Bionic research of pit vipers on infrared imaging

Zhigang Zhang; Yong Zhang; Qingchuan Zhang; Teng Cheng; Xiaoping Wu

doi:10.1364/OE.23.019299

Bionic research of pit vipers on infrared imaging

Zhigang Zhang, Yong Zhang, Qingchuan Zhang, Teng Cheng, and Xiaoping Wu

Optics Express
Vol. 23,
Issue 15,
pp. 19299-19317
(2015)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.019299

Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Zhigang Zhang, Yong Zhang, Qingchuan Zhang, Teng Cheng, and Xiaoping Wu, "Bionic research of pit vipers on infrared imaging," Opt. Express 23, 19299-19317 (2015)

Export Citation
- BibTex
- Endnote (RIS)
- HTML
- Plain Text
Get PDF (6492 KB)
Set citation alerts
Save article

Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Imaging Systems
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Thermal (uncooled) IR detectors, arrays and imaging (040.6808)
- Infrared imaging (110.3080)
- Optical microelectromechanical devices (230.4685)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: June 12, 2015
- Revised Manuscript: July 7, 2015
- Manuscript Accepted: July 7, 2015
- Published: July 16, 2015
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 10, Iss. 7

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

The members of viperidae crotalinae (pit viper) family have special pit organs to detect infrared radiation in normal room conditions, whereas most artificial uncooled infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs) operate only in a vacuum chamber. Dissection shows that the pit membrane is a unique substrate-free structure. The temperature rise advantage of this pit organ was verified in comparison with an assumed substrate pit organ (as an artificial FPA structure). Inspired by the pit viper, we introduced this structure to infrared FPA, replacing the conventional substrate FPA. The substrate-free FPA was fabricated by micro-elctromechanical systems (MEMS) process and placed into an infrared imaging system to obtain thermal images of the human body in atmosphere and vacuum working conditions. We show that the infrared capability of the substrate-free pit organ was achieved.

Full Article | PDF Article

OSA Recommended Articles

High-speed infrared imaging by an uncooled optomechanical focal plane array

Yun Feng, Yuejin Zhao, Liquan Dong, Ming Liu, Xueyan Li, Wei Ma, Xiaomei Yu, Lingqin Kong, and Xiaohua Liu
Appl. Opt. 54(34) 10189-10195 (2015)

Modeling and research of a space-based spacecraft infrared detection system

Wenhao Li, Zhaohui Liu, You Mu, Rui Yang, and Xing Zhang
Appl. Opt. 56(9) 2428-2433 (2017)

Thermal Imaging by Means of the Evaporograph

Gene W. McDaniel and David Z. Robinson
Appl. Opt. 1(3) 311-324 (1962)

