Enhancement of terahertz reflection tomographic imaging by interference cancellation between layers

Hochong Park; Joo-Hiuk Son; Chang-Beom Ahn

doi:10.1364/OE.24.007028

Abstract

This paper proposes a method to enhance terahertz reflection tomographic imaging by interference cancellation between layers. When the gap between layers is small, the signal reflected on the upper layer interferes with that on the lower layer, which degrades the quality of the reconstructed tomographic image in the lower layer. The proposed method estimates the upper-layer reflection signal by system modeling, which is then eliminated from the acquired signal. In this way, it can provide the correct lower-layer reflection signal, thereby improving the quality of the lower-layer tomographic image. The performance of the proposed method was confirmed using computer simulation data and real terahertz reflection data.

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References

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Year
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Author
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Publication

B. B. Hu and M. C. Nuss, “Imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Lett. 20(16), 1716–1718 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. M. Mittleman, R. H. Jacobsen, and M. C. Nuss, “T-ray imaging,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2(3), 679–692 (1996).
[Crossref]
D. M. Mittleman, S. Hunsche, L. Boivin, and M. C. Nuss, “T-ray tomography,” Opt. Lett. 22(12), 904–906 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J.-H. Son, “Terahertz electromagnetic interactions with biological matter and their applications,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(10), 102033 (2009).
[Crossref]
S. J. Oh, J. Kang, I. Maeng, J.-S. Suh, Y.-M. Huh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Nanoparticle-enabled terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3469–3475 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. J. Oh, J. Choi, I. Maeng, J. Y. Park, K. Lee, Y.-M. Huh, J.-S. Suh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Molecular imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Express 19(5), 4009–4016 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Y. Park, H. J. Choi, G.-E. Nam, K.-S. Cho, and J.-H. Son, “In vivo dual-modality terahertz/magnetic resonance imaging using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a dual contrast agent,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 2(1), 93–98 (2012).
[Crossref]
S.-H. Cho, S.-H. Lee, C. Nam-Gung, S. J. Oh, J.-H. Son, H. Park, and C.-B. Ahn, “Fast terahertz reflection tomography using block-based compressed sensing,” Opt. Express 19(17), 16401–16409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
K. Kim, D.-G. Lee, W.-G. Ham, J. Ku, S.-H. Lee, C.-B. Ahn, J.-H. Son, and H. Park, “Adaptive compressed sensing for the fast terahertz reflection tomography,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3(4), 395–401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. Widrow and S. D. Stearns, Adaptive Signal Processing (Prentice-Hall, 1985).

2013 (1)

K. Kim, D.-G. Lee, W.-G. Ham, J. Ku, S.-H. Lee, C.-B. Ahn, J.-H. Son, and H. Park, “Adaptive compressed sensing for the fast terahertz reflection tomography,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3(4), 395–401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (1)

J. Y. Park, H. J. Choi, G.-E. Nam, K.-S. Cho, and J.-H. Son, “In vivo dual-modality terahertz/magnetic resonance imaging using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a dual contrast agent,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 2(1), 93–98 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (2)

S. J. Oh, J. Choi, I. Maeng, J. Y. Park, K. Lee, Y.-M. Huh, J.-S. Suh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Molecular imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Express 19(5), 4009–4016 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S.-H. Cho, S.-H. Lee, C. Nam-Gung, S. J. Oh, J.-H. Son, H. Park, and C.-B. Ahn, “Fast terahertz reflection tomography using block-based compressed sensing,” Opt. Express 19(17), 16401–16409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (2)

J.-H. Son, “Terahertz electromagnetic interactions with biological matter and their applications,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(10), 102033 (2009).
[Crossref]

S. J. Oh, J. Kang, I. Maeng, J.-S. Suh, Y.-M. Huh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Nanoparticle-enabled terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3469–3475 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1997 (1)

D. M. Mittleman, S. Hunsche, L. Boivin, and M. C. Nuss, “T-ray tomography,” Opt. Lett. 22(12), 904–906 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (1)

D. M. Mittleman, R. H. Jacobsen, and M. C. Nuss, “T-ray imaging,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2(3), 679–692 (1996).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

B. B. Hu and M. C. Nuss, “Imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Lett. 20(16), 1716–1718 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ahn, C.-B.

