Acousto-optic resonant coupling of three spatial modes in an optical fiber

Hee Su Park; Kwang Yong Song

doi:10.1364/OE.22.001990

Acousto-optic resonant coupling of three spatial modes in an optical fiber

Hee Su Park and Kwang Yong Song

Optics Express
Vol. 22,
Issue 2,
pp. 1990-1996
(2014)
•doi: 10.1364/OE.22.001990

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Hee Su Park and Kwang Yong Song, "Acousto-optic resonant coupling of three spatial modes in an optical fiber," Opt. Express 22, 1990-1996 (2014)

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Abstract

A fiber-optic analogue to an externally driven three-level quantum state is demonstrated by acousto-optic coupling of the spatial modes in a few-mode fiber. Under the condition analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency, a narrow-bandwidth transmission within an absorption band for the fundamental mode is demonstrated. The presented structure is an efficient converter between the fundamental mode and the higher-order modes that cannot be easily addressed by previous techniques, therefore can play a significant role in the next-generation space-division multiplexing communications as an arbitrarily mode-selectable router.

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References

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Publication

S. Longhi, “Quantum-optical analogies using photonic structures,” Laser Photonics Rev. 3, 243–261 (2009).
[Crossref]
D. Dragoman and M. Dragoman, Quantum-Classical Analogies(Springer, Berlin, 2004).
[Crossref]
C. Ciret, M. Alonzo, V. Coda, A. A. Rangelov, and G. Montemezzani, “Analog to electromagnetically induced transparency and Autler-Townes effect demonstrated with photoinduced coupled waveguides,” Phys. Rev. A 88, 013840 (2013).
[Crossref]
A. Naweed, G. Farca, S. I. Shopova, and A. T. Rosenberger, “Induced transparency and absorption in coupled whispering-gallery microresonators,” Phys. Rev. A 71, 043804 (2005).
[Crossref]
Q. Xu, S. Sandhu, M. L. Povinelli, J. Shakya, S. Fan, and M. Lipson, “Experimental realization of an on-chip all-optical analogue to electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 123901 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. F. Yanik, W. Suh, Z. Wang, and S. Fan, “Stopping light in a waveguide with an all-optical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 233903 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
L. Maleki, A. B. Matsko, A. A. Savchenkov, and V. S. Ilchenko, “Tunable delay line with interacting whispering-gallery-mode resonators,” Opt. Lett. 29, 626–628 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
E. Paspalakis, “Adiabatic three-waveguide directional coupler,” Opt. Commun. 258, 30–34 (2006).
[Crossref]
S.-Y. Tseng and M.-C. Wu, “Mode conversion/splitting by optical analogy of multistate stimulated Raman adiabatic passage in multimode waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3529–3534 (2010).
X. Xiong, C.-L. Zou, X.-F. Ren, and G.-C. Guo, “Integrated polarization rotator/converter by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage,” Opt. Express 21, 17097–17107 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Suchowski, G. Porat, and A. Arie, “Adiabatic processes in frequency conversion,” Laser Photonics Rev., doi: (2013).
[Crossref]
K. T. McCusker, Y.-P. Huang, A. S. Kowligy, and P. Kumar, “Experimental demonstration of interaction-free all-optical switching via the quantum Zeno effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 240403 (2013).
[Crossref]
D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7, 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]
N. Bozinovic, Y. Yue, Y. Ren, M. Tur, P. Kristensen, H. Huang, A. E. Willner, and S. Ramachandran, “Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers,” Science 340, 1545–1548 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. S. Park, K. Y. Song, S. H. Yun, and B. Y. Kim, “All-fiber wavelength-tunable acoustooptic switches based on intermodal coupling in fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20, 1864–1868 (2002).
[Crossref]
The indices i and j of a linearly polarized LPij mode denote the number of asymmetry axes and the number of lobes along the radius, respectively, of the transverse field distribution.
T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. O. Culverhouse, “The acousto-optic effect in single-mode fiber tapers and couplers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14, 2519–2529 (1996).
[Crossref]
A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, 6th ed. (Oxford University Press, USA, 2007).
S. E. Harris, J. E. Field, and A. Imamoğlu, “Nonlinear optical processes using electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1107–1110 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
K.-J. Boller, A. Imamoğlu, and S. E. Harris, “Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2593–2596 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Fleischhauer, A. Imamoglu, and J. P. Marangos, “Electromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coherent media,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 633–673 (2005).
[Crossref]
Although our scheme is closer to the ladder-type configuration considering the order of the propagation constants, we relate the current scheme to the lambda-type configuration to avoid unnecessary confusion. Whereas the dark state in a ladder-type atomic configuration is not strictly stable, our implementation does not contain decaying processes and therefore has a steady dark state leading to an efficient induced transparency.
P. M. Anisimov, J. P. Dowling, and B. C. Sanders, “Objectively discerning Autler-Townes splitting from electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 163604 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Neeley, M. Ansmann, R. C. Bialczak, M. Hofheinz, E. Lucero, A. D. O’Connel, D. Sank, H. Wang, J. Wenner, A. N. Cleland, M. R. Geller, and J. M. Martinis, “Emulation of a quantum spin with a superconducting phase qubit,” Science 325, 722–725 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
The retained maximum transmission (83%) and the voltage (9.5 Vpp) of the next minimum transmission, however, deviate from 100% and 2 × 4 Vpp, respectively. These discrepancies arise mainly from an off-resonant coupling due to non-uniformity of the fibre and also from the saturation of the acoustic transducer efficiency.
S. H. Autler and C. H. Townes, “Stark effect in rapidly varying fields,” Phys. Rev. 100, 703–722 (1955).
[Crossref]
H. E. Engan, B. Y. Kim, J. N. Blake, and H. J. Shaw, “Propagation and optical interaction of guided acoustic waves in two-mode optical fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 428–436 (1998).
[Crossref]
P. Kwiat, H. Weinfurter, T. Herzog, and A. Zeilinger, “Interaction-free measurement,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4763–4766 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (5)