References

View by:
Article Order
|
Year
|
Author
|
Publication

G. K. Noble and A. Schmidt, “The structure and function of the facial and labial pits of snakes,” Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 77(3), 263–288 (1937).
T. H. Bullock and R. B. Cowles, “Physiology of an infrared receptor: the facial pit of pit vipers,” Science 115(2994), 541–543 (1952).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. H. Bullock and F. P. Diecke, “Properties of an infra-red receptor,” J. Physiol. 134(1), 47–87 (1956).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. H. Hartline, L. Kass, and M. S. Loop, “Merging of modalities in the optic tectum: infrared and visual integration in rattlesnakes,” Science 199(4334), 1225–1229 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. A. Newman and P. H. Hartline, “Integration of visual and infrared information in bimodal neurons in the rattlesnake optic tectum,” Science 213(4509), 789–791 (1981).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. O. Gracheva, N. T. Ingolia, Y. M. Kelly, J. F. Cordero-Morales, G. Hollopeter, A. T. Chesler, E. E. Sánchez, J. C. Perez, J. S. Weissman, and D. Julius, “Molecular basis of infrared detection by snakes,” Nature 464(7291), 1006–1011 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Q. Chen, H. Deng, S. E. Brauth, L. Ding, and Y. Tang, “Reduced performance of prey targeting in pit vipers with contralaterally occluded infrared and visual senses,” PLoS One 7(5), e34989 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. Kohl, S. E. Colayori, G. Westhoff, G. S. Bakken, and B. A. Young, “Directional sensitivity in the thermal response of the facial pit in western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox),” J. Exp. Biol. 215(15), 2630–2636 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. Kohl, M. S. Bothe, H. Luksch, H. Straka, and G. Westhoff, “Organotopic organization of the primary Infrared Sensitive Nucleus (LTTD) in the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox),” J. Comp. Neurol. 522(18), 3943–3959 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
G. S. Bakken, S. E. Colayori, and T. Duong, “Analytical methods for the geometric optics of thermal vision illustrated with four species of pitvipers,” J. Exp. Biol. 215(15), 2621–2629 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
V. Cadena, D. V. Andrade, R. P. Bovo, and G. J. Tattersall, “Evaporative respiratory cooling augments pit organ thermal detection in rattlesnakes,” J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 199(12), 1093–1104 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. C. Hsieh, C. Y. Wu, F. W. Jih, and T. P. Sun, “Focal-plane-arrays and CMOS readout techniques of infrared imaging systems,” IEEE T. Circ. Syst. Vid. 7(4), 594–605 (1997).
[Crossref]
Y. Feng, Y. Zhao, M. Liu, L. Dong, X. Yu, L. Kong, W. Ma, and X. Liu, “Image quality improvement by the structured light illumination method in an optical readout cantilever array infrared imaging system,” Opt. Lett. 40(7), 1390–1393 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. G. Datskos, N. V. Lavrik, S. R. Hunter, S. Rajic, and D. Grbovic, “Infrared imaging using arrays of SiO2 micromechanical detectors,” Opt. Lett. 37(19), 3966–3968 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Huang, H. Tao, I. K. Lin, and X. Zhang, “Development of double-cantilever infrared detectors: fabrication, curvature control and demonstration of thermal detection,” Sens. Actuators, A 145, 231–240 (2008).
A. B. Sichert, P. Friedel, and J. L. van Hemmen, “Snake’s perspective on heat: reconstruction of input using an imperfect detection system,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(6), 068105 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
V. Gorbunov, N. Fuchigami, M. Stone, M. Grace, and V. V. Tsukruk, “Biological thermal detection: micromechanical and microthermal properties of biological infrared receptors,” Biomacromolecules 3(1), 106–115 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
F. Amemiya, T. Ushiki, R. C. Goris, Y. Atobe, and T. Kusunoki, “Ultrastructure of the crotaline snake infrared pit receptors: SEM confirmation of TEM findings,” Anat. Rec. 246(1), 135–146 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, H. Shi, J. Gao, and X. Wu, “Performance of an optimized substrate-free focal plane array for optical readout uncooled infrared detector,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(3), 034505 (2009).
[Crossref]
G. C. Holst, Testing and Evaluation of Infrared Imaging Systems, 2nd ed. (JCD Publishing, 1998).
T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, H. Shi, J. Gao, J. Qian, and X. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical characterizations of a substrate-free focal plane array,” Chin. Phys. B 19(1), 010701 (2010).
[Crossref]
A. Rogalski, J. Antoszewski, and L. Faraone, “Third-generation infrared photodetector arrays,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(9), 091101 (2009).
[Crossref]
Y. Zhao, M. Mao, R. Horowitz, A. Majumdar, J. Varesi, P. Norton, and J. Kitching, “Optomechanical uncooled infrared imaging system: design, microfabrication, and performance,” J. Microelectromech. Syst. 11(2), 136–146 (2002).
[Crossref]
H. Shi, Q. Zhang, J. Qian, L. Mao, T. Cheng, J. Gao, X. Wu, D. Chen, and B. Jiao, “Optical sensitivity analysis of deformed mirrors for microcantilever array IR imaging,” Opt. Express 17(6), 4367–4381 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Fu, H. Shang, H. Shi, Z. Li, O. Yi, D. Chen, and Q. Zhang, “Design optimization and performance analysis of deformed optical readout focal plane array,” J. Micromech. Microeng. 25(6), 065012 (2015).
[Crossref]
Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, Z. Guo, X. Wu, and D. Chen, “Optical readout method for microcantilever array sensing and its sensitivity analysis,” Opt. Lett. 32(6), 594–596 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Z. Zhang, T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, L. Mao, J. Gao, and X. Wu, “Sample manuscript for an optical readout infrared imaging system based on polarization to eliminate stray light,” J. Appl. Phys. 114(9), 093106 (2013).
[Crossref]
P. W. Kruse, “Chapter 2: principles of uncooled infrared focal plane array,” Semiconduct. Semimet. 47, 17–42 (1997).
T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, X. Wu, D. Chen, and B. Jiao, “Uncooled infrared imaging using a substrate-free focal-plane array,” IEEE Electron Device Lett. 29(11), 1218–1221 (2008).
[Crossref]
Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Wu, C. Li, Z. Guo, F. Dong, and Z. Xiong, “Bi-material mircocantilever array room-temperature IR imaging,” Wuli Xuebao 55, 3208–3214 (2006).
H. Y. Wong, Heat Transfer for Engineers (Longman, 1977).
P. Eriksson, J. Y. Andersson, and G. Stemme, “Thermal characteriza- tion of surface-micromachined silicon nitride membranes for thermal infrared detectors,” J. Microelectromech. Syst. 6(1), 55–61 (1997).
[Crossref]
Z. Xiong, Q. Zhang, J. Gao, X. Wu, D. Chen, and B. Jiao, “The pressure-dependent performance of a substrate-free focal plane array in an uncooled infrared imaging system,” J. Appl. Phys. 102(11), 113524 (2007).
[Crossref]

2015 (2)

J. Fu, H. Shang, H. Shi, Z. Li, O. Yi, D. Chen, and Q. Zhang, “Design optimization and performance analysis of deformed optical readout focal plane array,” J. Micromech. Microeng. 25(6), 065012 (2015).
[Crossref]

