Temperature-insensitive frequency conversion by phase mismatch self-compensation in the same type of crystals

Zijian Cui; Dean Liu; Lailin Ji; Mingying Sun; Jie Miao; Jianqiang Zhu

doi:10.1364/OE.25.030479

Temperature-insensitive frequency conversion by phase mismatch self-compensation in the same type of crystals

Zijian Cui, Dean Liu, Lailin Ji, Mingying Sun, Jie Miao, and Jianqiang Zhu

Optics Express
Vol. 25,
Issue 24,
pp. 30479-30493
(2017)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.030479

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Zijian Cui, Dean Liu, Lailin Ji, Mingying Sun, Jie Miao, and Jianqiang Zhu, "Temperature-insensitive frequency conversion by phase mismatch self-compensation in the same type of crystals," Opt. Express 25, 30479-30493 (2017)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Nonlinear Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Lasers, frequency doubled (140.3515)
- Nonlinear optics (190.0190)
- Harmonic generation and mixing (190.2620)
- Nonlinear optics, parametric processes (190.4410)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: October 3, 2017
- Revised Manuscript: November 9, 2017
- Manuscript Accepted: November 11, 2017
- Published: November 20, 2017

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Aiming at high-power laser frequency conversion, we present a new scheme that can self-compensate for the thermally induced phase mismatch. The basic design of the scheme is that three crystals with the same type are cascaded, of which the crystals at both ends are used for frequency conversion and the middle crystal is used for compensating phase mismatch. By configuring the polarization states of the interacting waves in the middle crystal, the sign of the first temperature derivative of the phase mismatch is opposite to that of the frequency conversion crystals. The thermally induced phase mismatch in the first crystal can thus be self-compensated in the middle crystal. To verify the utility of the proposed scheme, we experimentally demonstrated temperature-insensitive second and third harmonic generation using KH₂PO₄ crystals. The results show that the temperature acceptance bandwidth is about two times larger than that of using a single crystal. Since the crystals used are of the same type, this scheme has excellent universal applicability and is almost completely free from the limitations of the laser wavelength, crystal and phase-matching type. Therefore, the scheme can be widely applied to various frequency conversion processes and is scarcely any limitations.

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References

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A. Esteban-Martin, G. Marchev, V. Badikov, V. Panyutin, V. Petrov, G. Shevyrdyaeva, D. Badikov, M. Starikova, S. Sheina, A. Fintisova, and A. Tyazhev, “High-energy optical parametric oscillator for the 6 μm spectral range based on HgGa2S4 pumped at 1064 nm,” Laser Photonics Rev. 7(6), L89–L92 (2013).
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[PubMed]
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[PubMed]
Z. Cui, D. Liu, M. Sun, J. Miao, and J. Zhu, “Compensation method for temperature-induced phase mismatch during frequency conversion in high-power laser systems,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 33(4), 525–534 (2016).
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L. S. Zhang, M. X. Xu, B. A. Liu, L. L. Zhu, B. Wang, H. L. Zhou, F. F. Liu, and X. Sun, “New annealing method to improve KD2PO4 crystal quality: learning from high temperature phase transition,” CrystEngComm 17(25), 4705–4711 (2015).
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[PubMed]
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2017 (2)

D. Yan, Y. Wang, D. Xu, P. Liu, C. Yan, J. Shi, H. Liu, Y. He, L. Tang, J. Feng, J. Guo, W. Shi, K. Zhong, Y. H. Tsang, and J. Yao, “High-average-power, high-repetition-rate tunable terahertz difference frequency generation with GaSe crystal pumped by 2 μm dual-wavelength intracavity KTP optical parametric oscillator,” Photonics Res. 5(2), 82–87 (2017).

X. Liu, X. Shen, J. Yin, and X. Li, “Three-crystal method for thermally induced phase mismatch compensation in second-harmonic generation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(2), 383–388 (2017).

2016 (4)

Z. Cui, D. Liu, M. Sun, J. Miao, and J. Zhu, “Compensation method for temperature-induced phase mismatch during frequency conversion in high-power laser systems,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 33(4), 525–534 (2016).

P. Wang, H. Shi, F. Tan, and P. Wang, “Tunable femtosecond pulse source from 1.6 to 2.3 μm with 100 kW peak power in an all-fiber system,” Chin. Opt. Lett. 14(9), 091405 (2016).

