Abstract

An in-line optofluidic refractive index (RI) sensing platform is constructed by splicing a side-channel photonic crystal fiber (SC-PCF) with side-polished single mode fibers. A long-period grating (LPG) combined with an intermodal interference between LP01 and LP11 core modes is used for sensing the RI of the liquid in the side channel. The resonant dip shows a nonlinear wavelength shift with increasing RI over the measured range from 1.3330 to 1.3961. The RI response of this sensing platform for a low RI range of 1.3330-1.3780 is approximately linear, and exhibits a sensitivity of 1145 nm/RIU. Besides, the detection limit of our sensing scheme is improved by around one order of magnitude by introducing the intermodal interference.

© 2016 Optical Society of America

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2016 (3)

K. Li, T. Zhang, G. Liu, N. Zhang, M. Zhang, and L. Wei, “Ultrasensitive optical microfiber coupler based sensors operating near the turning point of effective group index difference,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(10), 101101 (2016).
[Crossref]

Q. Ouyang, S. Zeng, L. Jiang, L. Hong, G. Xu, X.-Q. Dinh, J. Qian, S. He, J. Qu, P. Coquet, and K.-T. Yong, “Sensitivity enhancement of transition metal dichalcogenides/silicon nanostructure-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sci. Rep. 6, 28190 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Zhang, G. Humbert, T. Gong, P. P. Shum, K. Li, J.-L. Auguste, Z. Wu, D. J. J. Hu, F. Luan, Q. X. Dinh, M. Olivo, and L. Wei, “Side-channel photonic crystal fiber for surface enhanced Raman scattering sensing,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 223, 195–201 (2016).
[Crossref]

2014 (4)

C. Wu, M.-L. V. Tse, Z. Liu, B.-O. Guan, A. P. Zhang, C. Lu, and H.-Y. Tam, “In-line microfluidic integration of photonic crystal fibres as a highly sensitive refractometer,” Analyst (Lond.) 139(21), 5422–5429 (2014).
[Crossref]

K. Li, G. Liu, Y. Wu, P. Hao, W. Zhou, and Z. Zhang, “Gold nanoparticle amplified optical microfiber evanescent wave absorption biosensor for cancer biomarker detection in serum,” Talanta 120, 419–424 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. M. Zhang, Y. Lai, W. Yuan, Y. P. Seah, P. P. Shum, X. Yu, and H. Wei, “Laser-assisted lateral optical fiber processing for selective infiltration,” Opt. Express 22(3), 2675–2680 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Jin, H. Xuan, C. Wang, W. Jin, and Y. Wang, “Robust microfiber photonic microcells for sensor and device applications,” Opt. Express 22(23), 28132–28141 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (2)

2012 (5)

Z. Wu, Y. Liu, Z. Wang, T. Han, S. Li, M. Jiang, P. Ping Shum, and X. Quyen Dinh, “In-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer composed of microtaper and long-period grating in all-solid photonic bandgap fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(14), 141106 (2012).
[Crossref]

A. M. Stolyarov, L. Wei, O. Shapira, F. Sorin, S. L. Chua, J. D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Microfluidic directional emission control of an azimuthally polarized radial fibre laser,” Nat. Photonics 6(4), 229–233 (2012).
[Crossref]

Y.-F. Chen, L. Jiang, M. Mancuso, A. Jain, V. Oncescu, and D. Erickson, “Optofluidic opportunities in global health, food, water and energy,” Nanoscale 4(16), 4839–4857 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Cui, P. P. Shum, D. J. J. Hu, G. Wang, G. Humbert, and X. Q. Dinh, “Temperature sensor by using selectively filled photonic crystal fiber sagnac interferometer,” IEEE Photonics J. 4(5), 1801–1808 (2012).
[Crossref]

S. Unterkofler, R. J. McQuitty, T. G. Euser, N. J. Farrer, P. J. Sadler, and P. S. J. Russell, “Microfluidic integration of photonic crystal fibers for online photochemical reaction analysis,” Opt. Lett. 37(11), 1952–1954 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (5)

2010 (3)

2009 (3)

2008 (2)

2007 (1)

C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, “Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light,” Nat. Photonics 1(2), 106–114 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

