Abstract

An in-line interferometer based on the intermodal coupling of a multicore fiber (MCF) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The in-line interferometer is fabricated by adiabatically tapering the MCF. The intermodal coupling of the in-line interferometer is strongly affected by the waist diameter of the MCF, which changes the evanescent field and the pitch size. The effect of the waist diameters of the MCF on the intermodal coupling in the in-line interferometer is theoretically and experimentally investigated. The transmission oscillations of the multiple core modes resulting from the intermodal coupling and interference substantially become stronger as the waist diameter decreases. The extinction ratio and the oscillation periodicity of the transmissions oscillations are changed by the waist diameter.

© 2015 Optical Society of America

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References

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2014 (3)

2013 (2)

S. Zheng, G. Ren, Z. Lin, and S. Jian, “Mode-coupling analysis and trench design for large-mode-area low-cross-talk multicore fiber,” Appl. Opt. 52(19), 4541–4548 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7(5), 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (6)

2011 (3)

2010 (1)

2009 (1)

S. Feng, H. Li, O. Xu, S. Lu, and S. Jian, “Compact in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer using a twin-core fiber,” Proc. SPIE 7630, 76301R (2009).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

1972 (1)

Amezcua Correa, R.

R. G. H. van Uden, R. Amezcua Correa, E. A. Lopez, F. M. Huijskens, C. Xia, G. Li, A. Schülzgen, H. de Waardt, A. M. J. Koonen, and C. M. Okonkwo, “Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre,” Nat. Photonics 8(11), 865–870 (2014).
[Crossref]

Amezcua-Correa, R.

Antonio-Lopez, E.

Antonio-Lopez, J. E.

Barton, J. S.

Bedoya, A. C.

Bennion, I.

Biazoli, C. R.

Brambilla, G.

M. S. Yoon, H. J. Kim, G. Brambilla, and Y. G. Han, “Development of a small-size embedded optical microfiber coil resonator with High Q,” J. Korean Phys. Soc. 61(9), 1381–1385 (2012).
[Crossref]

Büttner, T. F. S.

Chan, F. Y.

Chandrasekhar, S.

Cordeiro, C. M. B.

de Waardt, H.

R. G. H. van Uden, R. Amezcua Correa, E. A. Lopez, F. M. Huijskens, C. Xia, G. Li, A. Schülzgen, H. de Waardt, A. M. J. Koonen, and C. M. Okonkwo, “Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre,” Nat. Photonics 8(11), 865–870 (2014).
[Crossref]

Dimarcello, F. V.

Eggleton, B. J.

Eznaveh, Z. S.

Feng, S.

S. Feng, H. Li, O. Xu, S. Lu, and S. Jian, “Compact in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer using a twin-core fiber,” Proc. SPIE 7630, 76301R (2009).
[Crossref]

Ferreira, M. S.

Fini, J. M.

Fishteyn, M.

Flockhart, G. M. H.

Franco, M. A. R.

Frazão, O.

Han, Y. G.

M. S. Yoon, H. J. Kim, G. Brambilla, and Y. G. Han, “Development of a small-size embedded optical microfiber coil resonator with High Q,” J. Korean Phys. Soc. 61(9), 1381–1385 (2012).
[Crossref]

H. J. Kim and Y. G. Han, “Polarization-dependent in-line mach-zehnder interferometer for discrimination of temperature and ambient index sensitivities,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(8), 1037–1041 (2012).
[Crossref]

Hudson, D. D.

Huijskens, F. M.

R. G. H. van Uden, R. Amezcua Correa, E. A. Lopez, F. M. Huijskens, C. Xia, G. Li, A. Schülzgen, H. de Waardt, A. M. J. Koonen, and C. M. Okonkwo, “Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre,” Nat. Photonics 8(11), 865–870 (2014).
[Crossref]

Jian, S.

