Abstract

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a refractive index (RI) sensor based on cascaded microfiber knot resonators (CMKRs) with Vernier effect. Deriving from high proportional evanescent field of microfiber and spectrum magnification function of Vernier effect, the RI sensor shows high sensitivity as well as high detection resolution. By using the method named “Drawing-Knotting-Assembling (DKA)”, a compact CMKRs is fabricated for experimental demonstration. With the assistance of Lorentz fitting algorithm on the transmission spectrum, sensitivity of 6523nm/RIU and detection resolution up to 1.533 × 10−7RIU are obtained in the experiment which show good agreement with the numerical simulation. The proposed all-fiber RI sensor with high sensitivity, compact size and low cost can be widely used for chemical and biological detection, as well as the electronic/magnetic field measurement.

© 2015 Optical Society of America

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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]

2014 (4)

2013 (4)

J. Zhang, Q. Sun, R. Liang, W. Jia, X. Li, J. Wo, D. Liu, and P. Shum, “Microfiber Fabry–Perot Interferometer for Dual-Parameter Sensing,” J. Lightwave Technol. 31(10), 1608–1615 (2013).
[Crossref]

V. Zamora, P. Lützow, M. Weiland, and D. Pergande, “Investigation of cascaded SiN microring resonators at 1.3 µm and 1.5 µm,” Opt. Express 21(23), 27550–27557 (2013).
[PubMed]

W. B. Ji, S. C. Tjin, B. Lin, and C. L. Ng, “Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Adiabatically Tapered Microfiber Long Period Gratings,” Sensors (Basel) 13(10), 14055–14063 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Tan, L. Sun, L. Jin, J. Li, and B. Guan, “Long period grating-based microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for sensing applications,” Proc. SPIE 8924, 892435 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (7)

2011 (3)

2010 (4)

2009 (3)

2008 (1)

2007 (5)

2006 (1)

X. Jiang, Q. Yang, G. Vienne, Y. Li, L. Tong, J. Zhang, and L. Hu, “Demonstration of microfiber knot laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(14), 143513 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (2)

W. Liang, Y. Huang, Y. Xu, R. K. Lee, and A. Yariv, “Highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(15), 151122 (2005).
[Crossref]

S. J. Choi, Z. Peng, Q. Yang, S. J. Choi, and P. D. Dapkus, “Tunable narrow linewidth all-buried hetero structure ring resonator filters using vernier effects,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(1), 106–108 (2005).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426(6968), 816–819 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1988 (1)

Armani, A. M.

A. M. Armani, R. P. Kulkarni, S. E. Fraser, R. C. Flagan, and K. J. Vahala, “Label-free, single-molecule detection with optical microcavities,” Science 317(5839), 783–787 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ashcom, J. B.

L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426(6968), 816–819 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bai, Z. Y.

Bienstman, P.

Bogaerts, W.

Brambilla, G.

Chen, C.

Chen, L.

Chen, Q. D.

Chen, Y.

Chen, Y. H.

Choi, S. J.

S. J. Choi, Z. Peng, Q. Yang, S. J. Choi, and P. D. Dapkus, “Tunable narrow linewidth all-buried hetero structure ring resonator filters using vernier effects,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(1), 106–108 (2005).
[Crossref]

S. J. Choi, Z. Peng, Q. Yang, S. J. Choi, and P. D. Dapkus, “Tunable narrow linewidth all-buried hetero structure ring resonator filters using vernier effects,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(1), 106–108 (2005).
[Crossref]

Claes, T.

Cui, Y.

Dai, D.

J. Hu and D. Dai, “Cascaded-ring optical sensor with enhanced sensitivity by using suspended Si-nanowires,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 23(13), 842–844 (2011).
[Crossref]

D. Dai, “Highly sensitive digital optical sensor based on cascaded high-Q ring-resonators,” Opt. Express 17(26), 23817–23822 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dapkus, P. D.

S. J. Choi, Z. Peng, Q. Yang, S. J. Choi, and P. D. Dapkus, “Tunable narrow linewidth all-buried hetero structure ring resonator filters using vernier effects,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(1), 106–108 (2005).
[Crossref]

Ding, H.

Fang, X.

Feng, X.

Flagan, R. C.

A. M. Armani, R. P. Kulkarni, S. E. Fraser, R. C. Flagan, and K. J. Vahala, “Label-free, single-molecule detection with optical microcavities,” Science 317(5839), 783–787 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fraser, S. E.