C. Ciret, M. Alonzo, V. Coda, A. A. Rangelov, and G. Montemezzani, “Analog to electromagnetically induced transparency and Autler-Townes effect demonstrated with photoinduced coupled waveguides,” Phys. Rev. A 88, 013840 (2013).
[Crossref]

X. Xiong, C.-L. Zou, X.-F. Ren, and G.-C. Guo, “Integrated polarization rotator/converter by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage,” Opt. Express 21, 17097–17107 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. T. McCusker, Y.-P. Huang, A. S. Kowligy, and P. Kumar, “Experimental demonstration of interaction-free all-optical switching via the quantum Zeno effect,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 240403 (2013).
[Crossref]

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7, 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

N. Bozinovic, Y. Yue, Y. Ren, M. Tur, P. Kristensen, H. Huang, A. E. Willner, and S. Ramachandran, “Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in fibers,” Science 340, 1545–1548 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (1)

P. M. Anisimov, J. P. Dowling, and B. C. Sanders, “Objectively discerning Autler-Townes splitting from electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 163604 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (1)

S.-Y. Tseng and M.-C. Wu, “Mode conversion/splitting by optical analogy of multistate stimulated Raman adiabatic passage in multimode waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3529–3534 (2010).

2009 (2)

S. Longhi, “Quantum-optical analogies using photonic structures,” Laser Photonics Rev. 3, 243–261 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. Neeley, M. Ansmann, R. C. Bialczak, M. Hofheinz, E. Lucero, A. D. O’Connel, D. Sank, H. Wang, J. Wenner, A. N. Cleland, M. R. Geller, and J. M. Martinis, “Emulation of a quantum spin with a superconducting phase qubit,” Science 325, 722–725 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (2)

E. Paspalakis, “Adiabatic three-waveguide directional coupler,” Opt. Commun. 258, 30–34 (2006).
[Crossref]

Q. Xu, S. Sandhu, M. L. Povinelli, J. Shakya, S. Fan, and M. Lipson, “Experimental realization of an on-chip all-optical analogue to electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 123901 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (2)

A. Naweed, G. Farca, S. I. Shopova, and A. T. Rosenberger, “Induced transparency and absorption in coupled whispering-gallery microresonators,” Phys. Rev. A 71, 043804 (2005).
[Crossref]

M. Fleischhauer, A. Imamoglu, and J. P. Marangos, “Electromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coherent media,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 633–673 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (2)

M. F. Yanik, W. Suh, Z. Wang, and S. Fan, “Stopping light in a waveguide with an all-optical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 233903 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Maleki, A. B. Matsko, A. A. Savchenkov, and V. S. Ilchenko, “Tunable delay line with interacting whispering-gallery-mode resonators,” Opt. Lett. 29, 626–628 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

H. S. Park, K. Y. Song, S. H. Yun, and B. Y. Kim, “All-fiber wavelength-tunable acoustooptic switches based on intermodal coupling in fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20, 1864–1868 (2002).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

H. E. Engan, B. Y. Kim, J. N. Blake, and H. J. Shaw, “Propagation and optical interaction of guided acoustic waves in two-mode optical fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 6, 428–436 (1998).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. O. Culverhouse, “The acousto-optic effect in single-mode fiber tapers and couplers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14, 2519–2529 (1996).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

P. Kwiat, H. Weinfurter, T. Herzog, and A. Zeilinger, “Interaction-free measurement,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4763–4766 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1991 (1)

K.-J. Boller, A. Imamoğlu, and S. E. Harris, “Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2593–2596 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1990 (1)

S. E. Harris, J. E. Field, and A. Imamoğlu, “Nonlinear optical processes using electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1107–1110 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1955 (1)

S. H. Autler and C. H. Townes, “Stark effect in rapidly varying fields,” Phys. Rev. 100, 703–722 (1955).
[Crossref]

Alonzo, M.