D. Psaltis, S. R. Quake, and C. Yang, “Developing optofluidic technology through the fusion of microfluidics and optics,” Nature 442(7101), 381–386 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

Y. C. Tung, M. Zhang, C. T. Lin, K. Kurabayashi, and S. J. Skerlos, “PDMS-based opto-fluidic micro flow cytometer with two-color, multi-angle fluorescence detection capability using PIN photodiodes,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 98(2–3), 356–367 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

J. C. Knight, “Photonic crystal fibres,” Nature 424(6950), 847–851 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

G. Humbert and A. Malki, “Characterizations at very high temperature of electric arc-induced long-period fiber gratings,” Opt. Commun. 208(4–6), 329–335 (2002).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

1996 (2)

V. Bhatia and A. M. Vengsarkar, “Optical fiber long-period grating sensors,” Opt. Lett. 21(9), 692–694 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. M. Vengsarkar, P. J. Lemaire, J. B. Judkins, V. Bhatia, T. Erdogan, and J. E. Sipe, “Long-period fiber gratings as band-rejection filters,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14(1), 58–65 (1996).
[Crossref]

1965 (1)

Alkeskjold, T. T.

Altug, H.

A. A. Yanik, M. Huang, O. Kamohara, A. Artar, T. W. Geisbert, J. H. Connor, and H. Altug, “An optofluidic nanoplasmonic biosensor for direct detection of live viruses from biological media,” Nano Lett. 10(12), 4962–4969 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Artar, A.

A. A. Yanik, M. Huang, O. Kamohara, A. Artar, T. W. Geisbert, J. H. Connor, and H. Altug, “An optofluidic nanoplasmonic biosensor for direct detection of live viruses from biological media,” Nano Lett. 10(12), 4962–4969 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Auguste, J.-L.

N. Zhang, G. Humbert, T. Gong, P. P. Shum, K. Li, J.-L. Auguste, Z. Wu, D. J. J. Hu, F. Luan, Q. X. Dinh, M. Olivo, and L. Wei, “Side-channel photonic crystal fiber for surface enhanced Raman scattering sensing,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 223, 195–201 (2016).
[Crossref]

Bhatia, V.

A. M. Vengsarkar, P. J. Lemaire, J. B. Judkins, V. Bhatia, T. Erdogan, and J. E. Sipe, “Long-period fiber gratings as band-rejection filters,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14(1), 58–65 (1996).
[Crossref]

V. Bhatia and A. M. Vengsarkar, “Optical fiber long-period grating sensors,” Opt. Lett. 21(9), 692–694 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bjarklev, A.

Chen, Y.-F.

Y.-F. Chen, L. Jiang, M. Mancuso, A. Jain, V. Oncescu, and D. Erickson, “Optofluidic opportunities in global health, food, water and energy,” Nanoscale 4(16), 4839–4857 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chua, S. L.

A. M. Stolyarov, L. Wei, O. Shapira, F. Sorin, S. L. Chua, J. D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Microfluidic directional emission control of an azimuthally polarized radial fibre laser,” Nat. Photonics 6(4), 229–233 (2012).
[Crossref]

Connor, J. H.

A. A. Yanik, M. Huang, O. Kamohara, A. Artar, T. W. Geisbert, J. H. Connor, and H. Altug, “An optofluidic nanoplasmonic biosensor for direct detection of live viruses from biological media,” Nano Lett. 10(12), 4962–4969 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Coquet, P.

Q. Ouyang, S. Zeng, L. Jiang, L. Hong, G. Xu, X.-Q. Dinh, J. Qian, S. He, J. Qu, P. Coquet, and K.-T. Yong, “Sensitivity enhancement of transition metal dichalcogenides/silicon nanostructure-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sci. Rep. 6, 28190 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cui, W.

Cui, Y.

Y. Cui, P. P. Shum, D. J. J. Hu, G. Wang, G. Humbert, and X. Q. Dinh, “Temperature sensor by using selectively filled photonic crystal fiber sagnac interferometer,” IEEE Photonics J. 4(5), 1801–1808 (2012).
[Crossref]

Dinh, Q. X.

N. Zhang, G. Humbert, T. Gong, P. P. Shum, K. Li, J.-L. Auguste, Z. Wu, D. J. J. Hu, F. Luan, Q. X. Dinh, M. Olivo, and L. Wei, “Side-channel photonic crystal fiber for surface enhanced Raman scattering sensing,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 223, 195–201 (2016).
[Crossref]

Dinh, X. Q.