C. Wang, H. Wei, Y. Jiang, J. Wang, Z. Qiao, J. Guo, W. Fan, and X. Li, “VCSEL-pumped Nd:YAG laser with 95 W average power and user-selectable nanosecond pulses,” Chin. Opt. Lett. 14(12), 121402 (2016).

Z. Cui, D. Liu, A. Yang, J. Miao, J. Zhang, and J. Zhu, “Temperature-insensitive frequency conversion by electro-optic effect compensating for phase mismatch,” IEEE Photonics J. 8(5), 1–8 (2016).

2015 (5)

C. Danson, D. Hillier, N. Hopps, and D. Neely, “Petawatt class lasers worldwide,” High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 3, e3 (2015).

J. Trull, I. Sola, B. Wang, A. Parra, W. Krolikowski, Y. Sheng, R. Vilaseca, and C. Cojocaru, “Ultrashort pulse chirp measurement via transverse second-harmonic generation in strontium barium niobate crystal,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(22), 221108 (2015).

L. S. Zhang, M. X. Xu, B. A. Liu, L. L. Zhu, B. Wang, H. L. Zhou, F. F. Liu, and X. Sun, “New annealing method to improve KD2PO4 crystal quality: learning from high temperature phase transition,” CrystEngComm 17(25), 4705–4711 (2015).

K. A. Fedorova, G. S. Sokolovskii, P. R. Battle, D. A. Livshits, and E. U. Rafailov, “574-647 nm wavelength tuning by second-harmonic generation from diode-pumped PPKTP waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 40(5), 835–838 (2015).
[PubMed]

L. Zhang, F. Zhang, M. Xu, Z. Wang, and X. Sun, “Noncritical phase matching fourth harmonic generation properties of KD2PO4 crystals,” Opt. Express 23(18), 23401–23413 (2015).
[PubMed]

2014 (2)

H. Zhong, P. Yuan, S. Wen, and L. Qian, “Temperature-insensitive frequency tripling for generating high-average power UV lasers,” Opt. Express 22(4), 4267–4276 (2014).
[PubMed]

Y. Liang, R. Su, L. Lu, and H. Liu, “Temperature nonuniformity occurring during the cooling process of a KDP crystal and its effects on second-harmonic generation,” Appl. Opt. 53(23), 5109–5116 (2014).
[PubMed]

2013 (3)

J. Rothhardt, S. Demmler, S. Hädrich, T. Peschel, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Thermal effects in high average power optical parametric amplifiers,” Opt. Lett. 38(5), 763–765 (2013).
[PubMed]

K. Devi, S. C. Kumar, and M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, “Tunable, continuous-wave, ultraviolet source based on intracavity sum-frequency-generation in an optical parametric oscillator using BiB3O6,” Opt. Express 21(21), 24829–24836 (2013).
[PubMed]

A. Esteban-Martin, G. Marchev, V. Badikov, V. Panyutin, V. Petrov, G. Shevyrdyaeva, D. Badikov, M. Starikova, S. Sheina, A. Fintisova, and A. Tyazhev, “High-energy optical parametric oscillator for the 6 μm spectral range based on HgGa2S4 pumped at 1064 nm,” Laser Photonics Rev. 7(6), L89–L92 (2013).

2012 (2)

A. M. Pugachev, V. I. Kovalevskii, N. V. Surovtsev, S. Kojima, S. A. Prosandeev, I. P. Raevski, and S. I. Raevskaya, “Broken local symmetry in paraelectric BaTiO3 proved by second harmonic generation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108(24), 247601 (2012).
[PubMed]

H. Z. Zhong, P. Yuan, H. Y. Zhu, and L. J. Qian, “Versatile temperature-insensitive second-harmonic generation by compensating thermally induced phase-mismatch in a two-crystal design,” Laser Phys. Lett. 9(6), 434–439 (2012).

2010 (2)

D. J. Richardson, J. Nilsson, and W. A. Clarkson, “High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives [Invited],” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(11), B63–B92 (2010).

A. Godard, M. Raybaut, T. Schmid, M. Lefebvre, A.-M. Michel, and M. Péalat, “Management of thermal effects in high-repetition-rate pulsed optical parametric oscillators,” Opt. Lett. 35(21), 3667–3669 (2010).
[PubMed]

2008 (2)

A. Bayramian, J. Armstrong, G. Beer, R. Campbell, B. Chai, R. Cross, A. Erlandson, Y. Fei, B. Freitas, R. Kent, J. Menapace, W. Molander, K. Schaffers, C. Siders, S. Sutton, J. Tassano, S. Telford, C. Ebbers, J. Caird, and C. Barty, “High-average-power femto-petawatt laser pumped by the Mercury laser facility,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25(7), B57–B61 (2008).