Y. Feng, Y. Zhao, M. Liu, L. Dong, X. Yu, L. Kong, W. Ma, and X. Liu, “Image quality improvement by the structured light illumination method in an optical readout cantilever array infrared imaging system,” Opt. Lett. 40(7), 1390–1393 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2014 (1)

T. Kohl, M. S. Bothe, H. Luksch, H. Straka, and G. Westhoff, “Organotopic organization of the primary Infrared Sensitive Nucleus (LTTD) in the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox),” J. Comp. Neurol. 522(18), 3943–3959 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (2)

V. Cadena, D. V. Andrade, R. P. Bovo, and G. J. Tattersall, “Evaporative respiratory cooling augments pit organ thermal detection in rattlesnakes,” J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 199(12), 1093–1104 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Zhang, T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, L. Mao, J. Gao, and X. Wu, “Sample manuscript for an optical readout infrared imaging system based on polarization to eliminate stray light,” J. Appl. Phys. 114(9), 093106 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (4)

P. G. Datskos, N. V. Lavrik, S. R. Hunter, S. Rajic, and D. Grbovic, “Infrared imaging using arrays of SiO2 micromechanical detectors,” Opt. Lett. 37(19), 3966–3968 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. S. Bakken, S. E. Colayori, and T. Duong, “Analytical methods for the geometric optics of thermal vision illustrated with four species of pitvipers,” J. Exp. Biol. 215(15), 2621–2629 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Chen, H. Deng, S. E. Brauth, L. Ding, and Y. Tang, “Reduced performance of prey targeting in pit vipers with contralaterally occluded infrared and visual senses,” PLoS One 7(5), e34989 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Kohl, S. E. Colayori, G. Westhoff, G. S. Bakken, and B. A. Young, “Directional sensitivity in the thermal response of the facial pit in western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox),” J. Exp. Biol. 215(15), 2630–2636 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (2)

E. O. Gracheva, N. T. Ingolia, Y. M. Kelly, J. F. Cordero-Morales, G. Hollopeter, A. T. Chesler, E. E. Sánchez, J. C. Perez, J. S. Weissman, and D. Julius, “Molecular basis of infrared detection by snakes,” Nature 464(7291), 1006–1011 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, H. Shi, J. Gao, J. Qian, and X. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical characterizations of a substrate-free focal plane array,” Chin. Phys. B 19(1), 010701 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (3)

A. Rogalski, J. Antoszewski, and L. Faraone, “Third-generation infrared photodetector arrays,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(9), 091101 (2009).
[Crossref]

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, H. Shi, J. Gao, and X. Wu, “Performance of an optimized substrate-free focal plane array for optical readout uncooled infrared detector,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(3), 034505 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Shi, Q. Zhang, J. Qian, L. Mao, T. Cheng, J. Gao, X. Wu, D. Chen, and B. Jiao, “Optical sensitivity analysis of deformed mirrors for microcantilever array IR imaging,” Opt. Express 17(6), 4367–4381 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (2)

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, X. Wu, D. Chen, and B. Jiao, “Uncooled infrared imaging using a substrate-free focal-plane array,” IEEE Electron Device Lett. 29(11), 1218–1221 (2008).
[Crossref]

S. Huang, H. Tao, I. K. Lin, and X. Zhang, “Development of double-cantilever infrared detectors: fabrication, curvature control and demonstration of thermal detection,” Sens. Actuators, A 145, 231–240 (2008).

2007 (2)

Z. Xiong, Q. Zhang, J. Gao, X. Wu, D. Chen, and B. Jiao, “The pressure-dependent performance of a substrate-free focal plane array in an uncooled infrared imaging system,” J. Appl. Phys. 102(11), 113524 (2007).
[Crossref]

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, Z. Guo, X. Wu, and D. Chen, “Optical readout method for microcantilever array sensing and its sensitivity analysis,” Opt. Lett. 32(6), 594–596 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (2)

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Wu, C. Li, Z. Guo, F. Dong, and Z. Xiong, “Bi-material mircocantilever array room-temperature IR imaging,” Wuli Xuebao 55, 3208–3214 (2006).

A. B. Sichert, P. Friedel, and J. L. van Hemmen, “Snake’s perspective on heat: reconstruction of input using an imperfect detection system,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97(6), 068105 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (2)

V. Gorbunov, N. Fuchigami, M. Stone, M. Grace, and V. V. Tsukruk, “Biological thermal detection: micromechanical and microthermal properties of biological infrared receptors,” Biomacromolecules 3(1), 106–115 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Zhao, M. Mao, R. Horowitz, A. Majumdar, J. Varesi, P. Norton, and J. Kitching, “Optomechanical uncooled infrared imaging system: design, microfabrication, and performance,” J. Microelectromech. Syst. 11(2), 136–146 (2002).
[Crossref]

1997 (2)