A. M. Armani, R. P. Kulkarni, S. E. Fraser, R. C. Flagan, and K. J. Vahala, “Label-free, single-molecule detection with optical microcavities,” Science 317(5839), 783–787 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fu, S.

Gao, F.

Gao, S.

Gattass, R. R.

L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426(6968), 816–819 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gong, Y.

Guan, B.

Y. Tan, L. Sun, L. Jin, J. Li, and B. Guan, “Long period grating-based microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for sensing applications,” Proc. SPIE 8924, 892435 (2013).
[Crossref]

Guan, B. O.

Han, Y.

He, S.

L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426(6968), 816–819 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Horak, P.

Hu, J.

J. Hu and D. Dai, “Cascaded-ring optical sensor with enhanced sensitivity by using suspended Si-nanowires,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 23(13), 842–844 (2011).
[Crossref]

Hu, L.

X. Jiang, Q. Yang, G. Vienne, Y. Li, L. Tong, J. Zhang, and L. Hu, “Demonstration of microfiber knot laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(14), 143513 (2006).
[Crossref]

Huang, C.

Huang, Y.

W. Liang, Y. Huang, Y. Xu, R. K. Lee, and A. Yariv, “Highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(15), 151122 (2005).
[Crossref]

Ji, W. B.

W. B. Ji, S. C. Tjin, B. Lin, and C. L. Ng, “Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Adiabatically Tapered Microfiber Long Period Gratings,” Sensors (Basel) 13(10), 14055–14063 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jia, W.

Jiang, S.

Jiang, X.

G. Vienne, Y. Li, X. Jiang, and L. Tong, “Effect of host polymer on microring resonators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(18), 1386–1388 (2007).
[Crossref]

X. Jiang, Y. Chen, G. Vienne, and L. Tong, “All-fiber add-drop filters based on microfiber knot resonators,” Opt. Lett. 32(12), 1710–1712 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Jiang, Q. Yang, G. Vienne, Y. Li, L. Tong, J. Zhang, and L. Hu, “Demonstration of microfiber knot laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(14), 143513 (2006).
[Crossref]

Jin, L.

Y. Tan, L. Sun, L. Jin, J. Li, and B. Guan, “Long period grating-based microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for sensing applications,” Proc. SPIE 8924, 892435 (2013).
[Crossref]

Y. Ran, Y.-N. Tan, L.-P. Sun, S. Gao, J. Li, L. Jin, and B. O. Guan, “193 nm excimer laser inscribed Bragg gratings in microfibers for refractive index sensing,” Opt. Express 19(19), 18577–18583 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jin, W.

W. Jin, H. Xuan, and W. Jin, “Long period gratings in highly birefringent microfibers,” Proc. SPIE 9157, 91577N (2014).
[Crossref]

W. Jin, H. Xuan, and W. Jin, “Long period gratings in highly birefringent microfibers,” Proc. SPIE 9157, 91577N (2014).
[Crossref]

Jung, Y.

Kashyap, R.

Koizumi, F.

Koukharenko, E.

Kuczkowski, M.

M. Kuczkowski, C. Ying, X. Quyen Dinh, P. P. Shum, K. A. Rutkowska, and T. R. Woliński, “Microfiber Sagnac Interferometer for sensing applications,” Photon. Lett. Poland 4(4), 134–136 (2012).
[Crossref]

Kulkarni, R. P.

A. M. Armani, R. P. Kulkarni, S. E. Fraser, R. C. Flagan, and K. J. Vahala, “Label-free, single-molecule detection with optical microcavities,” Science 317(5839), 783–787 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, R. K.

W. Liang, Y. Huang, Y. Xu, R. K. Lee, and A. Yariv, “Highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(15), 151122 (2005).
[Crossref]

Li, J.

Li, X.

Li, Y.

T. Wei, Y. Han, Y. Li, H. L. Tsai, and H. Xiao, “Temperature-insensitive miniaturized fiber inline Fabry-Perot interferometer for highly sensitive refractive index measurement,” Opt. Express 16(8), 5764–5769 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Vienne, Y. Li, X. Jiang, and L. Tong, “Effect of host polymer on microring resonators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(18), 1386–1388 (2007).
[Crossref]

X. Jiang, Q. Yang, G. Vienne, Y. Li, L. Tong, J. Zhang, and L. Hu, “Demonstration of microfiber knot laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(14), 143513 (2006).
[Crossref]

Liang, R.

