Abstract

The mid-infrared spectral range extending from 2 to 6 μm is significant for scientific and technological applications. A promising nonlinear oxide crystal La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14 (LGN) is proposed and fully characterized for the first time to our knowledge. The transparency range extends between 0.28 and 7.4 μm. The two principal refractive indices were measured and we found that the nonlinear coefficient d11 = 3.0 ± 0.1 pm/V at 0.532 μm. The simultaneous fit of data allowed us to refine the Sellmeier equations of LGN and to calculate the tuning curves for optical parametric generation (OPG) pumped at 1.064 μm. Calculations are consistent with recorded data and also show the generation of a supercontinuum between 1.5 and 3.5 μm when pumped at 0.98 μm by a Ti:Sapphire laser.

© 2016 Optical Society of America

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2015 (1)

J. Wang, H. Yu, Y. Cheng, and R. Boughton, “Recent Developments in Functional Crystals in China,” Engineering 1(2), 192–210 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (1)

2013 (1)

S. Wang, M. Zhan, G. Wang, H. Xuan, W. Zhang, C. Liu, C. Xu, Y. Liu, Z. Wei, and X. Chen, “4H-SiC: a new nonlinear material for midinfrared lasers,” Laser Photonics Rev. 7(6), 1–8 (2013).

2012 (2)

2011 (1)

T. Veremeichik, “Optical Activity and Crystalline Structure of Crystals of the Langasite Family,” Crystallogr. Rep. 56(6), 1129–1134 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (2)

R. Soref, “Mid-infrared photonics in silicon and germanium,” Nat. Photonics 4(8), 495–497 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Yao, D. Mei, L. Bai, Z. Lin, W. Yin, P. Fu, and Y. Wu, “BaGa4Se7: a new congruent-melting IR nonlinear optical material,” Inorg. Chem. 49(20), 9212–9216 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (2)

H. Zhu, G. Zhang, C. Huang, H. Wang, Y. Wei, Y. Lin, L. Huang, G. Qiu, and Y. Huang, “Electro-optic Q-switched intracavity optical parametric oscillator at 1.53 μm based on KTiOAsO4,” Opt. Commun. 282(4), 601–604 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Sato, M. Abe, I. Shoji, J. Suda, and T. Kondo, “Accurate measurements of second-order nonlinear optical coefficients of 6H and 4H silicon carbide,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 26(10), 1892–1896 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

2007 (2)

2006 (1)

H. Kong, J. Wang, H. Zhang, and X. Yin, “Growth and characterization of La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14 crystal,” J. Cryst. Growth 292(2), 408–411 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

G. Kuz’micheva, E. Tyunina, E. Domoroshchina, V. Rybakov, and A. Dubovskii, “X-ray Diffraction Study of La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 and La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14 Langasite-Type Single Crystals,” Inorg. Mater. 41(4), 485–492 (2005).

2004 (2)

H. Kong, J. Wang, H. Zhang, X. Yin, X. Cheng, Y. Lin, X. Hu, X. Xu, and M. Jiang, “Growth and characterization of La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 crystal,” Cryst. Res. Technol. 39(8), 686–691 (2004).
[Crossref]

M. Kitaura, K. Mochizuki, Y. Inabe, M. Itoh, H. Nakagawa, and S. Oishi, “Fundamental optical properties and electronic structure of langasite La3Ga5SiO14 crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 69(11), 115120 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

2002 (2)

J. Stade, L. Bohatý, M. Hengst, and R. B. Heimann, “Electro‐optic, Piezoelectric and Dielectric Properties of Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14), Langanite (La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14) and Langataite (La3Ga5.5Ta0. 5O14),” Cryst. Res. Technol. 37(10), 1113–1120 (2002).
[Crossref]

A. Pavlovska, S. Werner, B. Maximov, and B. Mill, “Pressure-induced phase transitions of piezoelectric single crystals from the langasite family: La3Nb0.5Ga5.5O14 and La3Ta0.5Ga5.5O14.,” Acta Crystallogr. B 58(Pt 6), 939–947 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (1)

S. Cussat-Blanc, A. Ivanov, D. Lupinski, and E. Freysz, “KTiOPO4, KTiOAsO4, and KNbO3 crystals for mid-infrared femtosecond optical parametric amplifiers: analysis and comparison,” Appl. Phys. B 70(1), 247–252 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

