Abstract

We propose an electrically tunable absorber based on epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) effect of graphene embedded in a nanocavity, which is composed of metal grating and substrate. Due to strong surface-normal electric field confined in ENZ graphene in the proposed structure, greatly enhanced light absorption (~80%) is achieved in an ultrathin graphene monolayer. By electrically controlling the Fermi-level of graphene, a sharp peak absorption wavelength is tuned over a wide range. The proposed device can work as an optical modulator or a tunable absorption filter, which has a unique feature of incident angle insensitiveness owing to the ENZ effect and magnetic dipole resonance. Moreover, existence of a significantly dominant electric field and its uniformity make the device performance independent of the position of the graphene layer in the nanocavity, which provides great fabrication tolerance.

© 2015 Optical Society of America

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2015 (3)

Y. Cai, J. Zhu, and Q. H. Liu, “Tunable enhanced optical absorption of graphene using plasmonic perfect absorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(4), 043105 (2015).
[Crossref]

J.-S. Shin, J.-S. Kim, and J. T. Kim, “Graphene-based hybrid plasmonic modulator,” J. Opt. 17(12), 125801 (2015).
[Crossref]

M. Kim, C. Y. Jeong, H. Heo, and S. Kim, “Optical reflection modulation using surface plasmon resonance in a graphene-embedded hybrid plasmonic waveguide at an optical communication wavelength,” Opt. Lett. 40(6), 871–874 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2014 (6)

S. Ye, Z. Wang, L. Tang, Y. Zhang, R. Lu, and Y. Liu, “Electro-absorption optical modulator using dual-graphene-on-graphene configuration,” Opt. Express 22(21), 26173–26180 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. R. Piper and S. Fan, “Total Absorption in a Graphene Monolayer in the Optical Regime by Critical Coupling with a Photonic Crystal Guided Resonance,” ACS Photonics 1(4), 347–353 (2014).
[Crossref]

B. Zhao, J. M. Zhao, and Z. M. Zhang, “Enhancement of near-infrared absorption in graphene with metal gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(3), 031905 (2014).
[Crossref]

C.-H. Liu, Y.-C. Chang, T. B. Norris, and Z. Zhong, “Graphene photodetectors with ultra-broadband and high responsivity at room temperature,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(4), 273–278 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X.-J. He, T.-Y. Li, L. Wang, J.-M. Wang, J.-X. Jiang, G.-H. Yang, F.-Y. Meng, and Q. Wu, “Electrically tunable terahertz wave modulator based on complementary metamaterial and graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 115(17), 17B903 (2014).
[Crossref]

Y. Yao, R. Shankar, M. A. Kats, Y. Song, J. Kong, M. Loncar, and F. Capasso, “Electrically Tunable Metasurface Perfect Absorbers for Ultrathin Mid-Infrared Optical Modulators,” Nano Lett. 14(11), 6526–6532 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (4)

2011 (3)

M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Wu, B. Neuner, G. Shvets, J. John, A. Milder, B. Zollars, and S. Savoy, “Large-area wide-angle spectrally selective plasmonic absorber,” Phys. Rev. B 84(7), 075102 (2011).
[Crossref]

F. H. L. Koppens, D. E. Chang, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: A platform for strong light-matter interactions,” Nano Lett. 11(8), 3370–3377 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (3)

F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. C. Ferrari, “Graphene photonics and optoelectronics,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 611–622 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Mueller, F. Xia, and P. Avouris, “Graphene photodetectors for high-speed optical communications,” Nat. Photonics 4(5), 297–301 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Hao, J. Wang, X. Liu, W. J. Padilla, L. Zhou, and M. Qiu, “High performance optical absorber based on a plasmonic metamaterial,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(25), 251104 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (1)

X. Lv, Y. Huang, Z. Liu, J. Tian, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, J. Liang, S. Fu, X. Wan, and Y. Chen, “Photoconductivity of bulk-film-based graphene sheets,” Small 5(14), 1682–1687 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (3)

R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, and A. K. Geim, “Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene,” Science 320(5881), 1308 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. W. Hanson, “Dyadic Green’s functions and guided surface waves for a surface conductivity model of graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(6), 064302 (2008).
[Crossref]