P. Eriksson, J. Y. Andersson, and G. Stemme, “Thermal characteriza- tion of surface-micromachined silicon nitride membranes for thermal infrared detectors,” J. Microelectromech. Syst. 6(1), 55–61 (1997).
[Crossref]

C. C. Hsieh, C. Y. Wu, F. W. Jih, and T. P. Sun, “Focal-plane-arrays and CMOS readout techniques of infrared imaging systems,” IEEE T. Circ. Syst. Vid. 7(4), 594–605 (1997).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

F. Amemiya, T. Ushiki, R. C. Goris, Y. Atobe, and T. Kusunoki, “Ultrastructure of the crotaline snake infrared pit receptors: SEM confirmation of TEM findings,” Anat. Rec. 246(1), 135–146 (1996).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1981 (1)

E. A. Newman and P. H. Hartline, “Integration of visual and infrared information in bimodal neurons in the rattlesnake optic tectum,” Science 213(4509), 789–791 (1981).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1978 (1)

P. H. Hartline, L. Kass, and M. S. Loop, “Merging of modalities in the optic tectum: infrared and visual integration in rattlesnakes,” Science 199(4334), 1225–1229 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1956 (1)

T. H. Bullock and F. P. Diecke, “Properties of an infra-red receptor,” J. Physiol. 134(1), 47–87 (1956).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1952 (1)

T. H. Bullock and R. B. Cowles, “Physiology of an infrared receptor: the facial pit of pit vipers,” Science 115(2994), 541–543 (1952).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1937 (1)

G. K. Noble and A. Schmidt, “The structure and function of the facial and labial pits of snakes,” Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 77(3), 263–288 (1937).

Amemiya, F.

Andersson, J. Y.

Andrade, D. V.

Antoszewski, J.

A. Rogalski, J. Antoszewski, and L. Faraone, “Third-generation infrared photodetector arrays,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(9), 091101 (2009).
[Crossref]

Atobe, Y.

Bakken, G. S.

Bothe, M. S.

Bovo, R. P.

Brauth, S. E.

Bullock, T. H.

T. H. Bullock and F. P. Diecke, “Properties of an infra-red receptor,” J. Physiol. 134(1), 47–87 (1956).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. H. Bullock and R. B. Cowles, “Physiology of an infrared receptor: the facial pit of pit vipers,” Science 115(2994), 541–543 (1952).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cadena, V.

Chen, D.

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, H. Shi, J. Gao, J. Qian, and X. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical characterizations of a substrate-free focal plane array,” Chin. Phys. B 19(1), 010701 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, X. Wu, D. Chen, and B. Jiao, “Uncooled infrared imaging using a substrate-free focal-plane array,” IEEE Electron Device Lett. 29(11), 1218–1221 (2008).
[Crossref]

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, Z. Guo, X. Wu, and D. Chen, “Optical readout method for microcantilever array sensing and its sensitivity analysis,” Opt. Lett. 32(6), 594–596 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Wu, C. Li, Z. Guo, F. Dong, and Z. Xiong, “Bi-material mircocantilever array room-temperature IR imaging,” Wuli Xuebao 55, 3208–3214 (2006).

Chen, Q.

Cheng, T.

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, H. Shi, J. Gao, J. Qian, and X. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical characterizations of a substrate-free focal plane array,” Chin. Phys. B 19(1), 010701 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, X. Wu, D. Chen, and B. Jiao, “Uncooled infrared imaging using a substrate-free focal-plane array,” IEEE Electron Device Lett. 29(11), 1218–1221 (2008).
[Crossref]

Chesler, A. T.

Colayori, S. E.

Cordero-Morales, J. F.

Cowles, R. B.

T. H. Bullock and R. B. Cowles, “Physiology of an infrared receptor: the facial pit of pit vipers,” Science 115(2994), 541–543 (1952).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Datskos, P. G.

P. G. Datskos, N. V. Lavrik, S. R. Hunter, S. Rajic, and D. Grbovic, “Infrared imaging using arrays of SiO2 micromechanical detectors,” Opt. Lett. 37(19), 3966–3968 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Deng, H.

Diecke, F. P.

T. H. Bullock and F. P. Diecke, “Properties of an infra-red receptor,” J. Physiol. 134(1), 47–87 (1956).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ding, L.

Dong, F.

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Wu, C. Li, Z. Guo, F. Dong, and Z. Xiong, “Bi-material mircocantilever array room-temperature IR imaging,” Wuli Xuebao 55, 3208–3214 (2006).

Dong, L.

Duong, T.

Eriksson, P.

Faraone, L.

A. Rogalski, J. Antoszewski, and L. Faraone, “Third-generation infrared photodetector arrays,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(9), 091101 (2009).
[Crossref]

Feng, Y.

Friedel, P.

Fu, J.

Fuchigami, N.

Gao, J.

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, H. Shi, J. Gao, J. Qian, and X. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical characterizations of a substrate-free focal plane array,” Chin. Phys. B 19(1), 010701 (2010).
[Crossref]

Gorbunov, V.

Goris, R. C.

Grace, M.