K. Fradkin, A. Arie, A. Skliar, and G. Rosenman, “Tunable midinfrared source by difference frequency generation in bulk periodically poled KTiOPO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(7), 914–916 (1999).
[Crossref]

1994 (3)

W. Q. Zhang, “Optical parametric generation for biaxial crystal,” Opt. Commun. 105(3), 226–232 (1994).
[Crossref]

W. R. Bosenberg, L. K. Cheng, and J. D. Bierlein, “Optical parametric frequency conversion properties of KTiOAsO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 65(22), 2765–2767 (1994).
[Crossref]

J. T. Murray, N. Peyghambarian, and R. C. Powell, “Near infrared optical parametric oscillators,” Opt. Mater. 4(1), 55–60 (1994).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

L. K. Cheng and J. D. Bierlein, “KTP and isomorphs-recent progress in device and material development,” Ferroelectrics 142(1), 209–228 (1993).
[Crossref]

1991 (3)

R. H. French, J. W. Ling, F. S. Ohuchi, and C. T. Chen, “Electronic structure of β -BaB2O4 and LiB3O5 nonlinear optical crystals,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 44(16), 8496–8502 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. N. Nikogosyan, “Beta barium borate (BBO),” Appl. Phys., A Mater. Sci. Process. 52(6), 359–368 (1991).
[Crossref]

B. Boulanger and G. Marnier, “Field factor calculation for the study of the relationships between all the three-wave nonlinear optical interactions in uniaxial and biaxial crystals,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 3(43), 8327–8350 (1991).
[Crossref]

1989 (3)

J. D. Bierlein, H. Vanherzeele, and A. A. Ballman, “Linear and nonlinear optical properties of flux-grown KTiOAsO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 54(9), 783–785 (1989).
[Crossref]

C. Chen, Y. Wu, and R. Li, “The anionic group theory of the non-linear optical effect and its applications in the development of new high-quality NLO crystals in the borate series,” Int. Rev. Phys. Chem. 8(1), 65–91 (1989).
[Crossref]

C. Chen, A. Jiang, B. Wu, G. You, R. Li, and S. Lin, “New nonlinear-optical crystal: LiB3O5,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6(4), 616–621 (1989).
[Crossref]

1987 (1)

D. Eimerl, “Electro-optic, linear, and nonlinear optical properties of KDP and its isomorphs,” Ferroelectrics 72(1), 95–139 (1987).
[Crossref]

1984 (2)

J. Q. Yao and T. S. Fahlen, “Calculations of optimum phase match parameters for the biaxial crystal KTiOPO4,” J. Appl. Phys. 55(1), 65–68 (1984).
[Crossref]

J. E. Jaffe and A. Zunger, “Theory of the band-gap anomaly in ABC2 chalcopyrite semiconductors,” Phys. Rev. B 29(4), 1882–1906 (1984).
[Crossref]

1971 (1)

G. D. Boyd, E. Buehler, and F. G. Storz, “Linear and nonlinear optical properties of ZnGeP2 and CdSe,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 18(7), 301–304 (1971).
[Crossref]

1970 (1)

J. Jerphagnon and S. Kurtz, “Maker fringes: a detailed comparison of theory and experiment for isotropic and uniaxial crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 41(4), 1667–1681 (1970).
[Crossref]

1969 (1)

W. F. Hagen and P. C. Magnante, “Efficient Second Harmonic Generation with Diffraction Limited and High Spectral Radiance Nd Glass Lasers,” J. Appl. Phys. 40(1), 219–224 (1969).
[Crossref]

1966 (1)

J. Tauc, R. Grigorovici, and A. Vancu, “Optical Properties and Electronic Structure of Amorphous Germanium,” Phys. Status Solidi 15(2), 627–637 (1966).
[Crossref]

1951 (1)

H. A. Gebbie, W. R. Harding, C. Hilsum, A. W. Pryce, and V. Roberts, “Atmospheric Transmission in the 1 to 14 μm Region,” P. Roy. Soc. A: Math. Phy. 206(1084), 87–107 (1951).
[Crossref]

Abe, M.

Arie, A.