B. J. Lee, L. P. Wang, and Z. M. Zhang, “Coherent thermal emission by excitation of magnetic polaritons between periodic strips and a metallic film,” Opt. Express 16(15), 11328–11336 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (1)

M. G. Silveirinha and N. Engheta, “Theory of supercoupling, squeezing wave energy, and field confinement in narrow channels and tight bends using ε near-zero metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. B 76(24), 245109 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

M. Silveirinha and N. Engheta, “Tunneling of electromagnetic energy through subwavelength channels and bends using ε-near-zero materials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(15), 157403 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (1)

J. F. Verweij and J. H. Klootwijk, “Dielectric breakdown I: A review of oxide breakdown,” Microelectronics J. 27(7), 611–622 (1996).
[Crossref]

1972 (1)

P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical Constants of the Noble Metals,” Phys. Rev. B 6(12), 4370–4379 (1972).
[Crossref]

Alaee, R.

Avouris, P.

T. Mueller, F. Xia, and P. Avouris, “Graphene photodetectors for high-speed optical communications,” Nat. Photonics 4(5), 297–301 (2010).
[Crossref]

Blake, P.

R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, and A. K. Geim, “Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene,” Science 320(5881), 1308 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bonaccorso, F.

F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. C. Ferrari, “Graphene photonics and optoelectronics,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 611–622 (2010).
[Crossref]

Booth, T. J.

R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, and A. K. Geim, “Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene,” Science 320(5881), 1308 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cai, Y.

Y. Cai, J. Zhu, and Q. H. Liu, “Tunable enhanced optical absorption of graphene using plasmonic perfect absorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(4), 043105 (2015).
[Crossref]

Capasso, F.

Y. Yao, R. Shankar, M. A. Kats, Y. Song, J. Kong, M. Loncar, and F. Capasso, “Electrically Tunable Metasurface Perfect Absorbers for Ultrathin Mid-Infrared Optical Modulators,” Nano Lett. 14(11), 6526–6532 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chang, D. E.

F. H. L. Koppens, D. E. Chang, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: A platform for strong light-matter interactions,” Nano Lett. 11(8), 3370–3377 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chang, Y.-C.

C.-H. Liu, Y.-C. Chang, T. B. Norris, and Z. Zhong, “Graphene photodetectors with ultra-broadband and high responsivity at room temperature,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(4), 273–278 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Y.

X. Lv, Y. Huang, Z. Liu, J. Tian, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, J. Liang, S. Fu, X. Wan, and Y. Chen, “Photoconductivity of bulk-film-based graphene sheets,” Small 5(14), 1682–1687 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Christy, R. W.

P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical Constants of the Noble Metals,” Phys. Rev. B 6(12), 4370–4379 (1972).
[Crossref]

Engheta, N.

M. G. Silveirinha and N. Engheta, “Theory of supercoupling, squeezing wave energy, and field confinement in narrow channels and tight bends using ε near-zero metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. B 76(24), 245109 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. Silveirinha and N. Engheta, “Tunneling of electromagnetic energy through subwavelength channels and bends using ε-near-zero materials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(15), 157403 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fan, S.

J. R. Piper and S. Fan, “Total Absorption in a Graphene Monolayer in the Optical Regime by Critical Coupling with a Photonic Crystal Guided Resonance,” ACS Photonics 1(4), 347–353 (2014).
[Crossref]

Farhat, M.

Ferrari, A. C.

F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. C. Ferrari, “Graphene photonics and optoelectronics,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 611–622 (2010).
[Crossref]

Fu, S.

X. Lv, Y. Huang, Z. Liu, J. Tian, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, J. Liang, S. Fu, X. Wan, and Y. Chen, “Photoconductivity of bulk-film-based graphene sheets,” Small 5(14), 1682–1687 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

García de Abajo, F. J.

F. H. L. Koppens, D. E. Chang, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: A platform for strong light-matter interactions,” Nano Lett. 11(8), 3370–3377 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Geim, A. K.

R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, and A. K. Geim, “Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene,” Science 320(5881), 1308 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Geng, B.

M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Grigorenko, A. N.

R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, and A. K. Geim, “Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene,” Science 320(5881), 1308 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hanson, G. W.

G. W. Hanson, “Dyadic Green’s functions and guided surface waves for a surface conductivity model of graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(6), 064302 (2008).
[Crossref]

Hao, J.