S. V. Tovstonog, S. Kurimura, I. Suzuki, K. Takeno, S. Moriwaki, N. Ohmae, N. Mio, and T. Katagai, “Thermal effects in high-power CW second harmonic generation in Mg-doped stoichiometric lithium tantalate,” Opt. Express 16(15), 11294–11299 (2008).
[PubMed]

2004 (1)

J. H. Campbell, R. A. Hawley-Fedder, C. J. Stolz, J. A. Menapace, M. R. Borden, P. K. Whitman, J. Yu, M. Runkel, M. O. Riley, M. D. Feit, and R. P. Hackel, “NIF optical materials and fabrication technologies: An overview,” Proc. SPIE 5341, 84–101 (2004).

1987 (1)

D. Eimerl, “High average power harmonic generation,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23(5), 575–592 (1987).

1982 (1)

G. C. Ghosh and G. C. Bhar, “Temperature dispersion in ADP, KDP, and KD*P for nonlinear devices,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18(2), 143–145 (1982).

1966 (1)

R. A. Phillips, “Temperature variation of the index of refraction of ADP, KDP, and deuterated KDP,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56(5), 629–632 (1966).

Armstrong, J.

Badikov, D.

Badikov, V.

Barty, C.

Battle, P. R.

Bayramian, A.

Beer, G.

Bhar, G. C.

G. C. Ghosh and G. C. Bhar, “Temperature dispersion in ADP, KDP, and KD*P for nonlinear devices,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18(2), 143–145 (1982).

Borden, M. R.

Caird, J.

Campbell, J. H.

Campbell, R.

Chai, B.

Clarkson, W. A.

D. J. Richardson, J. Nilsson, and W. A. Clarkson, “High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives [Invited],” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(11), B63–B92 (2010).

Cojocaru, C.

Cross, R.

Cui, Z.

Danson, C.

C. Danson, D. Hillier, N. Hopps, and D. Neely, “Petawatt class lasers worldwide,” High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 3, e3 (2015).

Demmler, S.

Devi, K.

Ebbers, C.

Ebrahim-Zadeh, M.

Eimerl, D.

D. Eimerl, “High average power harmonic generation,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23(5), 575–592 (1987).

Erlandson, A.

Esteban-Martin, A.

Fan, W.

Fedorova, K. A.

Fei, Y.

Feit, M. D.

Feng, J.

Fintisova, A.

Freitas, B.

Ghosh, G. C.

G. C. Ghosh and G. C. Bhar, “Temperature dispersion in ADP, KDP, and KD*P for nonlinear devices,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18(2), 143–145 (1982).

Godard, A.

Guo, J.

Hackel, R. P.

Hädrich, S.

Hawley-Fedder, R. A.

He, Y.

Hillier, D.

C. Danson, D. Hillier, N. Hopps, and D. Neely, “Petawatt class lasers worldwide,” High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 3, e3 (2015).

Hopps, N.

C. Danson, D. Hillier, N. Hopps, and D. Neely, “Petawatt class lasers worldwide,” High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 3, e3 (2015).

Jiang, Y.

Katagai, T.

Kent, R.

Kojima, S.

Kovalevskii, V. I.

Krolikowski, W.

Kumar, S. C.

Kurimura, S.

Lefebvre, M.

Li, X.

X. Liu, X. Shen, J. Yin, and X. Li, “Three-crystal method for thermally induced phase mismatch compensation in second-harmonic generation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(2), 383–388 (2017).

Liang, Y.

Limpert, J.

Liu, B. A.

Liu, D.

Liu, F. F.

Liu, H.

Liu, P.

Liu, X.

X. Liu, X. Shen, J. Yin, and X. Li, “Three-crystal method for thermally induced phase mismatch compensation in second-harmonic generation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(2), 383–388 (2017).

Livshits, D. A.

Lu, L.

Marchev, G.

Menapace, J.

Menapace, J. A.

Miao, J.

Michel, A.-M.

Mio, N.

Molander, W.

Moriwaki, S.

Neely, D.

C. Danson, D. Hillier, N. Hopps, and D. Neely, “Petawatt class lasers worldwide,” High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 3, e3 (2015).

Nilsson, J.

D. J. Richardson, J. Nilsson, and W. A. Clarkson, “High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives [Invited],” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(11), B63–B92 (2010).