S. Zheng, G. Ren, Z. Lin, and S. Jian, “Mode-coupling analysis and trench design for large-mode-area low-cross-talk multicore fiber,” Appl. Opt. 52(19), 4541–4548 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Feng, H. Li, O. Xu, S. Lu, and S. Jian, “Compact in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer using a twin-core fiber,” Proc. SPIE 7630, 76301R (2009).
[Crossref]

Jones, J. D. C.

Kim, H. J.

H. J. Kim and Y. G. Han, “Polarization-dependent in-line mach-zehnder interferometer for discrimination of temperature and ambient index sensitivities,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(8), 1037–1041 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. S. Yoon, H. J. Kim, G. Brambilla, and Y. G. Han, “Development of a small-size embedded optical microfiber coil resonator with High Q,” J. Korean Phys. Soc. 61(9), 1381–1385 (2012).
[Crossref]

Kobelke, J.

Koonen, A. M. J.

R. G. H. van Uden, R. Amezcua Correa, E. A. Lopez, F. M. Huijskens, C. Xia, G. Li, A. Schülzgen, H. de Waardt, A. M. J. Koonen, and C. M. Okonkwo, “Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre,” Nat. Photonics 8(11), 865–870 (2014).
[Crossref]

Lau, A. P. T.

Li, G.

R. G. H. van Uden, R. Amezcua Correa, E. A. Lopez, F. M. Huijskens, C. Xia, G. Li, A. Schülzgen, H. de Waardt, A. M. J. Koonen, and C. M. Okonkwo, “Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre,” Nat. Photonics 8(11), 865–870 (2014).
[Crossref]

A. Zhou, Y. Zhang, G. Li, J. Yang, Y. Wang, F. Tian, and L. Yuan, “Optical refractometer based on an asymmetrical twin-core fiber Michelson interferometer,” Opt. Lett. 36(16), 3221–3223 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, H.

S. Feng, H. Li, O. Xu, S. Lu, and S. Jian, “Compact in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer using a twin-core fiber,” Proc. SPIE 7630, 76301R (2009).
[Crossref]

LiKamWa, P.

Lin, Z.

Liu, X.

Lopez, E. A.

R. G. H. van Uden, R. Amezcua Correa, E. A. Lopez, F. M. Huijskens, C. Xia, G. Li, A. Schülzgen, H. de Waardt, A. M. J. Koonen, and C. M. Okonkwo, “Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre,” Nat. Photonics 8(11), 865–870 (2014).
[Crossref]

Lu, S.

S. Feng, H. Li, O. Xu, S. Lu, and S. Jian, “Compact in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer using a twin-core fiber,” Proc. SPIE 7630, 76301R (2009).
[Crossref]

MacPherson, W. N.

Mägi, E. C.

Margulis, W.

Monberg, E. M.

Nelson, L. E.

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7(5), 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

Okonkwo, C. M.

R. G. H. van Uden, R. Amezcua Correa, E. A. Lopez, F. M. Huijskens, C. Xia, G. Li, A. Schülzgen, H. de Waardt, A. M. J. Koonen, and C. M. Okonkwo, “Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre,” Nat. Photonics 8(11), 865–870 (2014).
[Crossref]

Ren, G.

Richardson, D. J.

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7(5), 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

Rugeland, P.

Salceda-Delgado, G.

Schülzgen, A.

Schuster, K.

Silva, R. M.

Silva, S.

Snyder, A. W.

Tam, H.-Y.

Taunay, T.

Taunay, T. F.

Tian, F.

Van Newkirk, A.

van Uden, R. G. H.

R. G. H. van Uden, R. Amezcua Correa, E. A. Lopez, F. M. Huijskens, C. Xia, G. Li, A. Schülzgen, H. de Waardt, A. M. J. Koonen, and C. M. Okonkwo, “Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre,” Nat. Photonics 8(11), 865–870 (2014).
[Crossref]

Wang, Y.

Xia, C.

R. G. H. van Uden, R. Amezcua Correa, E. A. Lopez, F. M. Huijskens, C. Xia, G. Li, A. Schülzgen, H. de Waardt, A. M. J. Koonen, and C. M. Okonkwo, “Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre,” Nat. Photonics 8(11), 865–870 (2014).
[Crossref]

Xu, O.