K. Kim, D.-G. Lee, W.-G. Ham, J. Ku, S.-H. Lee, C.-B. Ahn, J.-H. Son, and H. Park, “Adaptive compressed sensing for the fast terahertz reflection tomography,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3(4), 395–401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S.-H. Cho, S.-H. Lee, C. Nam-Gung, S. J. Oh, J.-H. Son, H. Park, and C.-B. Ahn, “Fast terahertz reflection tomography using block-based compressed sensing,” Opt. Express 19(17), 16401–16409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Boivin, L.

D. M. Mittleman, S. Hunsche, L. Boivin, and M. C. Nuss, “T-ray tomography,” Opt. Lett. 22(12), 904–906 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cho, K.-S.

J. Y. Park, H. J. Choi, G.-E. Nam, K.-S. Cho, and J.-H. Son, “In vivo dual-modality terahertz/magnetic resonance imaging using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a dual contrast agent,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 2(1), 93–98 (2012).
[Crossref]

Cho, S.-H.

S.-H. Cho, S.-H. Lee, C. Nam-Gung, S. J. Oh, J.-H. Son, H. Park, and C.-B. Ahn, “Fast terahertz reflection tomography using block-based compressed sensing,” Opt. Express 19(17), 16401–16409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Choi, H. J.

J. Y. Park, H. J. Choi, G.-E. Nam, K.-S. Cho, and J.-H. Son, “In vivo dual-modality terahertz/magnetic resonance imaging using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a dual contrast agent,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 2(1), 93–98 (2012).
[Crossref]

Choi, J.

S. J. Oh, J. Choi, I. Maeng, J. Y. Park, K. Lee, Y.-M. Huh, J.-S. Suh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Molecular imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Express 19(5), 4009–4016 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Haam, S.

S. J. Oh, J. Choi, I. Maeng, J. Y. Park, K. Lee, Y.-M. Huh, J.-S. Suh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Molecular imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Express 19(5), 4009–4016 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. J. Oh, J. Kang, I. Maeng, J.-S. Suh, Y.-M. Huh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Nanoparticle-enabled terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3469–3475 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ham, W.-G.

K. Kim, D.-G. Lee, W.-G. Ham, J. Ku, S.-H. Lee, C.-B. Ahn, J.-H. Son, and H. Park, “Adaptive compressed sensing for the fast terahertz reflection tomography,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3(4), 395–401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jacobsen, R. H.

D. M. Mittleman, R. H. Jacobsen, and M. C. Nuss, “T-ray imaging,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2(3), 679–692 (1996).
[Crossref]

Kang, J.

S. J. Oh, J. Kang, I. Maeng, J.-S. Suh, Y.-M. Huh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Nanoparticle-enabled terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3469–3475 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, K.

K. Kim, D.-G. Lee, W.-G. Ham, J. Ku, S.-H. Lee, C.-B. Ahn, J.-H. Son, and H. Park, “Adaptive compressed sensing for the fast terahertz reflection tomography,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3(4), 395–401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ku, J.

K. Kim, D.-G. Lee, W.-G. Ham, J. Ku, S.-H. Lee, C.-B. Ahn, J.-H. Son, and H. Park, “Adaptive compressed sensing for the fast terahertz reflection tomography,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3(4), 395–401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, D.-G.

K. Kim, D.-G. Lee, W.-G. Ham, J. Ku, S.-H. Lee, C.-B. Ahn, J.-H. Son, and H. Park, “Adaptive compressed sensing for the fast terahertz reflection tomography,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3(4), 395–401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, K.