Y. Cui, P. P. Shum, D. J. J. Hu, G. Wang, G. Humbert, and X. Q. Dinh, “Temperature sensor by using selectively filled photonic crystal fiber sagnac interferometer,” IEEE Photonics J. 4(5), 1801–1808 (2012).
[Crossref]

Dinh, X.-Q.

Q. Ouyang, S. Zeng, L. Jiang, L. Hong, G. Xu, X.-Q. Dinh, J. Qian, S. He, J. Qu, P. Coquet, and K.-T. Yong, “Sensitivity enhancement of transition metal dichalcogenides/silicon nanostructure-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sci. Rep. 6, 28190 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Domachuk, P.

C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, “Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light,” Nat. Photonics 1(2), 106–114 (2007).
[Crossref]

Du, H.

Z. He, F. Tian, Y. Zhu, N. Lavlinskaia, and H. Du, “Long-period gratings in photonic crystal fiber as an optofluidic label-free biosensor,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 26(12), 4774–4778 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Eggleton, B. J.

D. K. C. Wu, B. T. Kuhlmey, and B. J. Eggleton, “Ultrasensitive photonic crystal fiber refractive index sensor,” Opt. Lett. 34(3), 322–324 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Monat, P. Domachuk, and B. J. Eggleton, “Integrated optofluidics: A new river of light,” Nat. Photonics 1(2), 106–114 (2007).
[Crossref]

Erdogan, T.

A. M. Vengsarkar, P. J. Lemaire, J. B. Judkins, V. Bhatia, T. Erdogan, and J. E. Sipe, “Long-period fiber gratings as band-rejection filters,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14(1), 58–65 (1996).
[Crossref]

Erickson, D.

Y.-F. Chen, L. Jiang, M. Mancuso, A. Jain, V. Oncescu, and D. Erickson, “Optofluidic opportunities in global health, food, water and energy,” Nanoscale 4(16), 4839–4857 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Eskildsen, L.

Euser, T. G.

Fan, X.

Farrer, N. J.

Fink, Y.

A. M. Stolyarov, L. Wei, O. Shapira, F. Sorin, S. L. Chua, J. D. Joannopoulos, and Y. Fink, “Microfluidic directional emission control of an azimuthally polarized radial fibre laser,” Nat. Photonics 6(4), 229–233 (2012).
[Crossref]

Frye-Mason, G.

Geisbert, T. W.

A. A. Yanik, M. Huang, O. Kamohara, A. Artar, T. W. Geisbert, J. H. Connor, and H. Altug, “An optofluidic nanoplasmonic biosensor for direct detection of live viruses from biological media,” Nano Lett. 10(12), 4962–4969 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gong, T.

N. Zhang, G. Humbert, T. Gong, P. P. Shum, K. Li, J.-L. Auguste, Z. Wu, D. J. J. Hu, F. Luan, Q. X. Dinh, M. Olivo, and L. Wei, “Side-channel photonic crystal fiber for surface enhanced Raman scattering sensing,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 223, 195–201 (2016).
[Crossref]

Guan, B.-O.

C. Wu, M.-L. V. Tse, Z. Liu, B.-O. Guan, A. P. Zhang, C. Lu, and H.-Y. Tam, “In-line microfluidic integration of photonic crystal fibres as a highly sensitive refractometer,” Analyst (Lond.) 139(21), 5422–5429 (2014).
[Crossref]

C. Wu, M.-L. V. Tse, Z. Liu, B.-O. Guan, C. Lu, and H.-Y. Tam, “In-line microfluidic refractometer based on C-shaped fiber assisted photonic crystal fiber Sagnac interferometer,” Opt. Lett. 38(17), 3283–3286 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Guo, J.

Han, T.

Hao, P.

K. Li, G. Liu, Y. Wu, P. Hao, W. Zhou, and Z. Zhang, “Gold nanoparticle amplified optical microfiber evanescent wave absorption biosensor for cancer biomarker detection in serum,” Talanta 120, 419–424 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

He, S.