Ohmae, N.

Panyutin, V.

Parra, A.

Péalat, M.

Peschel, T.

Petrov, V.

Phillips, R. A.

R. A. Phillips, “Temperature variation of the index of refraction of ADP, KDP, and deuterated KDP,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56(5), 629–632 (1966).

Prosandeev, S. A.

Pugachev, A. M.

Qian, L.

H. Zhong, P. Yuan, S. Wen, and L. Qian, “Temperature-insensitive frequency tripling for generating high-average power UV lasers,” Opt. Express 22(4), 4267–4276 (2014).
[PubMed]

Qian, L. J.

Qiao, Z.

Raevskaya, S. I.

Raevski, I. P.

Rafailov, E. U.

Raybaut, M.

Richardson, D. J.

D. J. Richardson, J. Nilsson, and W. A. Clarkson, “High power fiber lasers: current status and future perspectives [Invited],” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27(11), B63–B92 (2010).

Riley, M. O.

Rothhardt, J.

Runkel, M.

Schaffers, K.

Schmid, T.

Sheina, S.

Shen, X.

X. Liu, X. Shen, J. Yin, and X. Li, “Three-crystal method for thermally induced phase mismatch compensation in second-harmonic generation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(2), 383–388 (2017).

Sheng, Y.

Shevyrdyaeva, G.

Shi, H.

P. Wang, H. Shi, F. Tan, and P. Wang, “Tunable femtosecond pulse source from 1.6 to 2.3 μm with 100 kW peak power in an all-fiber system,” Chin. Opt. Lett. 14(9), 091405 (2016).

Shi, J.

Shi, W.

Siders, C.

Sokolovskii, G. S.

Sola, I.

Starikova, M.

Stolz, C. J.

Su, R.

Sun, M.

Sun, X.

L. Zhang, F. Zhang, M. Xu, Z. Wang, and X. Sun, “Noncritical phase matching fourth harmonic generation properties of KD2PO4 crystals,” Opt. Express 23(18), 23401–23413 (2015).
[PubMed]

Surovtsev, N. V.

Sutton, S.

Suzuki, I.

Takeno, K.

Tan, F.

P. Wang, H. Shi, F. Tan, and P. Wang, “Tunable femtosecond pulse source from 1.6 to 2.3 μm with 100 kW peak power in an all-fiber system,” Chin. Opt. Lett. 14(9), 091405 (2016).

Tang, L.

Tassano, J.

Telford, S.

Tovstonog, S. V.

Trull, J.

Tsang, Y. H.

Tünnermann, A.

Tyazhev, A.

Vilaseca, R.

Wang, B.

Wang, C.

Wang, J.

Wang, P.

P. Wang, H. Shi, F. Tan, and P. Wang, “Tunable femtosecond pulse source from 1.6 to 2.3 μm with 100 kW peak power in an all-fiber system,” Chin. Opt. Lett. 14(9), 091405 (2016).

Wang, Y.

Wang, Z.

L. Zhang, F. Zhang, M. Xu, Z. Wang, and X. Sun, “Noncritical phase matching fourth harmonic generation properties of KD2PO4 crystals,” Opt. Express 23(18), 23401–23413 (2015).
[PubMed]

Wei, H.

Wen, S.

H. Zhong, P. Yuan, S. Wen, and L. Qian, “Temperature-insensitive frequency tripling for generating high-average power UV lasers,” Opt. Express 22(4), 4267–4276 (2014).
[PubMed]

Whitman, P. K.

Xu, D.

Xu, M.

L. Zhang, F. Zhang, M. Xu, Z. Wang, and X. Sun, “Noncritical phase matching fourth harmonic generation properties of KD2PO4 crystals,” Opt. Express 23(18), 23401–23413 (2015).
[PubMed]

Xu, M. X.

Yan, C.

Yan, D.

Yang, A.

Yao, J.

Yin, J.

X. Liu, X. Shen, J. Yin, and X. Li, “Three-crystal method for thermally induced phase mismatch compensation in second-harmonic generation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34(2), 383–388 (2017).

Yu, J.

Yuan, P.

H. Zhong, P. Yuan, S. Wen, and L. Qian, “Temperature-insensitive frequency tripling for generating high-average power UV lasers,” Opt. Express 22(4), 4267–4276 (2014).
[PubMed]

Zhang, F.