Gracheva, E. O.

Grbovic, D.

P. G. Datskos, N. V. Lavrik, S. R. Hunter, S. Rajic, and D. Grbovic, “Infrared imaging using arrays of SiO2 micromechanical detectors,” Opt. Lett. 37(19), 3966–3968 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Guo, Z.

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, Z. Guo, X. Wu, and D. Chen, “Optical readout method for microcantilever array sensing and its sensitivity analysis,” Opt. Lett. 32(6), 594–596 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Wu, C. Li, Z. Guo, F. Dong, and Z. Xiong, “Bi-material mircocantilever array room-temperature IR imaging,” Wuli Xuebao 55, 3208–3214 (2006).

Hartline, P. H.

E. A. Newman and P. H. Hartline, “Integration of visual and infrared information in bimodal neurons in the rattlesnake optic tectum,” Science 213(4509), 789–791 (1981).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. H. Hartline, L. Kass, and M. S. Loop, “Merging of modalities in the optic tectum: infrared and visual integration in rattlesnakes,” Science 199(4334), 1225–1229 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hollopeter, G.

Horowitz, R.

Hsieh, C. C.

C. C. Hsieh, C. Y. Wu, F. W. Jih, and T. P. Sun, “Focal-plane-arrays and CMOS readout techniques of infrared imaging systems,” IEEE T. Circ. Syst. Vid. 7(4), 594–605 (1997).
[Crossref]

Huang, S.

Hunter, S. R.

P. G. Datskos, N. V. Lavrik, S. R. Hunter, S. Rajic, and D. Grbovic, “Infrared imaging using arrays of SiO2 micromechanical detectors,” Opt. Lett. 37(19), 3966–3968 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ingolia, N. T.

Jiao, B.

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, X. Wu, D. Chen, and B. Jiao, “Uncooled infrared imaging using a substrate-free focal-plane array,” IEEE Electron Device Lett. 29(11), 1218–1221 (2008).
[Crossref]

Jih, F. W.

C. C. Hsieh, C. Y. Wu, F. W. Jih, and T. P. Sun, “Focal-plane-arrays and CMOS readout techniques of infrared imaging systems,” IEEE T. Circ. Syst. Vid. 7(4), 594–605 (1997).
[Crossref]

Julius, D.

Kass, L.

P. H. Hartline, L. Kass, and M. S. Loop, “Merging of modalities in the optic tectum: infrared and visual integration in rattlesnakes,” Science 199(4334), 1225–1229 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kelly, Y. M.

Kitching, J.

Kohl, T.

Kong, L.

Kusunoki, T.

Lavrik, N. V.

P. G. Datskos, N. V. Lavrik, S. R. Hunter, S. Rajic, and D. Grbovic, “Infrared imaging using arrays of SiO2 micromechanical detectors,” Opt. Lett. 37(19), 3966–3968 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, C.

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Wu, C. Li, Z. Guo, F. Dong, and Z. Xiong, “Bi-material mircocantilever array room-temperature IR imaging,” Wuli Xuebao 55, 3208–3214 (2006).

Li, Z.

Lin, I. K.

Liu, M.

Liu, X.

Loop, M. S.

P. H. Hartline, L. Kass, and M. S. Loop, “Merging of modalities in the optic tectum: infrared and visual integration in rattlesnakes,” Science 199(4334), 1225–1229 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Luksch, H.

Ma, W.

Majumdar, A.

Mao, L.

Mao, M.

Miao, Z.

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, Z. Guo, X. Wu, and D. Chen, “Optical readout method for microcantilever array sensing and its sensitivity analysis,” Opt. Lett. 32(6), 594–596 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Wu, C. Li, Z. Guo, F. Dong, and Z. Xiong, “Bi-material mircocantilever array room-temperature IR imaging,” Wuli Xuebao 55, 3208–3214 (2006).

Newman, E. A.

E. A. Newman and P. H. Hartline, “Integration of visual and infrared information in bimodal neurons in the rattlesnake optic tectum,” Science 213(4509), 789–791 (1981).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Noble, G. K.

G. K. Noble and A. Schmidt, “The structure and function of the facial and labial pits of snakes,” Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 77(3), 263–288 (1937).

Norton, P.

Perez, J. C.

Qian, J.

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, H. Shi, J. Gao, J. Qian, and X. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical characterizations of a substrate-free focal plane array,” Chin. Phys. B 19(1), 010701 (2010).
[Crossref]

Rajic, S.

P. G. Datskos, N. V. Lavrik, S. R. Hunter, S. Rajic, and D. Grbovic, “Infrared imaging using arrays of SiO2 micromechanical detectors,” Opt. Lett. 37(19), 3966–3968 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rogalski, A.

A. Rogalski, J. Antoszewski, and L. Faraone, “Third-generation infrared photodetector arrays,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(9), 091101 (2009).
[Crossref]

Sánchez, E. E.

Schmidt, A.

G. K. Noble and A. Schmidt, “The structure and function of the facial and labial pits of snakes,” Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 77(3), 263–288 (1937).