J. Hao, J. Wang, X. Liu, W. J. Padilla, L. Zhou, and M. Qiu, “High performance optical absorber based on a plasmonic metamaterial,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(25), 251104 (2010).
[Crossref]

Hasan, T.

F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. C. Ferrari, “Graphene photonics and optoelectronics,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 611–622 (2010).
[Crossref]

He, X.-J.

X.-J. He, T.-Y. Li, L. Wang, J.-M. Wang, J.-X. Jiang, G.-H. Yang, F.-Y. Meng, and Q. Wu, “Electrically tunable terahertz wave modulator based on complementary metamaterial and graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 115(17), 17B903 (2014).
[Crossref]

Heo, H.

Huang, Y.

X. Lv, Y. Huang, Z. Liu, J. Tian, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, J. Liang, S. Fu, X. Wan, and Y. Chen, “Photoconductivity of bulk-film-based graphene sheets,” Small 5(14), 1682–1687 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jena, D.

Jeong, C. Y.

Jiang, J.-X.

X.-J. He, T.-Y. Li, L. Wang, J.-M. Wang, J.-X. Jiang, G.-H. Yang, F.-Y. Meng, and Q. Wu, “Electrically tunable terahertz wave modulator based on complementary metamaterial and graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 115(17), 17B903 (2014).
[Crossref]

John, J.

C. Wu, B. Neuner, G. Shvets, J. John, A. Milder, B. Zollars, and S. Savoy, “Large-area wide-angle spectrally selective plasmonic absorber,” Phys. Rev. B 84(7), 075102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Johnson, P. B.

P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical Constants of the Noble Metals,” Phys. Rev. B 6(12), 4370–4379 (1972).
[Crossref]

Ju, L.

M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kats, M. A.

Y. Yao, R. Shankar, M. A. Kats, Y. Song, J. Kong, M. Loncar, and F. Capasso, “Electrically Tunable Metasurface Perfect Absorbers for Ultrathin Mid-Infrared Optical Modulators,” Nano Lett. 14(11), 6526–6532 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, J. T.

J.-S. Shin, J.-S. Kim, and J. T. Kim, “Graphene-based hybrid plasmonic modulator,” J. Opt. 17(12), 125801 (2015).
[Crossref]

Kim, J.-S.

J.-S. Shin, J.-S. Kim, and J. T. Kim, “Graphene-based hybrid plasmonic modulator,” J. Opt. 17(12), 125801 (2015).
[Crossref]

Kim, M.

Kim, S.

Klootwijk, J. H.

J. F. Verweij and J. H. Klootwijk, “Dielectric breakdown I: A review of oxide breakdown,” Microelectronics J. 27(7), 611–622 (1996).
[Crossref]

Kong, J.

Y. Yao, R. Shankar, M. A. Kats, Y. Song, J. Kong, M. Loncar, and F. Capasso, “Electrically Tunable Metasurface Perfect Absorbers for Ultrathin Mid-Infrared Optical Modulators,” Nano Lett. 14(11), 6526–6532 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Koppens, F. H. L.

F. H. L. Koppens, D. E. Chang, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: A platform for strong light-matter interactions,” Nano Lett. 11(8), 3370–3377 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Koschny, T.

Lederer, F.

Lee, B. J.

Li, T.-Y.

X.-J. He, T.-Y. Li, L. Wang, J.-M. Wang, J.-X. Jiang, G.-H. Yang, F.-Y. Meng, and Q. Wu, “Electrically tunable terahertz wave modulator based on complementary metamaterial and graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 115(17), 17B903 (2014).
[Crossref]

Liang, J.

X. Lv, Y. Huang, Z. Liu, J. Tian, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, J. Liang, S. Fu, X. Wan, and Y. Chen, “Photoconductivity of bulk-film-based graphene sheets,” Small 5(14), 1682–1687 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, C.-H.

C.-H. Liu, Y.-C. Chang, T. B. Norris, and Z. Zhong, “Graphene photodetectors with ultra-broadband and high responsivity at room temperature,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(4), 273–278 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, L.

Liu, M.

M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, Q. H.

Y. Cai, J. Zhu, and Q. H. Liu, “Tunable enhanced optical absorption of graphene using plasmonic perfect absorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(4), 043105 (2015).
[Crossref]

Liu, X.

