaoka, K. Tatsuki, and J. Takaki, “Technological evolution for large screen size active matrix OLED display,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38(1), 161–164 (2007).

H. Seetzen, W. Heidrich, W. Stuerzlinger, G. Ward, L. Whitehead, M. Trentacoste, A. Ghosh, and A. Vorozcovs, “High dynamic range display systems,” ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 760–768 (2004).
[Crossref]

C. C. Lai and C. C. Tsai, “Backlight power reduction and image contrast enhancement using adaptive dimming for global backlight applications,” IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 54(2), 669–674 (2008).
[Crossref]

G. Tan, R. Zhu, Y. S. Tsai, K. C. Lee, Z. Luo, Y. Z. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient contrast ratio OLED and QLED without a circular polarizer,” J. Phys. D 49(31), 315101 (2016).
[Crossref]

A. Takeda, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, H. Chida, H. Tsuda, K. Ohmuro, T. Sasabayashi, Y. Koike, and K. Okamoto, “A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 29(1), 1077–1080 (1998).

A. Uchiyama and T. Yatabe, “Characteristics and applications of new wide-band retardation films,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 32(1), 566–569 (2001).

T. Urabe, T. Sasaoka, K. Tatsuki, and J. Takaki, “Technological evolution for large screen size active matrix OLED display,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38(1), 161–164 (2007).

C. W. Tang and S. A. VanSlyke, “Organic electroluminescent diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(12), 913–915 (1987).
[Crossref]

H. Seetzen, W. Heidrich, W. Stuerzlinger, G. Ward, L. Whitehead, M. Trentacoste, A. Ghosh, and A. Vorozcovs, “High dynamic range display systems,” ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 760–768 (2004).
[Crossref]

H. Seetzen, W. Heidrich, W. Stuerzlinger, G. Ward, L. Whitehead, M. Trentacoste, A. Ghosh, and A. Vorozcovs, “High dynamic range display systems,” ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 760–768 (2004).
[Crossref]

H. Seetzen, L. A. Whitehead, and G. Ward, “A high dynamic range display using low and high resolution modulators,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 34(1), 1450–1453 (2003).

G. Tan, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Lan, M. K. Wei, L. H. Peng, I. C. Cheng, and S. T. Wu, “Broadband antireflection film with Moth-eye-like structure for flexible display application,” Optica 4(7), 678–683 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. Seetzen, W. Heidrich, W. Stuerzlinger, G. Ward, L. Whitehead, M. Trentacoste, A. Ghosh, and A. Vorozcovs, “High dynamic range display systems,” ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 760–768 (2004).
[Crossref]

H. Seetzen, L. A. Whitehead, and G. Ward, “A high dynamic range display using low and high resolution modulators,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 34(1), 1450–1453 (2003).

H. Chen, J. H. Lee, B. Y. Lin, S. Chen, and S. T. Wu, “Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: present status and future perspectives,” Light Sci. Appl. 7, e17168 (2018).

G. Tan, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Lan, M. K. Wei, L. H. Peng, I. C. Cheng, and S. T. Wu, “Broadband antireflection film with Moth-eye-like structure for flexible display application,” Optica 4(7), 678–683 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, G. Tan, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Depolarization effect in liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(10), 11315–11328 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Chen, R. Zhu, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Pixel-by-pixel local dimming for high-dynamic-range liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(3), 1973–1984 (2017).
[Crossref]

G. Tan, R. Zhu, Y. S. Tsai, K. C. Lee, Z. Luo, Y. Z. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient contrast ratio OLED and QLED without a circular polarizer,” J. Phys. D 49(31), 315101 (2016).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, R. Zhu, K. Käläntär, and S. T. Wu, “Quantum dot-enhanced LCDs with wide color gamut and broad angular luminance distribution,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 47(1), 1413–1416 (2016).