Shang, H.

Shi, H.

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, H. Shi, J. Gao, J. Qian, and X. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical characterizations of a substrate-free focal plane array,” Chin. Phys. B 19(1), 010701 (2010).
[Crossref]

Sichert, A. B.

Stemme, G.

Stone, M.

Straka, H.

Sun, T. P.

C. C. Hsieh, C. Y. Wu, F. W. Jih, and T. P. Sun, “Focal-plane-arrays and CMOS readout techniques of infrared imaging systems,” IEEE T. Circ. Syst. Vid. 7(4), 594–605 (1997).
[Crossref]

Tang, Y.

Tao, H.

Tattersall, G. J.

Tsukruk, V. V.

Ushiki, T.

van Hemmen, J. L.

Varesi, J.

Weissman, J. S.

Westhoff, G.

Wu, C. Y.

C. C. Hsieh, C. Y. Wu, F. W. Jih, and T. P. Sun, “Focal-plane-arrays and CMOS readout techniques of infrared imaging systems,” IEEE T. Circ. Syst. Vid. 7(4), 594–605 (1997).
[Crossref]

Wu, X.

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, H. Shi, J. Gao, J. Qian, and X. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical characterizations of a substrate-free focal plane array,” Chin. Phys. B 19(1), 010701 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, X. Wu, D. Chen, and B. Jiao, “Uncooled infrared imaging using a substrate-free focal-plane array,” IEEE Electron Device Lett. 29(11), 1218–1221 (2008).
[Crossref]

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, Z. Guo, X. Wu, and D. Chen, “Optical readout method for microcantilever array sensing and its sensitivity analysis,” Opt. Lett. 32(6), 594–596 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Wu, C. Li, Z. Guo, F. Dong, and Z. Xiong, “Bi-material mircocantilever array room-temperature IR imaging,” Wuli Xuebao 55, 3208–3214 (2006).

Xiong, Z.

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Wu, C. Li, Z. Guo, F. Dong, and Z. Xiong, “Bi-material mircocantilever array room-temperature IR imaging,” Wuli Xuebao 55, 3208–3214 (2006).

Yi, O.

Young, B. A.

Yu, X.

Zhang, Q.

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, H. Shi, J. Gao, J. Qian, and X. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical characterizations of a substrate-free focal plane array,” Chin. Phys. B 19(1), 010701 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, X. Wu, D. Chen, and B. Jiao, “Uncooled infrared imaging using a substrate-free focal-plane array,” IEEE Electron Device Lett. 29(11), 1218–1221 (2008).
[Crossref]

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, Z. Guo, X. Wu, and D. Chen, “Optical readout method for microcantilever array sensing and its sensitivity analysis,” Opt. Lett. 32(6), 594–596 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Wu, C. Li, Z. Guo, F. Dong, and Z. Xiong, “Bi-material mircocantilever array room-temperature IR imaging,” Wuli Xuebao 55, 3208–3214 (2006).

Zhang, X.

Zhang, Z.

Zhao, Y.

Anat. Rec. (1)

Biomacromolecules (1)

Chin. Phys. B (1)

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, H. Shi, J. Gao, J. Qian, and X. Wu, “Thermal and mechanical characterizations of a substrate-free focal plane array,” Chin. Phys. B 19(1), 010701 (2010).
[Crossref]

IEEE Electron Device Lett. (1)

T. Cheng, Q. Zhang, X. Wu, D. Chen, and B. Jiao, “Uncooled infrared imaging using a substrate-free focal-plane array,” IEEE Electron Device Lett. 29(11), 1218–1221 (2008).
[Crossref]

IEEE T. Circ. Syst. Vid. (1)

C. C. Hsieh, C. Y. Wu, F. W. Jih, and T. P. Sun, “Focal-plane-arrays and CMOS readout techniques of infrared imaging systems,” IEEE T. Circ. Syst. Vid. 7(4), 594–605 (1997).
[Crossref]

J. Appl. Phys. (4)

A. Rogalski, J. Antoszewski, and L. Faraone, “Third-generation infrared photodetector arrays,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(9), 091101 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. Comp. Neurol. (1)

J. Comp. Physiol. A Neuroethol. Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. (1)

J. Exp. Biol. (2)

J. Microelectromech. Syst. (2)

J. Micromech. Microeng. (1)

J. Physiol. (1)

T. H. Bullock and F. P. Diecke, “Properties of an infra-red receptor,” J. Physiol. 134(1), 47–87 (1956).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nature (1)

Opt. Express (1)

Opt. Lett. (3)

P. G. Datskos, N. V. Lavrik, S. R. Hunter, S. Rajic, and D. Grbovic, “Infrared imaging using arrays of SiO2 micromechanical detectors,” Opt. Lett. 37(19), 3966–3968 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, Z. Guo, X. Wu, and D. Chen, “Optical readout method for microcantilever array sensing and its sensitivity analysis,” Opt. Lett. 32(6), 594–596 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

PLoS One (1)

Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. (1)

G. K. Noble and A. Schmidt, “The structure and function of the facial and labial pits of snakes,” Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 77(3), 263–288 (1937).