J. Hao, J. Wang, X. Liu, W. J. Padilla, L. Zhou, and M. Qiu, “High performance optical absorber based on a plasmonic metamaterial,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(25), 251104 (2010).
[Crossref]

Liu, Y.

Liu, Z.

X. Lv, Y. Huang, Z. Liu, J. Tian, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, J. Liang, S. Fu, X. Wan, and Y. Chen, “Photoconductivity of bulk-film-based graphene sheets,” Small 5(14), 1682–1687 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Loncar, M.

Y. Yao, R. Shankar, M. A. Kats, Y. Song, J. Kong, M. Loncar, and F. Capasso, “Electrically Tunable Metasurface Perfect Absorbers for Ultrathin Mid-Infrared Optical Modulators,” Nano Lett. 14(11), 6526–6532 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lu, R.

Lu, Z.

Lv, X.

X. Lv, Y. Huang, Z. Liu, J. Tian, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, J. Liang, S. Fu, X. Wan, and Y. Chen, “Photoconductivity of bulk-film-based graphene sheets,” Small 5(14), 1682–1687 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ma, Y.

X. Lv, Y. Huang, Z. Liu, J. Tian, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, J. Liang, S. Fu, X. Wan, and Y. Chen, “Photoconductivity of bulk-film-based graphene sheets,” Small 5(14), 1682–1687 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Meng, F.-Y.

X.-J. He, T.-Y. Li, L. Wang, J.-M. Wang, J.-X. Jiang, G.-H. Yang, F.-Y. Meng, and Q. Wu, “Electrically tunable terahertz wave modulator based on complementary metamaterial and graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 115(17), 17B903 (2014).
[Crossref]

Milder, A.

C. Wu, B. Neuner, G. Shvets, J. John, A. Milder, B. Zollars, and S. Savoy, “Large-area wide-angle spectrally selective plasmonic absorber,” Phys. Rev. B 84(7), 075102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Mueller, T.

T. Mueller, F. Xia, and P. Avouris, “Graphene photodetectors for high-speed optical communications,” Nat. Photonics 4(5), 297–301 (2010).
[Crossref]

Nair, R. R.

R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, and A. K. Geim, “Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene,” Science 320(5881), 1308 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Neuner, B.

C. Wu, B. Neuner, G. Shvets, J. John, A. Milder, B. Zollars, and S. Savoy, “Large-area wide-angle spectrally selective plasmonic absorber,” Phys. Rev. B 84(7), 075102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Norris, T. B.

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R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, and A. K. Geim, “Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene,” Science 320(5881), 1308 (2008).
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Piper, J. R.

J. R. Piper and S. Fan, “Total Absorption in a Graphene Monolayer in the Optical Regime by Critical Coupling with a Photonic Crystal Guided Resonance,” ACS Photonics 1(4), 347–353 (2014).
[Crossref]

Qiu, M.

J. Hao, J. Wang, X. Liu, W. J. Padilla, L. Zhou, and M. Qiu, “High performance optical absorber based on a plasmonic metamaterial,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(25), 251104 (2010).
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Rockstuhl, C.

Savoy, S.

C. Wu, B. Neuner, G. Shvets, J. John, A. Milder, B. Zollars, and S. Savoy, “Large-area wide-angle spectrally selective plasmonic absorber,” Phys. Rev. B 84(7), 075102 (2011).
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Sensale-Rodriguez, B.

Shankar, R.

Y. Yao, R. Shankar, M. A. Kats, Y. Song, J. Kong, M. Loncar, and F. Capasso, “Electrically Tunable Metasurface Perfect Absorbers for Ultrathin Mid-Infrared Optical Modulators,” Nano Lett. 14(11), 6526–6532 (2014).
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J.-S. Shin, J.-S. Kim, and J. T. Kim, “Graphene-based hybrid plasmonic modulator,” J. Opt. 17(12), 125801 (2015).
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C. Wu, B. Neuner, G. Shvets, J. John, A. Milder, B. Zollars, and S. Savoy, “Large-area wide-angle spectrally selective plasmonic absorber,” Phys. Rev. B 84(7), 075102 (2011).
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Silveirinha, M.