L. Zhang, F. Zhang, M. Xu, Z. Wang, and X. Sun, “Noncritical phase matching fourth harmonic generation properties of KD2PO4 crystals,” Opt. Express 23(18), 23401–23413 (2015).
[PubMed]

Zhang, J.

Zhang, L.

L. Zhang, F. Zhang, M. Xu, Z. Wang, and X. Sun, “Noncritical phase matching fourth harmonic generation properties of KD2PO4 crystals,” Opt. Express 23(18), 23401–23413 (2015).
[PubMed]

Zhang, L. S.

Zhong, H.

H. Zhong, P. Yuan, S. Wen, and L. Qian, “Temperature-insensitive frequency tripling for generating high-average power UV lasers,” Opt. Express 22(4), 4267–4276 (2014).
[PubMed]

Zhong, H. Z.

Zhong, K.

Zhou, H. L.

Zhu, H. Y.

Zhu, J.

Zhu, L. L.

Appl. Opt. (1)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

Chin. Opt. Lett. (2)

P. Wang, H. Shi, F. Tan, and P. Wang, “Tunable femtosecond pulse source from 1.6 to 2.3 μm with 100 kW peak power in an all-fiber system,” Chin. Opt. Lett. 14(9), 091405 (2016).

CrystEngComm (1)

High Power Laser Sci. Eng. (1)

C. Danson, D. Hillier, N. Hopps, and D. Neely, “Petawatt class lasers worldwide,” High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 3, e3 (2015).

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (2)

D. Eimerl, “High average power harmonic generation,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23(5), 575–592 (1987).

G. C. Ghosh and G. C. Bhar, “Temperature dispersion in ADP, KDP, and KD*P for nonlinear devices,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 18(2), 143–145 (1982).

IEEE Photonics J. (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. (1)

R. A. Phillips, “Temperature variation of the index of refraction of ADP, KDP, and deuterated KDP,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56(5), 629–632 (1966).

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (4)

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Fig. 1 Configuration of polarization states for temperature-insensitive frequency conversion. (a) Type-I second harmonic generation (SHG). (b) Type-II third harmonic generation (THG).

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Fig. 2 Values of

Δ k^{'}

L_{B}

, and

Δ K_{B} (T_{0})

as a function of angles. (a), (c), and (e) Type-I SHG. (b), (d), and (f) Type-II THG.

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Fig. 3 Schematic diagrams of temperature-insensitive (a) SHG and (b) THG experiments.

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Fig. 4 Measured and simulated efficiencies of (a) SHG and (b) THG vary with temperature using a single KDP crystal.

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Fig. 5 Measured and simulated efficiencies vary with temperature based on the cascaded KDP crystals. (a) SHG and (c) THG without phase mismatch compensation. (b) SHG and (d) THG with phase mismatch compensation. All the efficiencies were normalized to their maximum values at the initial phase-matching temperature.

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Fig. 6 (a) Simulated results of crystal cascade and (b) schematic diagrams of crystals sequence with different number. (c) The change of SHG efficiency with

Δ K_{A i r}

induced by air dispersion and the change of

Δ K_{B}

induced by crystal B with the rotation angle. (d) Variation of the crystal length in the direction of beams propagation. In (a) and (c), all the efficiencies were normalized to the maximum values. In (b), dark blue rectangles indicate the crystals used for SHG, and light blue rectangles indicate the phase mismatch compensation crystals.

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Fig. 7 (a) Walk-off angles of the FW and SH vary with the cutting angle of crystal B. (b) Spatial walk-off distances of the FW and SH.

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Tables (2)

Table 1 Experimental and simulated results of the conventional scheme and the proposed scheme

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Table 2 Simulated results of crystal cascade with different number

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Equations (13)

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Δ k_{A}^{S H G} = k_{e} (ω_{2}) - 2 k_{o} (ω_{1}) = \frac{2 ω_{1}}{c} [n_{e} (ω_{2}, θ_{pm}^{S H G}, T) - n_{o} (ω_{1}, T)]

Δ {k^{'}}_{A}^{S H G} = \frac{\partial Δ k_{A}^{S H G}}{\partial T} = \frac{2 ω_{1}}{c} \frac{\partial [n_{e} (ω_{2}, θ_{p m}^{S H G}, T) - n_{o} (ω_{1}, T)]}{\partial T}

Δ k_{B}^{S H G} = k_{o} (ω_{2}) - 2 k_{e} (ω_{1}) = \frac{2 ω_{1}}{c} [n_{o} (ω_{2}, T) - n_{e} (ω_{1}, θ_{B}^{S H G}, T)]