S. J. Oh, J. Choi, I. Maeng, J. Y. Park, K. Lee, Y.-M. Huh, J.-S. Suh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Molecular imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Express 19(5), 4009–4016 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, S.-H.

K. Kim, D.-G. Lee, W.-G. Ham, J. Ku, S.-H. Lee, C.-B. Ahn, J.-H. Son, and H. Park, “Adaptive compressed sensing for the fast terahertz reflection tomography,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3(4), 395–401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S.-H. Cho, S.-H. Lee, C. Nam-Gung, S. J. Oh, J.-H. Son, H. Park, and C.-B. Ahn, “Fast terahertz reflection tomography using block-based compressed sensing,” Opt. Express 19(17), 16401–16409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Maeng, I.

S. J. Oh, J. Choi, I. Maeng, J. Y. Park, K. Lee, Y.-M. Huh, J.-S. Suh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Molecular imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Express 19(5), 4009–4016 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. J. Oh, J. Kang, I. Maeng, J.-S. Suh, Y.-M. Huh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Nanoparticle-enabled terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3469–3475 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mittleman, D. M.

D. M. Mittleman, S. Hunsche, L. Boivin, and M. C. Nuss, “T-ray tomography,” Opt. Lett. 22(12), 904–906 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. M. Mittleman, R. H. Jacobsen, and M. C. Nuss, “T-ray imaging,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2(3), 679–692 (1996).
[Crossref]

Nam, G.-E.

J. Y. Park, H. J. Choi, G.-E. Nam, K.-S. Cho, and J.-H. Son, “In vivo dual-modality terahertz/magnetic resonance imaging using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a dual contrast agent,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 2(1), 93–98 (2012).
[Crossref]

Nam-Gung, C.

S.-H. Cho, S.-H. Lee, C. Nam-Gung, S. J. Oh, J.-H. Son, H. Park, and C.-B. Ahn, “Fast terahertz reflection tomography using block-based compressed sensing,” Opt. Express 19(17), 16401–16409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nuss, M. C.

D. M. Mittleman, S. Hunsche, L. Boivin, and M. C. Nuss, “T-ray tomography,” Opt. Lett. 22(12), 904–906 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. M. Mittleman, R. H. Jacobsen, and M. C. Nuss, “T-ray imaging,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2(3), 679–692 (1996).
[Crossref]

B. B. Hu and M. C. Nuss, “Imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Lett. 20(16), 1716–1718 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Oh, S. J.

S.-H. Cho, S.-H. Lee, C. Nam-Gung, S. J. Oh, J.-H. Son, H. Park, and C.-B. Ahn, “Fast terahertz reflection tomography using block-based compressed sensing,” Opt. Express 19(17), 16401–16409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. J. Oh, J. Choi, I. Maeng, J. Y. Park, K. Lee, Y.-M. Huh, J.-S. Suh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Molecular imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Express 19(5), 4009–4016 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. J. Oh, J. Kang, I. Maeng, J.-S. Suh, Y.-M. Huh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Nanoparticle-enabled terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3469–3475 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Park, H.

K. Kim, D.-G. Lee, W.-G. Ham, J. Ku, S.-H. Lee, C.-B. Ahn, J.-H. Son, and H. Park, “Adaptive compressed sensing for the fast terahertz reflection tomography,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3(4), 395–401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S.-H. Cho, S.-H. Lee, C. Nam-Gung, S. J. Oh, J.-H. Son, H. Park, and C.-B. Ahn, “Fast terahertz reflection tomography using block-based compressed sensing,” Opt. Express 19(17), 16401–16409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Park, J. Y.

J. Y. Park, H. J. Choi, G.-E. Nam, K.-S. Cho, and J.-H. Son, “In vivo dual-modality terahertz/magnetic resonance imaging using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a dual contrast agent,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 2(1), 93–98 (2012).
[Crossref]

S. J. Oh, J. Choi, I. Maeng, J. Y. Park, K. Lee, Y.-M. Huh, J.-S. Suh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Molecular imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Express 19(5), 4009–4016 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Son, J.-H.