K. Fradkin, A. Arie, A. Skliar, and G. Rosenman, “Tunable midinfrared source by difference frequency generation in bulk periodically poled KTiOPO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(7), 914–916 (1999).
[Crossref]

Bai, L.

J. Yao, D. Mei, L. Bai, Z. Lin, W. Yin, P. Fu, and Y. Wu, “BaGa4Se7: a new congruent-melting IR nonlinear optical material,” Inorg. Chem. 49(20), 9212–9216 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ballman, A. A.

J. D. Bierlein, H. Vanherzeele, and A. A. Ballman, “Linear and nonlinear optical properties of flux-grown KTiOAsO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 54(9), 783–785 (1989).
[Crossref]

Baudisch, M.

Biegert, J.

Bierlein, J. D.

W. R. Bosenberg, L. K. Cheng, and J. D. Bierlein, “Optical parametric frequency conversion properties of KTiOAsO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 65(22), 2765–2767 (1994).
[Crossref]

L. K. Cheng and J. D. Bierlein, “KTP and isomorphs-recent progress in device and material development,” Ferroelectrics 142(1), 209–228 (1993).
[Crossref]

J. D. Bierlein, H. Vanherzeele, and A. A. Ballman, “Linear and nonlinear optical properties of flux-grown KTiOAsO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 54(9), 783–785 (1989).
[Crossref]

Bohatý, L.

J. Stade, L. Bohatý, M. Hengst, and R. B. Heimann, “Electro‐optic, Piezoelectric and Dielectric Properties of Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14), Langanite (La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14) and Langataite (La3Ga5.5Ta0. 5O14),” Cryst. Res. Technol. 37(10), 1113–1120 (2002).
[Crossref]

Bosenberg, W. R.

W. R. Bosenberg, L. K. Cheng, and J. D. Bierlein, “Optical parametric frequency conversion properties of KTiOAsO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 65(22), 2765–2767 (1994).
[Crossref]

Boughton, R.

J. Wang, H. Yu, Y. Cheng, and R. Boughton, “Recent Developments in Functional Crystals in China,” Engineering 1(2), 192–210 (2015).
[Crossref]

Boulanger, B.

Boursier, E.

Boyd, G. D.

G. D. Boyd, E. Buehler, and F. G. Storz, “Linear and nonlinear optical properties of ZnGeP2 and CdSe,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 18(7), 301–304 (1971).
[Crossref]

Buehler, E.

G. D. Boyd, E. Buehler, and F. G. Storz, “Linear and nonlinear optical properties of ZnGeP2 and CdSe,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 18(7), 301–304 (1971).
[Crossref]

Chen, C.

Chen, C. T.

R. H. French, J. W. Ling, F. S. Ohuchi, and C. T. Chen, “Electronic structure of β -BaB2O4 and LiB3O5 nonlinear optical crystals,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 44(16), 8496–8502 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, X.

S. Wang, M. Zhan, G. Wang, H. Xuan, W. Zhang, C. Liu, C. Xu, Y. Liu, Z. Wei, and X. Chen, “4H-SiC: a new nonlinear material for midinfrared lasers,” Laser Photonics Rev. 7(6), 1–8 (2013).

Cheng, L. K.

W. R. Bosenberg, L. K. Cheng, and J. D. Bierlein, “Optical parametric frequency conversion properties of KTiOAsO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 65(22), 2765–2767 (1994).
[Crossref]

L. K. Cheng and J. D. Bierlein, “KTP and isomorphs-recent progress in device and material development,” Ferroelectrics 142(1), 209–228 (1993).
[Crossref]

Cheng, X.

H. Kong, J. Wang, H. Zhang, X. Yin, X. Cheng, Y. Lin, X. Hu, X. Xu, and M. Jiang, “Growth and characterization of La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 crystal,” Cryst. Res. Technol. 39(8), 686–691 (2004).
[Crossref]

Cheng, Y.

J. Wang, H. Yu, Y. Cheng, and R. Boughton, “Recent Developments in Functional Crystals in China,” Engineering 1(2), 192–210 (2015).
[Crossref]

Cussat-Blanc, S.

S. Cussat-Blanc, A. Ivanov, D. Lupinski, and E. Freysz, “KTiOPO4, KTiOAsO4, and KNbO3 crystals for mid-infrared femtosecond optical parametric amplifiers: analysis and comparison,” Appl. Phys. B 70(1), 247–252 (2000).
[Crossref]

Debray, J.