Liang, W.

W. Liang, Y. Huang, Y. Xu, R. K. Lee, and A. Yariv, “Highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(15), 151122 (2005).
[Crossref]

Liao, C. R.

Lin, B.

W. B. Ji, S. C. Tjin, B. Lin, and C. L. Ng, “Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Adiabatically Tapered Microfiber Long Period Gratings,” Sensors (Basel) 13(10), 14055–14063 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lin, W.

Liu, D.

Liu, H.

Liu, S.

Lou, J.

L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426(6968), 816–819 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lu, P.

Lu, S. L. P.

R. Xu, S. L. P. Lu, and D. Liu, “Experimental Characterization of a Vernier Strain Sensor Using Cascaded Fiber Rings,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24(23), 2125–2128 (2012).
[Crossref]

Lützow, P.

Maxwell, I.

L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426(6968), 816–819 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mazur, E.

L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426(6968), 816–819 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Murugan, G. S.

Nemova, G.

Ng, C. L.

W. B. Ji, S. C. Tjin, B. Lin, and C. L. Ng, “Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Adiabatically Tapered Microfiber Long Period Gratings,” Sensors (Basel) 13(10), 14055–14063 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ouyang, J.

Peng, Z.

S. J. Choi, Z. Peng, Q. Yang, S. J. Choi, and P. D. Dapkus, “Tunable narrow linewidth all-buried hetero structure ring resonator filters using vernier effects,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(1), 106–108 (2005).
[Crossref]

Pergande, D.

Quyen Dinh, X.

M. Kuczkowski, C. Ying, X. Quyen Dinh, P. P. Shum, K. A. Rutkowska, and T. R. Woliński, “Microfiber Sagnac Interferometer for sensing applications,” Photon. Lett. Poland 4(4), 134–136 (2012).
[Crossref]

Ran, Y.

Rao, Y. J.

Richardson, D. J.

Rutkowska, K. A.

M. Kuczkowski, C. Ying, X. Quyen Dinh, P. P. Shum, K. A. Rutkowska, and T. R. Woliński, “Microfiber Sagnac Interferometer for sensing applications,” Photon. Lett. Poland 4(4), 134–136 (2012).
[Crossref]

Sessions, N. P.

Shen, M.

L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426(6968), 816–819 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shen, X.

Sheng, C.

Shum, P.

Shum, P. P.

Sun, H. B.

Sun, L.

Y. Tan, L. Sun, L. Jin, J. Li, and B. Guan, “Long period grating-based microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for sensing applications,” Proc. SPIE 8924, 892435 (2013).
[Crossref]

L. Sun, J. Li, Y. Tan, X. Shen, X. Xie, S. Gao, and B. O. Guan, “Miniature highly-birefringent microfiber loop with extremely-high refractive index sensitivity,” Opt. Express 20(9), 10180–10185 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sun, L.-P.

Sun, Q.

Tai, Y. H.

Tan, Y.

Y. Tan, L. Sun, L. Jin, J. Li, and B. Guan, “Long period grating-based microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for sensing applications,” Proc. SPIE 8924, 892435 (2013).
[Crossref]

L. Sun, J. Li, Y. Tan, X. Shen, X. Xie, S. Gao, and B. O. Guan, “Miniature highly-birefringent microfiber loop with extremely-high refractive index sensitivity,” Opt. Express 20(9), 10180–10185 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tan, Y.-N.

Tang, M.

Tjin, S. C.

W. B. Ji, S. C. Tjin, B. Lin, and C. L. Ng, “Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Adiabatically Tapered Microfiber Long Period Gratings,” Sensors (Basel) 13(10), 14055–14063 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tong, L.

X. Jiang, Y. Chen, G. Vienne, and L. Tong, “All-fiber add-drop filters based on microfiber knot resonators,” Opt. Lett. 32(12), 1710–1712 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Vienne, Y. Li, X. Jiang, and L. Tong, “Effect of host polymer on microring resonators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(18), 1386–1388 (2007).
[Crossref]

X. Jiang, Q. Yang, G. Vienne, Y. Li, L. Tong, J. Zhang, and L. Hu, “Demonstration of microfiber knot laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(14), 143513 (2006).
[Crossref]

L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426(6968), 816–819 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tsai, H. L.

Urquhart, P.

Vahala, K. J.