S. Feng, H. Li, O. Xu, S. Lu, and S. Jian, “Compact in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer using a twin-core fiber,” Proc. SPIE 7630, 76301R (2009).
[Crossref]

Yan, M. F.

Yang, J.

Yoon, M. S.

M. S. Yoon, H. J. Kim, G. Brambilla, and Y. G. Han, “Development of a small-size embedded optical microfiber coil resonator with High Q,” J. Korean Phys. Soc. 61(9), 1381–1385 (2012).
[Crossref]

Yuan, L.

Zhang, L.

Zhang, Y.

Zheng, S.

Zhou, A.

Zhu, B.

Appl. Opt. (3)

J. Korean Phys. Soc. (1)

M. S. Yoon, H. J. Kim, G. Brambilla, and Y. G. Han, “Development of a small-size embedded optical microfiber coil resonator with High Q,” J. Korean Phys. Soc. 61(9), 1381–1385 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (1)

J. Opt. Soc. Am. (1)

Nat. Photonics (2)

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7(5), 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

R. G. H. van Uden, R. Amezcua Correa, E. A. Lopez, F. M. Huijskens, C. Xia, G. Li, A. Schülzgen, H. de Waardt, A. M. J. Koonen, and C. M. Okonkwo, “Ultra-high-density spatial division multiplexing with a few-mode multicore fibre,” Nat. Photonics 8(11), 865–870 (2014).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (3)

Opt. Lett. (6)

Proc. SPIE (1)

S. Feng, H. Li, O. Xu, S. Lu, and S. Jian, “Compact in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer using a twin-core fiber,” Proc. SPIE 7630, 76301R (2009).
[Crossref]

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Figures (5)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) Scheme of the MCF and (b) SEM image of the fabricated MCF.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) Experimental setup for the fabrication of the tapered MCF and (b) microscopic images of the tapered MCF with various waist diameters.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Theoretical results for the normalized intensity distributions of all the seven core modes in the in-line interferometer with various waist diameters (d), such as 10, 20, and 30 μm.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Experimental results for the transmission spectra of the center core (a) and the side core modes (b), respectively, in the in-line interferometer at various waist diameters.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 (a) Transmission spectra of the tapered MCF with a waist diameter of 10 μm. Experimental and theoretical results for the intensity distributions of the core modes in the in-line interferometer corresponding to the phase of π/2 (b) and π (c), respectively, depending on input polarization states.

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Equations (10)

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d A → dz =− C → A → (z),
A → = [ A 1 (z) A 2 (z) A 3 (z) A 4 (z) A 5 (z) A 6 (z) A 7 (z)] T ,
c ij ={ j C ij exp[j( β i − β j )z]           i≠j ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​                   0                                  i≠j ,
C → =( 0 C C C C C C C 0 C 0 0 0 C C C 0 C 0 0 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 0 C 0 0 C 0 C 0 C 0 0 0 C 0 C C C 0 0 0 C 0 ).
A 1 (z)=[ cos( N Cz)+ j N sin( N Cz) ]exp(−jCz),
A p (z)=− j N sin( N Cz)exp(−jCz)            p≠1,
| A 1 (z) | 2 = 1 7 + 6 7 cos 2 ( 7 Cz),
| A p (z) | 2 = 1 7 sin 2 ( 7 Cz)        p≠1.
C= π 2 n 1 2 − n 2 2 a n 1 u 2 V 2 K 0 (wΛ/a) K 1 2 (w) = π 2 n 1 2 − n 2 2 ζd n 1 u 2 V 2 K 0 (γ/a) K 1 2 (w) ,
V= 2πa λ n 1 2 − n 2 2 ,  u=a ( 2π n 1 /λ ) 2 − β p 2 ,  w=a β p 2 − ( 2π n 2 /λ ) 2 .

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