M. Silveirinha and N. Engheta, “Tunneling of electromagnetic energy through subwavelength channels and bends using ε-near-zero materials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(15), 157403 (2006).
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M. G. Silveirinha and N. Engheta, “Theory of supercoupling, squeezing wave energy, and field confinement in narrow channels and tight bends using ε near-zero metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. B 76(24), 245109 (2007).
[Crossref]

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Y. Yao, R. Shankar, M. A. Kats, Y. Song, J. Kong, M. Loncar, and F. Capasso, “Electrically Tunable Metasurface Perfect Absorbers for Ultrathin Mid-Infrared Optical Modulators,” Nano Lett. 14(11), 6526–6532 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Soukoulis, C. M.

Stauber, T.

R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, and A. K. Geim, “Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene,” Science 320(5881), 1308 (2008).
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Tassin, P.

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X. Lv, Y. Huang, Z. Liu, J. Tian, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, J. Liang, S. Fu, X. Wan, and Y. Chen, “Photoconductivity of bulk-film-based graphene sheets,” Small 5(14), 1682–1687 (2009).
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M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
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J. Hao, J. Wang, X. Liu, W. J. Padilla, L. Zhou, and M. Qiu, “High performance optical absorber based on a plasmonic metamaterial,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(25), 251104 (2010).
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Y. Yao, R. Shankar, M. A. Kats, Y. Song, J. Kong, M. Loncar, and F. Capasso, “Electrically Tunable Metasurface Perfect Absorbers for Ultrathin Mid-Infrared Optical Modulators,” Nano Lett. 14(11), 6526–6532 (2014).
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M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
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B. Zhao, J. M. Zhao, and Z. M. Zhang, “Enhancement of near-infrared absorption in graphene with metal gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(3), 031905 (2014).
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Zhao, W.

Zhong, Z.

C.-H. Liu, Y.-C. Chang, T. B. Norris, and Z. Zhong, “Graphene photodetectors with ultra-broadband and high responsivity at room temperature,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(4), 273–278 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhou, L.

J. Hao, J. Wang, X. Liu, W. J. Padilla, L. Zhou, and M. Qiu, “High performance optical absorber based on a plasmonic metamaterial,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(25), 251104 (2010).
[Crossref]

Zhu, J.

Y. Cai, J. Zhu, and Q. H. Liu, “Tunable enhanced optical absorption of graphene using plasmonic perfect absorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(4), 043105 (2015).
[Crossref]

Zollars, B.

C. Wu, B. Neuner, G. Shvets, J. John, A. Milder, B. Zollars, and S. Savoy, “Large-area wide-angle spectrally selective plasmonic absorber,” Phys. Rev. B 84(7), 075102 (2011).
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Zou, Y.

ACS Photonics (1)

J. R. Piper and S. Fan, “Total Absorption in a Graphene Monolayer in the Optical Regime by Critical Coupling with a Photonic Crystal Guided Resonance,” ACS Photonics 1(4), 347–353 (2014).
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (3)

Y. Cai, J. Zhu, and Q. H. Liu, “Tunable enhanced optical absorption of graphene using plasmonic perfect absorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(4), 043105 (2015).
[Crossref]

B. Zhao, J. M. Zhao, and Z. M. Zhang, “Enhancement of near-infrared absorption in graphene with metal gratings,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(3), 031905 (2014).
[Crossref]

J. Hao, J. Wang, X. Liu, W. J. Padilla, L. Zhou, and M. Qiu, “High performance optical absorber based on a plasmonic metamaterial,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(25), 251104 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Appl. Phys. (2)

X.-J. He, T.-Y. Li, L. Wang, J.-M. Wang, J.-X. Jiang, G.-H. Yang, F.-Y. Meng, and Q. Wu, “Electrically tunable terahertz wave modulator based on complementary metamaterial and graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 115(17), 17B903 (2014).
[Crossref]

G. W. Hanson, “Dyadic Green’s functions and guided surface waves for a surface conductivity model of graphene,” J. Appl. Phys. 103(6), 064302 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. (1)

J.-S. Shin, J.-S. Kim, and J. T. Kim, “Graphene-based hybrid plasmonic modulator,” J. Opt. 17(12), 125801 (2015).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

Microelectronics J. (1)

J. F. Verweij and J. H. Klootwijk, “Dielectric breakdown I: A review of oxide breakdown,” Microelectronics J. 27(7), 611–622 (1996).
[Crossref]

Nano Lett. (2)