Q. Ouyang, S. Zeng, L. Jiang, L. Hong, G. Xu, X.-Q. Dinh, J. Qian, S. He, J. Qu, P. Coquet, and K.-T. Yong, “Sensitivity enhancement of transition metal dichalcogenides/silicon nanostructure-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sci. Rep. 6, 28190 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

He, Z.

Z. He, F. Tian, Y. Zhu, N. Lavlinskaia, and H. Du, “Long-period gratings in photonic crystal fiber as an optofluidic label-free biosensor,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 26(12), 4774–4778 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hong, L.

Q. Ouyang, S. Zeng, L. Jiang, L. Hong, G. Xu, X.-Q. Dinh, J. Qian, S. He, J. Qu, P. Coquet, and K.-T. Yong, “Sensitivity enhancement of transition metal dichalcogenides/silicon nanostructure-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sci. Rep. 6, 28190 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hu, D. J. J.

N. Zhang, G. Humbert, T. Gong, P. P. Shum, K. Li, J.-L. Auguste, Z. Wu, D. J. J. Hu, F. Luan, Q. X. Dinh, M. Olivo, and L. Wei, “Side-channel photonic crystal fiber for surface enhanced Raman scattering sensing,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 223, 195–201 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. Cui, P. P. Shum, D. J. J. Hu, G. Wang, G. Humbert, and X. Q. Dinh, “Temperature sensor by using selectively filled photonic crystal fiber sagnac interferometer,” IEEE Photonics J. 4(5), 1801–1808 (2012).
[Crossref]

Huang, M.

A. A. Yanik, M. Huang, O. Kamohara, A. Artar, T. W. Geisbert, J. H. Connor, and H. Altug, “An optofluidic nanoplasmonic biosensor for direct detection of live viruses from biological media,” Nano Lett. 10(12), 4962–4969 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Humbert, G.

N. Zhang, G. Humbert, T. Gong, P. P. Shum, K. Li, J.-L. Auguste, Z. Wu, D. J. J. Hu, F. Luan, Q. X. Dinh, M. Olivo, and L. Wei, “Side-channel photonic crystal fiber for surface enhanced Raman scattering sensing,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 223, 195–201 (2016).
[Crossref]

Y. Cui, P. P. Shum, D. J. J. Hu, G. Wang, G. Humbert, and X. Q. Dinh, “Temperature sensor by using selectively filled photonic crystal fiber sagnac interferometer,” IEEE Photonics J. 4(5), 1801–1808 (2012).
[Crossref]

G. Humbert and A. Malki, “Characterizations at very high temperature of electric arc-induced long-period fiber gratings,” Opt. Commun. 208(4–6), 329–335 (2002).
[Crossref]

Jain, A.

Y.-F. Chen, L. Jiang, M. Mancuso, A. Jain, V. Oncescu, and D. Erickson, “Optofluidic opportunities in global health, food, water and energy,” Nanoscale 4(16), 4839–4857 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jiang, L.

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K. Li, T. Zhang, G. Liu, N. Zhang, M. Zhang, and L. Wei, “Ultrasensitive optical microfiber coupler based sensors operating near the turning point of effective group index difference,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(10), 101101 (2016).
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K. Li, T. Zhang, G. Liu, N. Zhang, M. Zhang, and L. Wei, “Ultrasensitive optical microfiber coupler based sensors operating near the turning point of effective group index difference,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(10), 101101 (2016).
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K. Li, G. Liu, Y. Wu, P. Hao, W. Zhou, and Z. Zhang, “Gold nanoparticle amplified optical microfiber evanescent wave absorption biosensor for cancer biomarker detection in serum,” Talanta 120, 419–424 (2014).
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Z. He, F. Tian, Y. Zhu, N. Lavlinskaia, and H. Du, “Long-period gratings in photonic crystal fiber as an optofluidic label-free biosensor,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 26(12), 4774–4778 (2011).
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Analyst (Lond.) (1)

C. Wu, M.-L. V. Tse, Z. Liu, B.-O. Guan, A. P. Zhang, C. Lu, and H.-Y. Tam, “In-line microfluidic integration of photonic crystal fibres as a highly sensitive refractometer,” Analyst (Lond.) 139(21), 5422–5429 (2014).
[Crossref]

Appl. Opt. (2)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (2)