Domoroshchina, E.

G. Kuz’micheva, E. Tyunina, E. Domoroshchina, V. Rybakov, and A. Dubovskii, “X-ray Diffraction Study of La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 and La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14 Langasite-Type Single Crystals,” Inorg. Mater. 41(4), 485–492 (2005).

Dubovskii, A.

G. Kuz’micheva, E. Tyunina, E. Domoroshchina, V. Rybakov, and A. Dubovskii, “X-ray Diffraction Study of La3Ga5.5Ta0.5O14 and La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14 Langasite-Type Single Crystals,” Inorg. Mater. 41(4), 485–492 (2005).

Ebrahim-Zadeh, M.

Eimerl, D.

D. Eimerl, “Electro-optic, linear, and nonlinear optical properties of KDP and its isomorphs,” Ferroelectrics 72(1), 95–139 (1987).
[Crossref]

Fahlen, T. S.

J. Q. Yao and T. S. Fahlen, “Calculations of optimum phase match parameters for the biaxial crystal KTiOPO4,” J. Appl. Phys. 55(1), 65–68 (1984).
[Crossref]

Félix, C.

Fève, J. P.

Fradkin, K.

K. Fradkin, A. Arie, A. Skliar, and G. Rosenman, “Tunable midinfrared source by difference frequency generation in bulk periodically poled KTiOPO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(7), 914–916 (1999).
[Crossref]

French, R. H.

R. H. French, J. W. Ling, F. S. Ohuchi, and C. T. Chen, “Electronic structure of β -BaB2O4 and LiB3O5 nonlinear optical crystals,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 44(16), 8496–8502 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Freysz, E.

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X. Zhang, X. Wang, G. Wang, Y. Wu, Y. Zhu, and C. Chen, “Determination of the nonlinear optical coefficients of the LixCs(1− x)B3O5 crystals,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(11), 2877–2882 (2007).
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H. Zhu, G. Zhang, C. Huang, H. Wang, Y. Wei, Y. Lin, L. Huang, G. Qiu, and Y. Huang, “Electro-optic Q-switched intracavity optical parametric oscillator at 1.53 μm based on KTiOAsO4,” Opt. Commun. 282(4), 601–604 (2009).
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Zhang, G.

H. Zhu, G. Zhang, C. Huang, H. Wang, Y. Wei, Y. Lin, L. Huang, G. Qiu, and Y. Huang, “Electro-optic Q-switched intracavity optical parametric oscillator at 1.53 μm based on KTiOAsO4,” Opt. Commun. 282(4), 601–604 (2009).
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Figures (12)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) An as-grown LGN crystal using the Czochralski method; (b) Orientation between the crystallographic (red) and the dielectric (blue) frames.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) The fragment of the structure of LGN crystal; (b) polyhedrons of (LaO8), (GaO4) and (NbO6).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 LGN polarized (a) and unpolarized (b) transmission spectra as a function of wavelength through a 2-mm-thick and x-cut slab. The inset of (a) corresponds to a zoom of the ultraviolet edge and the insets of (b) are the (αhv)2 versus hv curves for determining the ultraviolet (above) and infrared (below) cut-offs.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Measured principal refractive indices no and ne plotted as a function of wavelength (dots), and fit of these experimental data (continuous lines). The picture shows the oriented centimeter-size LGN prism that was used.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Orientation and polarization schemes of LGN (a) and KDP (b) slabs.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Recorded (black points), fit of experimental data (red line) and of the envelope (blue line) of the Maker Fringes pattern involving d11 coefficient of LGN.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Calculated type I SHG tuning curve as a function of the phase-matching angle θPM in the (y,z) plane of LGN.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 Calculated tuning curves of (a) type I SFG and (b) type III SFG, with λ2 = 1.5 μm as a function of the phase-matching angle θPM in the (y,z) and (x,z) planes of LGN, respectively.

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9 (a) Calculated tuning curves of (a) type II DFG and (b) type I DFG, with λ2 = 1.064 μm as a function of the phase-matching angle θPM in the (y,z) and (x,z) planes of LGN, respectively.