J. H. Lee, X. Zhu, Y. H. Lin, W. Choi, T. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu, H. Y. Lin, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient-contrast-ratio display using tandem reflective liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting device,” Opt. Express 13(23), 9431–9438 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, X. Zhu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Extraordinarily high-contrast and wide-view liquid-crystal displays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(12), 121107 (2005).
[Crossref]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Wide-view circular polarizer consisting of a linear polarizer and two biaxial films,” Opt. Express 13(26), 10777–10783 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Wide-view circular polarizer consisting of a linear polarizer and two biaxial films,” Opt. Express 13(26), 10777–10783 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, X. Zhu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Extraordinarily high-contrast and wide-view liquid-crystal displays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(12), 121107 (2005).
[Crossref]

N. Koma, M. Hashizume, M. Yamamoto, and Y. Sato, “Development of photochromic circular polarizer for OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 43(1), 1268–1271 (2012).

A. Uchiyama and T. Yatabe, “Characteristics and applications of new wide-band retardation films,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 32(1), 566–569 (2001).

J. H. Lee, K. H. Park, S. H. Kim, H. C. Choi, B. K. Kim, and Y. Yin, “AH-IPS, superb display for mobile device,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 44(1), 32–33 (2013).

Y. Takahashi, Y. Furuki, S. Yoshida, T. Otani, M. Muto, Y. Suga, and Y. Ito, “A new achromatic quarter-wave film using liquid-crystal materials for anti-reflection of OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 45(1), 381–384 (2014).

H. J. Yun, M. H. Jo, I. W. Jang, S. H. Lee, S. H. Ahn, and H. J. Hur, “Achieving high light efficiency and fast response time in fringe field switching mode using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy,” Liq. Cryst. 39(9), 1141–1148 (2012).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, R. Zhu, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Pixel-by-pixel local dimming for high-dynamic-range liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(3), 1973–1984 (2017).
[Crossref]

G. Tan, R. Zhu, Y. S. Tsai, K. C. Lee, Z. Luo, Y. Z. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient contrast ratio OLED and QLED without a circular polarizer,” J. Phys. D 49(31), 315101 (2016).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, R. Zhu, K. Käläntär, and S. T. Wu, “Quantum dot-enhanced LCDs with wide color gamut and broad angular luminance distribution,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 47(1), 1413–1416 (2016).

J. H. Lee, X. Zhu, Y. H. Lin, W. Choi, T. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu, H. Y. Lin, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient-contrast-ratio display using tandem reflective liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting device,” Opt. Express 13(23), 9431–9438 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, X. Zhu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Extraordinarily high-contrast and wide-view liquid-crystal displays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(12), 121107 (2005).
[Crossref]

H. Seetzen, W. Heidrich, W. Stuerzlinger, G. Ward, L. Whitehead, M. Trentacoste, A. Ghosh, and A. Vorozcovs, “High dynamic range display systems,” ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 760–768 (2004).
[Crossref]

J. A. Dobrowolski, B. T. Sullivan, and R. C. Bajcar, “Optical interference, contrast-enhanced electroluminescent device,” Appl. Opt. 31(28), 5988–5996 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. R. Kennedy and M. J. Brett, “Porous broadband antireflection coating by glancing angle deposition,” Appl. Opt. 42(22), 4573–4579 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, X. Zhu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Extraordinarily high-contrast and wide-view liquid-crystal displays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(12), 121107 (2005).
[Crossref]

M. Schadt and W. Helfrich, “Voltage-dependent optical activity of a twisted nematic liquid crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 18(4), 127–128 (1971).
[Crossref]

S. H. Lee, S. L. Lee, and H. Y. Kim, “Electro-optic characteristics and switching principle of a nematic liquid crystal cell controlled by fringe-field switching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(20), 2881–2883 (1998).
[Crossref]

C. W. Tang and S. A. VanSlyke, “Organic electroluminescent diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 51(12), 913–915 (1987).
[Crossref]

H. K. Raut, V. A. Ganesh, A. S. Nair, and S. Ramakrishna, “Anti-reflective coatings: A critical, in-depth review,” Energy Environ. Sci. 4(10), 3779–3804 (2011).
[Crossref]

C. C. Lai and C. C. Tsai, “Backlight power reduction and image contrast enhancement using adaptive dimming for global backlight applications,” IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 54(2), 669–674 (2008).
[Crossref]

G. Tan, R. Zhu, Y. S. Tsai, K. C. Lee, Z. Luo, Y. Z. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient contrast ratio OLED and QLED without a circular polarizer,” J. Phys. D 49(31), 315101 (2016).
[Crossref]

E. F. Kelley, M. Lindfors, and J. Penczek, “Display daylight ambient contrast measurement methods and daylight readability,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 14(11), 1019–1030 (2006).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, T. H. Ha, J. H. Sung, H. R. Kim, and B. H. Han, “Evaluation of LCD local-dimming-backlight system,” J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 18(1), 57–65 (2010).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, J. H. Lee, B. Y. Lin, S. Chen, and S. T. Wu, “Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: present status and future perspectives,” Light Sci. Appl. 7, e17168 (2018).