A. M. Armani, R. P. Kulkarni, S. E. Fraser, R. C. Flagan, and K. J. Vahala, “Label-free, single-molecule detection with optical microcavities,” Science 317(5839), 783–787 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vienne, G.

G. Vienne, Y. Li, X. Jiang, and L. Tong, “Effect of host polymer on microring resonators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(18), 1386–1388 (2007).
[Crossref]

X. Jiang, Y. Chen, G. Vienne, and L. Tong, “All-fiber add-drop filters based on microfiber knot resonators,” Opt. Lett. 32(12), 1710–1712 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Jiang, Q. Yang, G. Vienne, Y. Li, L. Tong, J. Zhang, and L. Hu, “Demonstration of microfiber knot laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(14), 143513 (2006).
[Crossref]

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Wei, T.

Weiland, M.

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Wo, J.

Wolinski, T. R.

M. Kuczkowski, C. Ying, X. Quyen Dinh, P. P. Shum, K. A. Rutkowska, and T. R. Woliński, “Microfiber Sagnac Interferometer for sensing applications,” Photon. Lett. Poland 4(4), 134–136 (2012).
[Crossref]

Wu, Y.

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Xie, X.

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R. Xu, S. L. P. Lu, and D. Liu, “Experimental Characterization of a Vernier Strain Sensor Using Cascaded Fiber Rings,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24(23), 2125–2128 (2012).
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W. Liang, Y. Huang, Y. Xu, R. K. Lee, and A. Yariv, “Highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(15), 151122 (2005).
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Xuan, H.

W. Jin, H. Xuan, and W. Jin, “Long period gratings in highly birefringent microfibers,” Proc. SPIE 9157, 91577N (2014).
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Xue, Y.

Yang, M.

Yang, Q.

X. Jiang, Q. Yang, G. Vienne, Y. Li, L. Tong, J. Zhang, and L. Hu, “Demonstration of microfiber knot laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(14), 143513 (2006).
[Crossref]

S. J. Choi, Z. Peng, Q. Yang, S. J. Choi, and P. D. Dapkus, “Tunable narrow linewidth all-buried hetero structure ring resonator filters using vernier effects,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(1), 106–108 (2005).
[Crossref]

Yang, R.

Yariv, A.

W. Liang, Y. Huang, Y. Xu, R. K. Lee, and A. Yariv, “Highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(15), 151122 (2005).
[Crossref]

Ying, C.

M. Kuczkowski, C. Ying, X. Quyen Dinh, P. P. Shum, K. A. Rutkowska, and T. R. Woliński, “Microfiber Sagnac Interferometer for sensing applications,” Photon. Lett. Poland 4(4), 134–136 (2012).
[Crossref]

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Zamora, V.

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Zhang, J.

J. Zhang, Q. Sun, R. Liang, W. Jia, X. Li, J. Wo, D. Liu, and P. Shum, “Microfiber Fabry–Perot Interferometer for Dual-Parameter Sensing,” J. Lightwave Technol. 31(10), 1608–1615 (2013).
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Zhang, P.

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Zhu, B.

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Adv. Opt. Photon. (1)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (2)

X. Jiang, Q. Yang, G. Vienne, Y. Li, L. Tong, J. Zhang, and L. Hu, “Demonstration of microfiber knot laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(14), 143513 (2006).
[Crossref]

W. Liang, Y. Huang, Y. Xu, R. K. Lee, and A. Yariv, “Highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(15), 151122 (2005).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (4)

R. Xu, S. L. P. Lu, and D. Liu, “Experimental Characterization of a Vernier Strain Sensor Using Cascaded Fiber Rings,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 24(23), 2125–2128 (2012).
[Crossref]

S. J. Choi, Z. Peng, Q. Yang, S. J. Choi, and P. D. Dapkus, “Tunable narrow linewidth all-buried hetero structure ring resonator filters using vernier effects,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 17(1), 106–108 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. Hu and D. Dai, “Cascaded-ring optical sensor with enhanced sensitivity by using suspended Si-nanowires,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 23(13), 842–844 (2011).
[Crossref]

G. Vienne, Y. Li, X. Jiang, and L. Tong, “Effect of host polymer on microring resonators,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 19(18), 1386–1388 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (2)

Nature (1)

L. Tong, R. R. Gattass, J. B. Ashcom, S. He, J. Lou, M. Shen, I. Maxwell, and E. Mazur, “Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding,” Nature 426(6968), 816–819 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Commun. (1)