Science (3)

T. H. Bullock and R. B. Cowles, “Physiology of an infrared receptor: the facial pit of pit vipers,” Science 115(2994), 541–543 (1952).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. H. Hartline, L. Kass, and M. S. Loop, “Merging of modalities in the optic tectum: infrared and visual integration in rattlesnakes,” Science 199(4334), 1225–1229 (1978).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. A. Newman and P. H. Hartline, “Integration of visual and infrared information in bimodal neurons in the rattlesnake optic tectum,” Science 213(4509), 789–791 (1981).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sens. Actuators, A (1)

Wuli Xuebao (1)

Z. Miao, Q. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Wu, C. Li, Z. Guo, F. Dong, and Z. Xiong, “Bi-material mircocantilever array room-temperature IR imaging,” Wuli Xuebao 55, 3208–3214 (2006).

Other (3)

H. Y. Wong, Heat Transfer for Engineers (Longman, 1977).

P. W. Kruse, “Chapter 2: principles of uncooled infrared focal plane array,” Semiconduct. Semimet. 47, 17–42 (1997).

G. C. Holst, Testing and Evaluation of Infrared Imaging Systems, 2nd ed. (JCD Publishing, 1998).

Supplementary Material (2)

Name	Description
» Visualization 1: MOV (3264 KB)	When a container filled with room temperature water was close to the pit vipers, they had no reaction.
» Visualization 2: MOV (4221 KB)	When a container filled with hot water was placed at less than 0.2 m from the pit vipers, they quickly changed to defensive posture, and rapidly adjusted their position and defense angle when the container moved.

Cited By

OSA participates in Crossref's Cited-By Linking service. Citing articles from OSA journals and other participating publishers are listed here.

Alert me when this article is cited.

Click here to see a list of articles that cite this paper

Fig. 1 Pit vipers and pit organ. (a) Trimeresurus gramineus, (b) Deinagkistrodon acutus, behavioral experiments of deinagkistrodon acutus are shown in Visualization 1 (room temperature object stimulation) and Visualization 2 (hot object stimulation). (c) Gloydius brevicaudus, (d) The surrounding tissue of pit organ is cut off to see the pit membrane, (e) The pit membrane is gripped and stretched by the tweezers to see the ostiole in front of eye, (f) Dissected pit membrane, (g) Transverse section micrograph of the pit membrane, (h) Pit organ schematic diagram. 1. Nostril, 2. Pit organ, 3. Eye, 4. Pit membrane, 5. Ostiole in front of eye, 6. Inner chamber, 7. Outer chamber.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2 Schematic of pit organ FEA models. (a) Overall schematic view of the model, (b) and (c) are partial schematic views of substrate-free model and substrate model, respectively.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3 Temperature distribution of 9 × 9 units when applying centric heat flux loads. (a) load applied to the centric 1 × 1 unit of the substrate model, maximum temperature rise = 2.5 × 10⁻⁴ K, (b) load applied on the centric 1 × 1 unit of the substrate-free model, maximum temperature rise = 4 × 10⁻⁴ K, (c) load applied to the centric 3 × 3 unit of the substrate model, maximum temperature rise = 5.5 × 10⁻⁴ K, (d) load applied to the centric 3 × 3 unit of the substrate-free model, maximum temperature rise = 1.85 × 10⁻³ K.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4 Maximum temperature rise with the number of loaded centric units.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5 Temperature distribution calculated by FEA when periodic heat flux loads are applied. (a)–(c) For substrate pit organ, loaded spatial periods 40, 10, and 2 units and MTF 0.99, 0.93, and 0.28, respectively. (d)–(f) For substrate-free pit organ, loaded spatial periods 40, 10, and 2 units and MTF 0.33,0.06, and 0.005, respectively.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 6 MTF changes with loaded spatial frequency.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 7 FEA simulations of the infrared imaging process of the substrate-free pit organ. (a) Rat shaped heat flux load distribution. (b) Temperature distribution of the 80 × 80 unit membrane. (c) Temperature distribution of the 160 × 160 unit membrane. (d) Hand shaped heat flux load distribution. (e) Temperature distribution of the 80 × 80 unit membrane. (f) Temperature distribution of the 160 × 160 unit membrane.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 8 Structures, fabrication process, and FEA model of FPA. (a) Electronic readout FPA unit. (b) Optical readout substrate FPA unit. (c) Optical readout substrate-free FPA unit. (d) Fabrication process of substrate-free FPA. (e) FEA model of FPA.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 9 Temperature distribution of centric 7 × 7 units when applying centric heat flux loads. (a) Load applied on the centric 1 × 1 unit of the substrate model, maximum temperature rise = 0.1181 K. (b) Load applied on the centric 1 × 1 unit of the substrate-free model, maximum temperature rise = 0.1718 K. (c) Load applied on the centric 3 × 3 units of the substrate model, maximum temperature rise = 0.1181 K. (d) Load applied on the centric 3 × 3 units of the substrate-free model, maximum temperature rise = 0.3874 K.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 10 Maximum temperature rise changes with the number of centric loaded units.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 11 Temperature distribution calculated by FEA when periodic heat flux load was applied for the substrate-free FPA model. (a)–(d) Loaded spatial periods 40, 20, 10, and 2 units, MTF = 0.90, 0.55, 0.26, and 0.07, respectively.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 12 MTF changes with the loaded spatial frequency.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 13 Total thermal conductance, G_total, response to air pressure. (a) Black line = substrate-free FPA (d = 2mm), red line = substrate FPA (d = 2μm). (b) Amplification of the black line in (a).