H. J. Yun, M. H. Jo, I. W. Jang, S. H. Lee, S. H. Ahn, and H. J. Hur, “Achieving high light efficiency and fast response time in fringe field switching mode using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy,” Liq. Cryst. 39(9), 1141–1148 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. H. Lee, X. Zhu, Y. H. Lin, W. Choi, T. C. Lin, S. C. Hsu, H. Y. Lin, and S. T. Wu, “High ambient-contrast-ratio display using tandem reflective liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting device,” Opt. Express 13(23), 9431–9438 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Hong, T. X. Wu, R. Lu, and S. T. Wu, “Wide-view circular polarizer consisting of a linear polarizer and two biaxial films,” Opt. Express 13(26), 10777–10783 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. C. Kim, Y. J. Lim, J. H. Song, J. H. Lee, K. U. Jeong, J. H. Lee, G. D. Lee, and S. H. Lee, “Wideband antireflective circular polarizer exhibiting a perfect dark state in organic light-emitting-diode display,” Opt. Express 22(107), A1725–A1730 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Chen, R. Zhu, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Pixel-by-pixel local dimming for high-dynamic-range liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(3), 1973–1984 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, G. Tan, M. C. Li, S. L. Lee, and S. T. Wu, “Depolarization effect in liquid crystal displays,” Opt. Express 25(10), 11315–11328 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Singh, K. N. Narayanan Unni, A. Solanki, and Deepak, “Improving the contrast ratio of OLED displays: An analysis of various techniques,” Opt. Mater. 34(4), 716–723 (2012).
[Crossref]

G. Tan, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Lan, M. K. Wei, L. H. Peng, I. C. Cheng, and S. T. Wu, “Broadband antireflection film with Moth-eye-like structure for flexible display application,” Optica 4(7), 678–683 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. Chen, R. Zhu, K. Käläntär, and S. T. Wu, “Quantum dot-enhanced LCDs with wide color gamut and broad angular luminance distribution,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 47(1), 1413–1416 (2016).

J. H. Lee, K. H. Park, S. H. Kim, H. C. Choi, B. K. Kim, and Y. Yin, “AH-IPS, superb display for mobile device,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 44(1), 32–33 (2013).

H. Seetzen, L. A. Whitehead, and G. Ward, “A high dynamic range display using low and high resolution modulators,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 34(1), 1450–1453 (2003).

T. Urabe, T. Sasaoka, K. Tatsuki, and J. Takaki, “Technological evolution for large screen size active matrix OLED display,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38(1), 161–164 (2007).

H. J. Shin, S. Takasugi, K. M. Park, S. H. Choi, Y. S. Jeong, B. C. Song, H. S. Kim, C. H. Oh, and B. C. Ahn, “Novel OLED display technologies for large-size UHD OLED TVs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 46(1), 53–56 (2015).

A. Takeda, S. Kataoka, T. Sasaki, H. Chida, H. Tsuda, K. Ohmuro, T. Sasabayashi, Y. Koike, and K. Okamoto, “A super-high image quality multi-domain vertical alignment LCD by new rubbing-less technology,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 29(1), 1077–1080 (1998).

P. de Greef and H. G. Hulze, “Adaptive dimming and boosting backlight for LCD-TV Systems,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38(1), 1332–1335 (2007).

A. Uchiyama and T. Yatabe, “Characteristics and applications of new wide-band retardation films,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 32(1), 566–569 (2001).

N. Koma, M. Hashizume, M. Yamamoto, and Y. Sato, “Development of photochromic circular polarizer for OLEDs,” SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 43(1), 1268–1271 (2012).

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