R. Liang, Q. Sun, J. Wo, and D. Liu, “Investigation on micro/nanofiber Bragg grating for refractive index sensing,” Opt. Commun. 285(6), 1128–1133 (2012).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (10)

T. Wei, Y. Han, Y. Li, H. L. Tsai, and H. Xiao, “Temperature-insensitive miniaturized fiber inline Fabry-Perot interferometer for highly sensitive refractive index measurement,” Opt. Express 16(8), 5764–5769 (2008).
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Y. Wu, Y. J. Rao, Y. H. Chen, and Y. Gong, “Miniature fiber-optic temperature sensors based on silica/polymer microfiber knot resonators,” Opt. Express 17(20), 18142–18147 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Dai, “Highly sensitive digital optical sensor based on cascaded high-Q ring-resonators,” Opt. Express 17(26), 23817–23822 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Sun, J. Li, Y. Tan, X. Shen, X. Xie, S. Gao, and B. O. Guan, “Miniature highly-birefringent microfiber loop with extremely-high refractive index sensitivity,” Opt. Express 20(9), 10180–10185 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Claes, W. Bogaerts, and P. Bienstman, “Experimental characterization of a silicon photonic biosensor consisting of two cascaded ring resonators based on the Vernier-effect and introduction of a curve fitting method for an improved detection limit,” Opt. Express 18(22), 22747–22761 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Ran, Y.-N. Tan, L.-P. Sun, S. Gao, J. Li, L. Jin, and B. O. Guan, “193 nm excimer laser inscribed Bragg gratings in microfibers for refractive index sensing,” Opt. Express 19(19), 18577–18583 (2011).
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F. Gao, H. Liu, C. Sheng, C. Zhu, and S. N. Zhu, “Refractive index sensor based on the leaky radiation of a microfiber,” Opt. Express 22(10), 12645–12652 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Zhang, M. Tang, F. Gao, B. Zhu, S. Fu, J. Ouyang, P. P. Shum, and D. Liu, “Cascaded fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometers with Vernier effect for highly sensitive measurement of axial strain and magnetic field,” Opt. Express 22(16), 19581–19588 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Zamora, P. Lützow, M. Weiland, and D. Pergande, “Investigation of cascaded SiN microring resonators at 1.3 µm and 1.5 µm,” Opt. Express 21(23), 27550–27557 (2013).
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F. Xu, P. Horak, and G. Brambilla, “Optical microfiber coil resonator refractometric sensor,” Opt. Express 15(12), 7888–7893 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (7)

Photon. Lett. Poland (1)

M. Kuczkowski, C. Ying, X. Quyen Dinh, P. P. Shum, K. A. Rutkowska, and T. R. Woliński, “Microfiber Sagnac Interferometer for sensing applications,” Photon. Lett. Poland 4(4), 134–136 (2012).
[Crossref]

Proc. SPIE (2)

Y. Tan, L. Sun, L. Jin, J. Li, and B. Guan, “Long period grating-based microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for sensing applications,” Proc. SPIE 8924, 892435 (2013).
[Crossref]

W. Jin, H. Xuan, and W. Jin, “Long period gratings in highly birefringent microfibers,” Proc. SPIE 9157, 91577N (2014).
[Crossref]

Science (1)

A. M. Armani, R. P. Kulkarni, S. E. Fraser, R. C. Flagan, and K. J. Vahala, “Label-free, single-molecule detection with optical microcavities,” Science 317(5839), 783–787 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sensors (Basel) (1)

W. B. Ji, S. C. Tjin, B. Lin, and C. L. Ng, “Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Adiabatically Tapered Microfiber Long Period Gratings,” Sensors (Basel) 13(10), 14055–14063 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Figures (8)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 The configurations of (a) single MKR and (b) CMKRs.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Transmission spectra of (a) MKR1, (b) MKR2 and (c) CMKRs with m = 10, N = 1.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 The dependences of ER on the (a) coupling efficiencies k and (b) coupling loss coefficients r.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Transmission spectra of the CMKRs evolving as the RI of MKR2.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 The fabrication process of the CMKRs.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 The microscope images of (a) the waist region of an as-drawn microfiber, (b) coupling region with two knotting turns, and (c) a MKR with two coupling regions; (d)The experimental setup for RI sensing of the fabricated CMKRs (Insert: photo graph of a fabricated CMKRs transmitting visible light).