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 14 light path schematic of optical readout infrared imaging.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 15 infrared imaging results of substrate-free FPA. (a) Hand image obtained under atmosphere conditions (b) - (d) Hand, watch on the wrist, and face images obtained under vacuum conditions, respectively.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Tables (3)

Table 1 Material parameters of pit membrane and air

View Table | View all tables in this article

Table 2 Material parameters of SiN_x and Au

View Table | View all tables in this article

Table 3 Dimensions of the FPA

View Table | View all tables in this article

Equations (15)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

Δ P = \frac{d P}{d T_{s}} \cdot Δ T_{s} = 0.63 \cdot Δ T_{s}

h = \frac{A_{s} \cdot θ \cdot ε \cdot Δ P}{A_{o}} = \frac{A_{s} \cdot \frac{A_{o}}{l_{0}^{2}} \cdot ε \cdot Δ P}{A_{o}} = \frac{A_{s} \cdot ε \cdot Δ P}{l_{0}^{2}} = 0.63 \cdot \frac{A_{s} \cdot ε}{l_{0}^{2}} \cdot Δ T_{s}

M T F = \frac{M (Image)}{M (S o u r c e)},

M T F = \frac{T_{max} - T_{\min}}{T_{max} + T_{\min}} .

G_{t o t a l} = \frac{A h}{Δ T},

τ = \frac{C}{G_{t o t a l}},

h = 0.63 \cdot \frac{τ \cdot ε \cdot π}{4 F^{2}} \cdot Δ T_{s}

G_{t o t a l} = G_{r a d} + G_{l e g} + G_{a i r}

G_{r a d} = 4 σ (ε_{A u} + ε_{S i N x}) A_{a b} T^{3}

G_{l e g} = \frac{2}{n} {(\frac{L}{k_{S i N x} A_{S i N x} + k_{A u} A_{A u}} + \frac{L}{k_{S i N x} A_{S i N x}})}^{- 1}

R_{a} = \frac{g β (T_{c} - T_{s u b}) D^{3}}{α ν}

G_{a i r} = G_{c o n d} = k_{a i r} \frac{A_{a b}}{d}

k_{a i r} = \frac{n_{0} v_{0} c_{a i r} l}{3}

\frac{1}{k_{a i r}} = \frac{1}{k_{h p}} + \frac{1}{γ_{l p} P d}

\frac{1}{G_{a i r}} = \frac{d}{k_{h p} A_{a b}} + \frac{1}{γ_{l p} P A_{a b}}

Material	Thermal conductivity	Density	Specific heat	Emissivity
	k (Wm⁻¹K⁻¹)	ρ (kgm⁻³)	c (Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹)	ε
Pit membrane	0.11	1.0 × 10³	4.2 × 10³	0.95
Air	0.0244	1.2	1.0 × 10³	-

Material	Young’s modulus	Thermal Expansion coefficient	Thermal conductivity	Density	Specific Heat	Emissivity
	E (GPa)	α (10⁻⁶K⁻¹)	k (Wm⁻¹K⁻¹)	ρ ( × 10³kgm⁻³)	c (Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹)	ε
SiN_x	180	0.8	5.5	2.4	691	0.8
Au	73	14.2	296	19.3	129	0.01

Pixel size	Absorber size	Au thickness (inthe beams)	Au thickness (inthe reflector)	SiN_x thickness	Frame width	Leg size
μm²	μm²	μm	nm	Μm	μm	μm²
50 × 50	45 × 21	0.2	25	0.5	2	45 × 1.5

Material	Thermal conductivity	Density	Specific heat	Emissivity
	k (Wm⁻¹K⁻¹)	ρ (kgm⁻³)	c (Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹)	ε
Pit membrane	0.11	1.0 × 10³	4.2 × 10³	0.95
Air	0.0244	1.2	1.0 × 10³	-

Material	Young’s modulus	Thermal Expansion coefficient	Thermal conductivity	Density	Specific Heat	Emissivity
	E (GPa)	α (10⁻⁶K⁻¹)	k (Wm⁻¹K⁻¹)	ρ ( × 10³kgm⁻³)	c (Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹)	ε
SiN_x	180	0.8	5.5	2.4	691	0.8
Au	73	14.2	296	19.3	129	0.01