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Fig. 10
Fig. 10 (a) Second-order effective coefficents d e f f y z ( λ 1 , θ P M ) (blue continuous line) and d e f f x z ( λ 1 , θ P M ) (blue dashed line), and walk-off angle (black continuous line for (y,z) plane and black dashed line for (x,z) plane) as a function of the generated phase-matching wavelength λ1. (b) Angular and spectral acceptances (continuous line for (y,z) plane and dashed line for (x,z) plane) as a function of λ3 in LGN. They are associated to type II- and type I- DFG tuning curves of Fig. 9 in LGN, respectively.

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Fig. 11
Fig. 11 Calculated type II-OPG tuning curves in the (y, z) plane of LGN with a pump wavelength of (a) 1.064 μm, (b) 0.98 μm, 0.88 μm, and 0.78 μm. λi and λs are the idler and signal wavelengths, respectively.

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Fig. 12
Fig. 12 Recorded spectra (black lines for the OSA205, Thorlabs Inc. and the inset for YOKOGAWA AQ 6315A spectrum analyzer) at the output of a LGN-OPG pumped by a Nd:YAG laser at 1.064 μm. Arrows mark calculations using our Sellmeier equations (blue) and the dispersion equations of [12] (red).

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Tables (2)

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Table 1 Ordinary (no) and extraordinary (ne) principal refractive indices, and corresponding maximal value of birefringenceΔn = (ne – no) as a function of wavelength in LGN.

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Table 2 Comparison of some parameters of LGN with other nonlinear crystals that can be used in OPG for an emission between 2 µm and 6 µm.

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Equations (11)

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n e 2 ( λ ) = 3.79511 + 0.0500 λ 2 − 0.03405 − 0.00964 λ 2
n o 2 ( λ ) = 3.68270 + 0.0464 λ 2 − 0.02980 − 0.00870 λ 2
P ( λ 2 ω , α ) = β f ( α ) d i j 2 P 2 ( λ ω ) L 2 w 2 sin c 2 [ ψ ( α ) ]
f ( α ) = cos ( α ) 2366 λ ω 2 T ( λ 2 ω , α ) T 2 ( λ ω , α ) A ( λ 2 ω , α ) A 2 ( λ ω , α )
ψ ( α ) = 2 π L λ ω [ n 2 ( λ 2 ω , α ) − sin 2 ( α ) − n 2 ( λ ω , α ) − sin 2 ( α ) ]
d 11 2 ( λ 2 ω ) d 36 2 ( λ 2 ω ) = P L G N ( λ 2 ω , 0 ) P K D P ( λ 2 ω , 0 ) L K D P 2 L L G N 2 f K D P ( 0 ) f L G N ( 0 ) sin c 2 [ ψ K D P ( 0 ) ] sin c 2 [ ψ L G N ( 0 ) ]
ψ L G N ( 0 ) = 2 π L L G N λ ω [ n o ( λ 2 ω ) − n e ( λ ω ) ]
ψ K D P ( 0 ) = 2 π L K D P λ ω [ n e ( λ 2 ω ) − n o ( λ ω ) ]
( Δ θ ⋅ L ) y z = λ 1 λ 2 { sin 2 θ ⋅ [ λ 1 ⋅ ( n o ( λ 2 ) − 2 − n e ( λ 2 ) − 2 ) ⋅ n e 3 ( λ 2 , θ ) + λ 2 ⋅ ( n o ( λ 1 ) − 2 − n e ( λ 1 ) − 2 ) ⋅ n e 3 ( λ 1 , θ ) ] } - 1
( Δ θ ⋅ L ) x z = λ 1 [ sin 2 θ ⋅ ( n o ( λ 1 ) − 2 − n e ( λ 1 ) − 2 ) ⋅ n e 3 ( λ 1 , θ ) ] - 1
Δ λ ⋅ L = 0.5 ⋅ { n e ( λ 1 ) ⋅ ( λ 1 − 0.9398 λ 1 λ 3 ) − 2 − [ 0.00964 + 0.05 ( λ 1 2 − 0.03405 ) − 2 ] ⋅ n e ( λ 1 ) − 1 ⋅ ( 1 − 0.9398 λ 3 ) − 2 − [ 0.0087 + 0.0464 ( λ 3 2 − 0.0298 ) − 2 ] ⋅ n o ( λ 3 ) − n o ( λ 3 ) ⋅ λ 3 − 2 } − 1

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