Δ {k^{'}}_{B}^{S H G} = \frac{\partial Δ k_{B}^{S H G}}{\partial T} = \frac{2 ω_{1}}{c} \frac{\partial [n_{o} (ω_{2}, T) - n_{e} (ω_{1}, θ_{B}^{S H G}, T)]}{\partial T}

Δ k_{A}^{T H G} = k_{e} (ω_{3}) - k_{o} (ω_{2}) - k_{e} (ω_{1}) = \frac{ω_{1}}{c} [3 n_{e} (ω_{3}, θ_{p m}^{T H G}, T) - 2 n_{o} (ω_{2}, T) - n_{e} (ω_{1}, θ_{p m}^{T H G}, T)]

Δ {k^{'}}_{A}^{T H G} = \frac{\partial Δ k_{A}^{T H G}}{\partial T} = \frac{ω_{1}}{c} \frac{\partial [3 n_{e} (ω_{3}, θ_{p m}^{T H G}, T) - 2 n_{o} (ω_{2}, T) - n_{e} (ω_{1}, θ_{p m}^{T H G}, T)]}{\partial T}

Δ k_{B}^{T H G} = k_{o} (ω_{3}) - k_{e} (ω_{2}) - k_{o} (ω_{1}) = \frac{ω_{1}}{c} [3 n_{o} (ω_{3}, T) - 2 n_{e} (ω_{2}, θ_{B}^{T H G}, T) - n_{o} (ω_{1}, T)]

Δ {k^{'}}_{B}^{T H G} = \frac{\partial Δ k_{B}^{T H G}}{\partial T} = \frac{ω_{1}}{c} \frac{\partial [3 n_{o} (ω_{3}, T) - 2 n_{e} (ω_{2}, θ_{B}^{T H G}, T) - n_{o} (ω_{1}, T)]}{\partial T}

Δ {k^{'}}_{B} \cdot L_{B} = - Δ {k^{'}}_{A} \cdot L_{A}

Δ K_{B} (T_{0}) = Δ k_{B} (T_{0}) \cdot L_{B} = N \cdot 2 π

Δ K_{B} (T_{0}) + Δ K_{A i r} = Δ k_{B} (T_{0}) \cdot L_{B} / \cos (θ) + Δ K_{A i r} = N \cdot 2 π

d_{o o e} = - d_{36} \sin (θ) \sin (2 φ)

d_{o e e} = d_{e o e} = d_{36} \sin (2 θ) \cos (2 φ)

Frequency conversion	SHG		THG
	Experiment	Simulation	Experiment	Simulation
$Δ T$ (Uncompensation)	5.24°C	5.36°C	1.49°C	1.48°C
$Δ T$ (Compensation)	10.52°C	10.85°C	2.6°C	3.08°C
Enlarge	2.0 times	2.0 times	1.7 times	2.1 times
$η_{\max}$ (Uncompensation)	3.96%	4.36%	4.86%	5.37%
$η_{\max}$ (Compensation)	4.14%	4.23%	5.11%	5.22%
Relative increase in efficiency	0.18%	−0.13%	0.25%	−0.15%

Number of crystals used for SHG	1	2	3	4
Length of single crystal	36 mm	18 mm	12 mm	9 mm
$Δ T$	5.36°C	10.85°C	16.31°C	21.76°C
$η_{\max}$	4.556%	4.425%	4.297%	4.172%
Relative increase in efficiency	0	−0.131%	−0.259%	−0.384%

Frequency conversion	SHG		THG
	Experiment	Simulation	Experiment	Simulation
$Δ T$ (Uncompensation)	5.24°C	5.36°C	1.49°C	1.48°C
$Δ T$ (Compensation)	10.52°C	10.85°C	2.6°C	3.08°C
Enlarge	2.0 times	2.0 times	1.7 times	2.1 times
$η_{\max}$ (Uncompensation)	3.96%	4.36%	4.86%	5.37%
$η_{\max}$ (Compensation)	4.14%	4.23%	5.11%	5.22%
Relative increase in efficiency	0.18%	−0.13%	0.25%	−0.15%

Number of crystals used for SHG	1	2	3	4
Length of single crystal	36 mm	18 mm	12 mm	9 mm
$Δ T$	5.36°C	10.85°C	16.31°C	21.76°C
$η_{\max}$	4.556%	4.425%	4.297%	4.172%
Relative increase in efficiency	0	−0.131%	−0.259%	−0.384%