K. Kim, D.-G. Lee, W.-G. Ham, J. Ku, S.-H. Lee, C.-B. Ahn, J.-H. Son, and H. Park, “Adaptive compressed sensing for the fast terahertz reflection tomography,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3(4), 395–401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Y. Park, H. J. Choi, G.-E. Nam, K.-S. Cho, and J.-H. Son, “In vivo dual-modality terahertz/magnetic resonance imaging using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a dual contrast agent,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 2(1), 93–98 (2012).
[Crossref]

S. J. Oh, J. Choi, I. Maeng, J. Y. Park, K. Lee, Y.-M. Huh, J.-S. Suh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Molecular imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Express 19(5), 4009–4016 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S.-H. Cho, S.-H. Lee, C. Nam-Gung, S. J. Oh, J.-H. Son, H. Park, and C.-B. Ahn, “Fast terahertz reflection tomography using block-based compressed sensing,” Opt. Express 19(17), 16401–16409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.-H. Son, “Terahertz electromagnetic interactions with biological matter and their applications,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(10), 102033 (2009).
[Crossref]

S. J. Oh, J. Kang, I. Maeng, J.-S. Suh, Y.-M. Huh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Nanoparticle-enabled terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3469–3475 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Suh, J.-S.

S. J. Oh, J. Choi, I. Maeng, J. Y. Park, K. Lee, Y.-M. Huh, J.-S. Suh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Molecular imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Express 19(5), 4009–4016 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. J. Oh, J. Kang, I. Maeng, J.-S. Suh, Y.-M. Huh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Nanoparticle-enabled terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3469–3475 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (1)

D. M. Mittleman, R. H. Jacobsen, and M. C. Nuss, “T-ray imaging,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2(3), 679–692 (1996).
[Crossref]

IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. (2)

J. Y. Park, H. J. Choi, G.-E. Nam, K.-S. Cho, and J.-H. Son, “In vivo dual-modality terahertz/magnetic resonance imaging using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a dual contrast agent,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 2(1), 93–98 (2012).
[Crossref]

K. Kim, D.-G. Lee, W.-G. Ham, J. Ku, S.-H. Lee, C.-B. Ahn, J.-H. Son, and H. Park, “Adaptive compressed sensing for the fast terahertz reflection tomography,” IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 3(4), 395–401 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Appl. Phys. (1)

J.-H. Son, “Terahertz electromagnetic interactions with biological matter and their applications,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(10), 102033 (2009).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (3)

S. J. Oh, J. Kang, I. Maeng, J.-S. Suh, Y.-M. Huh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Nanoparticle-enabled terahertz imaging for cancer diagnosis,” Opt. Express 17(5), 3469–3475 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. J. Oh, J. Choi, I. Maeng, J. Y. Park, K. Lee, Y.-M. Huh, J.-S. Suh, S. Haam, and J.-H. Son, “Molecular imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Express 19(5), 4009–4016 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S.-H. Cho, S.-H. Lee, C. Nam-Gung, S. J. Oh, J.-H. Son, H. Park, and C.-B. Ahn, “Fast terahertz reflection tomography using block-based compressed sensing,” Opt. Express 19(17), 16401–16409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (2)

B. B. Hu and M. C. Nuss, “Imaging with terahertz waves,” Opt. Lett. 20(16), 1716–1718 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. M. Mittleman, S. Hunsche, L. Boivin, and M. C. Nuss, “T-ray tomography,” Opt. Lett. 22(12), 904–906 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (1)

B. Widrow and S. D. Stearns, Adaptive Signal Processing (Prentice-Hall, 1985).

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Fig. 1 Acquisition of reflected signal in THz reflection tomography system for object with two layers.

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Fig. 2 Acquired reflection signal on L₁ for THz reflection tomography system.