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Vernier transmission spectrum of the fabricated CMKRs with ambient RI of MKR2 equaling to 1.3320, as well as the comparison with simulation result (Insert: The zoom view of the spectra within 1539nm-1540nm).

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 (a) Measured transmission spectra of the CMKRs with different ambient RIs of MKR2; (b) The dependence of wavelength shift on the ambient RI

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Tables (1)

Tables Icon

Table 1 Simulation parameters of Fig. 3

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Equations (10)

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{ ( E 3 E 4 )= 1− r 01 ( 1− k s1 j k s1 j k s1 1− k s1 )( E 1 E 2 ); ( E 6 E 7 )= 1− r 02 ( 1− k s2 j k s2 ) E 5 ; E 5 = E 3 exp[ ( −α+j β 1 ) l 11 ]; E 2 = E 6 exp[ ( −α+j β 1 ) l 12 ]
E 7 / E 1 = j ( 1− k s1 ) k s2 ( 1− r 01 )( 1− r 02 ) 1−j k s1 ( 1− k s2 )( 1− r 01 )( 1− r 02 ) ⋅ exp[ ( −α+j β 1 ) l 11 ] exp[ ( −α+j β 1 )( l 11 + l 12 ) ]
E 13 / E 1 = j k s3 ( 1− k s4 )( 1− r 03 )( 1− r 04 ) exp( j β 2 l 21 ) 1−j ( 1− k s3 ) k s4 ( 1− r 03 )( 1− r 04 ) exp[ j β 2 ( l 21 + l 22 ) ] ⋅exp[ ( −α+j β 1 ) l s ] ⋅ j ( 1− k s1 ) k s2 ( 1− r 01 )( 1− r 02 ) exp( j β 1 l 11 ) 1−j k s1 ( 1− k s2 )( 1− r 01 )( 1− r 02 ) exp[ j β 1 ( l 11 + l 12 ) ]
T= p { 1+4 q 1 sin 2 [ β 1 S 1 /2 +π/4 ] }{ 1+4 q 2 sin 2 [ β 2 S 2 /2 +π/4 ] } ; S 1 = l 11 + l 12 =2π R 1 ;  S 2 = l 21 + l 22 =2π R 2 ; p= ( e ' 11 e ' 12 e ' 21 e ' 22 ) 2 ( 1− e 11 e 12 ) 2 ( 1− e 21 e 22 ) 2 exp[ −2α( l 12 + l 22 ) ]; q 1 = e 11 e 12 4 ( 1− e 11 e 12 ) 2 ,  q 2 = e 21 e 22 4 ( 1− e 21 e 22 ) 2 ; e 11 = k s1 1 2 ( 1− r 01 ) 1 2 exp( −α l 11 );  e ' 11 = ( 1− k s1 ) 1 2 ( 1− r 01 ) 1 2 exp( −α l 11 ) e 12 = ( 1− k s2 ) 1 2 ( 1− r 02 ) 1 2 exp( −α l 12 );  e ' 12 = k s2 1 2 ( 1− r 02 ) 1 2 exp( −α l 12 ) e 21 = ( 1- k s3 ) 1/2 ( 1− r 03 ) 1/2 exp( −α l 21 );  e ' 21 = ( k s3 ) 1/2 ( 1− r 03 ) 1/2 exp( −α l 21 );  e 22 = k s4 1/2 ( 1− r 04 ) 1/2 exp( −α l 22 );  e ' 22 = ( 1- k s4 ) 1/2 ( 1− r 04 ) 1/2 exp( −α l 22 );
R 1 R 2 = m+1/2 m+N+1/2 ;  m=0,1,2,⋯; N=1,2,3,⋯
FS R c =m×FS R 1 =( m+1 )×FS R 2 , FS R 1 = λ 2 2π n eff1 R 1 , FS R 2 = λ 2 2π n eff2 R 2
Δ λ 2 = λ 2 ( Δ n a / n eff2 )⋅( Δ n eff2 / Δ n a )
Δλ=Δ λ 2 [ FS R 1 / ( FS R 1 −FS R 2 ) ]
S= Δλ / Δ n a =( λ 2 / n eff2 )( Δ n eff2 / Δ n a )[ FS R 1 / ( FS R 1 −FS R 2 ) ] =( λ 2 / n eff2 )( Δ n eff2 / Δ n a )( m+1 )
Δ n min = n eff2 ( FS R 1 −FS R 2 ) / ( λ 2 ⋅ Δ n eff2 / Δ n a )

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