Z. Wu, Y. Liu, Z. Wang, T. Han, S. Li, M. Jiang, P. Ping Shum, and X. Quyen Dinh, “In-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer composed of microtaper and long-period grating in all-solid photonic bandgap fiber,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 101(14), 141106 (2012).
[Crossref]

K. Li, T. Zhang, G. Liu, N. Zhang, M. Zhang, and L. Wei, “Ultrasensitive optical microfiber coupler based sensors operating near the turning point of effective group index difference,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(10), 101101 (2016).
[Crossref]

Biosens. Bioelectron. (1)

Z. He, F. Tian, Y. Zhu, N. Lavlinskaia, and H. Du, “Long-period gratings in photonic crystal fiber as an optofluidic label-free biosensor,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 26(12), 4774–4778 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

IEEE Photonics J. (1)

Y. Cui, P. P. Shum, D. J. J. Hu, G. Wang, G. Humbert, and X. Q. Dinh, “Temperature sensor by using selectively filled photonic crystal fiber sagnac interferometer,” IEEE Photonics J. 4(5), 1801–1808 (2012).
[Crossref]

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Nanoscale (1)

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Q. Ouyang, S. Zeng, L. Jiang, L. Hong, G. Xu, X.-Q. Dinh, J. Qian, S. He, J. Qu, P. Coquet, and K.-T. Yong, “Sensitivity enhancement of transition metal dichalcogenides/silicon nanostructure-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor,” Sci. Rep. 6, 28190 (2016).
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Y. C. Tung, M. Zhang, C. T. Lin, K. Kurabayashi, and S. J. Skerlos, “PDMS-based opto-fluidic micro flow cytometer with two-color, multi-angle fluorescence detection capability using PIN photodiodes,” Sens. Actuators B Chem. 98(2–3), 356–367 (2004).
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K. Li, G. Liu, Y. Wu, P. Hao, W. Zhou, and Z. Zhang, “Gold nanoparticle amplified optical microfiber evanescent wave absorption biosensor for cancer biomarker detection in serum,” Talanta 120, 419–424 (2014).
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Figures (5)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Scheme of the in-line optofluidic sensing platform.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) SEM image of the SC-PCF; Simulated intensity distribution of LP01 mode (b) and LP11 mode (c) at the wavelength of 1550 nm with the side channel infiltrated with water; Simulated intensity distribution of LP01 mode (d) and LP11 mode (e) at 1550 nm in air infiltration condition; Intensity distribution of LP01 (f) and LP11 (g) mode at 1550 nm in air infiltration condition measured at the fiber output. (The gray lines depict the fiber structure in simulation).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 (a) Calculated modal dispersion curves for LP01 (black square) and LP11 modes (red circle) in the condition that the side channel is filled with water, and for LP01 (green triangle) and LP11 modes (blue star) in the condition that the holy cladding is filled with air; (b) The calculated dependences of LPG pitch on resonant wavelength when the side channel is full of water (left axis, black curve) and air (left axis, blue curve), and the theoretical dependence of group ERI difference between LP01 and LP11 modes (right axis) on wavelength in selective water infiltration condition. (Inset)The microscope photo of the fabricated LPG with measurement of pitch.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Normalized transmission spectra, and (insets) measured intensity distribution at the resonant wavelength (1512 nm) and a non-resonant wavelength (1570 nm) under same excitation power.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 (a) Normalized transmission spectra recorded when the side channel is infiltrated with liquids with different RIs; (b) Measured (black square) and simulated (blue triangles) evolutions of the resonance wavelength of resonant dip versus the RI contrast of the liquid (compared with water) circulated into the large channel of the SC-PCF with an LPG. The red line is linearly fitted to the measured wavelength shift of Dip 2 over the IR contrast range of 0-0.045 (corresponding to an absolute RI range of 1.3330-1.3780 measured with refractometer in the experiment).

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Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

ψ=|( β core 11 ⋅ L 1 + β core 01 ⋅ L 2 )−( β core 01 ⋅ L 1 + β core 11 ⋅ L 2 )|, =|( β core 01 − β core 11 )⋅( L 2 − L 1 )|
Δλ=| λ 1 λ 2 Δ n g ( L 2 − L 1 ) |,
Δ n g =Δ n eff −λ d d λ Δ n eff .

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