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Fig. 3 Block diagram for system modeling. (a) Conventional block diagram for general system modeling. (b) Block diagram for modeling reflection on L₁ in the proposed method.

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Fig. 4 Determination of R_i for reflection modeling. (a) Input THz pulse p(t) and the time gap Q between the start and the positive peak positions. (b) R₁ and R₂ determined from x(t).

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Fig. 5 Computer simulation data used in the performance analysis. (a) Test object used to generate computer simulation data. (b) System impulse response h₀(t) used to model the reflection. (c) Simulated reflection signal on each layer, u₁(t) and u₂(t). (d) Acquired signal, x(t) = u₁(t) + u₂(t). (e) Estimated reflection signal, u₁′(t) and u₂′(t), by the proposed method.

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Fig. 6 Tomographic image of L₂ reconstructed by the conventional method and by the proposed method when the layer gap is 15 samples. (a) 1% noise addition to h₀(t). (b) 10% noise addition to h₀(t).

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Fig. 7 Performance of the proposed method measured in terms of PSNR(dB) for computer simulation data. (a) 1% noise addition to h₀(t). (b) 10% noise addition to h₀(t).

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Fig. 8 Performance analysis for real THz reflection data. (a) Test object used to acquire the reflected signal. (b) x(t) in position with strong reflection on L₂ . (c) x(t) in position with strong reflection on L₃. (d) Estimated reflection signal, u₁′(t) and u₂′(t), for x(t) in (b) by the proposed method.

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Fig. 9 Tomographic image reconstructed by the conventional method and by the proposed method for real THz reflection data. (a) L₂. (b) L₃. (c) L₄.

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Tables (1)

Table 1 Performance of the Proposed Method Measured in Terms of PSNR(dB) for Real THz Reflection Data

View Table

Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

E (g) = \sum_{t = R_{1}}^{R_{2} - 1} {(x (t) - y (t))}^{2} = \sum_{t = R_{1}}^{R_{2} - 1} {(x (t) - p (t) * g (t))}^{2} = \sum_{t = R_{1}}^{R_{2} - 1} {(x (t) - \sum_{m = 0}^{K} g (m) p (t - m))}^{2}

\frac{\partial E (g)}{\partial g (k)} = \frac{\partial}{\partial g (k)} \sum_{t = R_{1}}^{R_{2} - 1} {(x (t) - \sum_{m = 0}^{K} g (m) p (t - m))}^{2} = - 2 \sum_{t = R_{1}}^{R_{2} - 1} [(x (t) - \sum_{m = 0}^{K} g (m) p (t - m)) p (t - k)]

g (k) \leftarrow g (k) + μ \sum_{t = R_{1}}^{R_{2} - 1} [(x (t) - \sum_{m = 0}^{K} g (m) p (t - m)) p (t - k)], k = 0, \dots, K

MethodLayer	PSNR(dB)
MethodLayer	Conventional	Proposed
L₂	28.04	29.25
L₃	29.83	30.16
L₄	36.84	38.10

Abstract

References

2013 (1)

2012 (1)

2011 (2)

2009 (2)

1997 (1)

1996 (1)

1995 (1)

Ahn, C.-B.

Boivin, L.

Cho, K.-S.

Cho, S.-H.

Choi, H. J.

Choi, J.

Haam, S.

Ham, W.-G.

Hu, B. B.

Huh, Y.-M.

Hunsche, S.

Jacobsen, R. H.

Kang, J.

Kim, K.

Ku, J.

Lee, D.-G.

Lee, K.

Lee, S.-H.

Maeng, I.

Mittleman, D. M.

Nam, G.-E.

Nam-Gung, C.

Nuss, M. C.

Oh, S. J.

Park, H.

Park, J. Y.

Son, J.-H.

Suh, J.-S.

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (1)

IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. (2)

J. Appl. Phys. (1)

Opt. Express (3)

Opt. Lett. (2)

Other (1)

Cited By

Figures (9)

Tables (1)

Equations (3)

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