F. H. L. Koppens, D. E. Chang, and F. J. García de Abajo, “Graphene plasmonics: A platform for strong light-matter interactions,” Nano Lett. 11(8), 3370–3377 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Yao, R. Shankar, M. A. Kats, Y. Song, J. Kong, M. Loncar, and F. Capasso, “Electrically Tunable Metasurface Perfect Absorbers for Ultrathin Mid-Infrared Optical Modulators,” Nano Lett. 14(11), 6526–6532 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Nanotechnol. (1)

C.-H. Liu, Y.-C. Chang, T. B. Norris, and Z. Zhong, “Graphene photodetectors with ultra-broadband and high responsivity at room temperature,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(4), 273–278 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics (2)

F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. C. Ferrari, “Graphene photonics and optoelectronics,” Nat. Photonics 4(9), 611–622 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Mueller, F. Xia, and P. Avouris, “Graphene photodetectors for high-speed optical communications,” Nat. Photonics 4(5), 297–301 (2010).
[Crossref]

Nature (1)

M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, “A graphene-based broadband optical modulator,” Nature 474(7349), 64–67 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (5)

Opt. Lett. (1)

Phys. Rev. B (3)

M. G. Silveirinha and N. Engheta, “Theory of supercoupling, squeezing wave energy, and field confinement in narrow channels and tight bends using ε near-zero metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. B 76(24), 245109 (2007).
[Crossref]

P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical Constants of the Noble Metals,” Phys. Rev. B 6(12), 4370–4379 (1972).
[Crossref]

C. Wu, B. Neuner, G. Shvets, J. John, A. Milder, B. Zollars, and S. Savoy, “Large-area wide-angle spectrally selective plasmonic absorber,” Phys. Rev. B 84(7), 075102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

M. Silveirinha and N. Engheta, “Tunneling of electromagnetic energy through subwavelength channels and bends using ε-near-zero materials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(15), 157403 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Science (1)

R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, and A. K. Geim, “Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene,” Science 320(5881), 1308 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Small (1)

X. Lv, Y. Huang, Z. Liu, J. Tian, Y. Wang, Y. Ma, J. Liang, S. Fu, X. Wan, and Y. Chen, “Photoconductivity of bulk-film-based graphene sheets,” Small 5(14), 1682–1687 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (1)

Comsol Multiphysics, http://www.comsol.com .

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Figures (5)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) Schematic diagrams of a tunable absorber (unit cell) with single graphene layer within plasmonic nanocavity. The red solid line at y = 0 indicates graphene monolayer of thickness 0.34 nm. (b) Complex permittivity (epsilon) of graphene with Ef = 0.7eV and Ef = 0eV. (c) Absolute permittivity of graphenes with varying Ef.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Total absorption spectra as a function of dCav for two absorbers (a) without graphene and (b) with graphene of Ef = 0.7 eV. (c) Absorption spectra by graphene and total regions when Ef = 0.7 eV, dCav = 10 nm. (d) Normalized electric field amplitude at λ = 1111 nm, and (e) the corresponding profile along dashed line in part (d). In addition, (f) normalized magnetic field amplitude is plotted for the same condition. In all the cases, normal incidence (θ = 0) is assumed.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Total absorption spectra as a function of dCav for absorbers with different Fermi-levels; (a) Ef = 0 eV, (b) Ef = 0.50 eV, and (c) Ef = 0.60 eV. (d) Total and (e) graphene absorption spectra for varying Ef when FF = 0.5, dCav = 10 nm. (f) Total absorption spectra for varying Ef when FF = 0.6, dCav = 10 nm. In all the cases, normal incidence (θ = 0) is assumed.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Absorption spectra as a function of an incident angle (θ). (a) Total and (b) Graphene absorption for Ef = 0.7 eV. (c) Total and (d) Graphene absorption for Ef = 0 eV. In all the cases, dCav = 10 nm.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 (a,c) Total absorption spectra for different graphene positions within the cavity. (b,d) Each normalized electric field component along the center of graphene when it is located on top or the center of the cavity. (b) and (d) are extracted at peak absorption wavelengths λ = 1111 nm and λ = 1570 nm, respectively. Upper and bottom rows are for Ef = 0.7 eV and Ef = 0, respectively. In all the cases, dCav = 10 nm.

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