Anisimov, P. M.

Ansmann, M.

Arie, A.

H. Suchowski, G. Porat, and A. Arie, “Adiabatic processes in frequency conversion,” Laser Photonics Rev., doi: (2013).
[Crossref]

Autler, S. H.

S. H. Autler and C. H. Townes, “Stark effect in rapidly varying fields,” Phys. Rev. 100, 703–722 (1955).
[Crossref]

Bialczak, R. C.

Birks, T. A.

T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. O. Culverhouse, “The acousto-optic effect in single-mode fiber tapers and couplers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14, 2519–2529 (1996).
[Crossref]

Blake, J. N.

Boller, K.-J.

K.-J. Boller, A. Imamoğlu, and S. E. Harris, “Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2593–2596 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bozinovic, N.

Ciret, C.

Cleland, A. N.

Coda, V.

Culverhouse, D. O.

T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. O. Culverhouse, “The acousto-optic effect in single-mode fiber tapers and couplers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14, 2519–2529 (1996).
[Crossref]

Dowling, J. P.

Dragoman, D.

D. Dragoman and M. Dragoman, Quantum-Classical Analogies(Springer, Berlin, 2004).
[Crossref]

Dragoman, M.

D. Dragoman and M. Dragoman, Quantum-Classical Analogies(Springer, Berlin, 2004).
[Crossref]

Engan, H. E.

Fan, S.

Farca, G.

A. Naweed, G. Farca, S. I. Shopova, and A. T. Rosenberger, “Induced transparency and absorption in coupled whispering-gallery microresonators,” Phys. Rev. A 71, 043804 (2005).
[Crossref]

Field, J. E.

S. E. Harris, J. E. Field, and A. Imamoğlu, “Nonlinear optical processes using electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1107–1110 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fini, J. M.

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7, 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

Fleischhauer, M.

M. Fleischhauer, A. Imamoglu, and J. P. Marangos, “Electromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coherent media,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 633–673 (2005).
[Crossref]

Geller, M. R.

Guo, G.-C.

X. Xiong, C.-L. Zou, X.-F. Ren, and G.-C. Guo, “Integrated polarization rotator/converter by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage,” Opt. Express 21, 17097–17107 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Harris, S. E.

K.-J. Boller, A. Imamoğlu, and S. E. Harris, “Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2593–2596 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. E. Harris, J. E. Field, and A. Imamoğlu, “Nonlinear optical processes using electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1107–1110 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Herzog, T.

P. Kwiat, H. Weinfurter, T. Herzog, and A. Zeilinger, “Interaction-free measurement,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4763–4766 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hofheinz, M.

Huang, H.

Huang, Y.-P.

Ilchenko, V. S.

L. Maleki, A. B. Matsko, A. A. Savchenkov, and V. S. Ilchenko, “Tunable delay line with interacting whispering-gallery-mode resonators,” Opt. Lett. 29, 626–628 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Imamoglu, A.

M. Fleischhauer, A. Imamoglu, and J. P. Marangos, “Electromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coherent media,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 633–673 (2005).
[Crossref]

K.-J. Boller, A. Imamoğlu, and S. E. Harris, “Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2593–2596 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. E. Harris, J. E. Field, and A. Imamoğlu, “Nonlinear optical processes using electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1107–1110 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, B. Y.

Kowligy, A. S.

Kristensen, P.

Kumar, P.

Kwiat, P.

P. Kwiat, H. Weinfurter, T. Herzog, and A. Zeilinger, “Interaction-free measurement,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4763–4766 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lipson, M.

Longhi, S.

S. Longhi, “Quantum-optical analogies using photonic structures,” Laser Photonics Rev. 3, 243–261 (2009).
[Crossref]

Lucero, E.

Maleki, L.

L. Maleki, A. B. Matsko, A. A. Savchenkov, and V. S. Ilchenko, “Tunable delay line with interacting whispering-gallery-mode resonators,” Opt. Lett. 29, 626–628 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Marangos, J. P.

M. Fleischhauer, A. Imamoglu, and J. P. Marangos, “Electromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coherent media,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 633–673 (2005).
[Crossref]

Martinis, J. M.

Matsko, A. B.

L. Maleki, A. B. Matsko, A. A. Savchenkov, and V. S. Ilchenko, “Tunable delay line with interacting whispering-gallery-mode resonators,” Opt. Lett. 29, 626–628 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

McCusker, K. T.

Montemezzani, G.

Naweed, A.

A. Naweed, G. Farca, S. I. Shopova, and A. T. Rosenberger, “Induced transparency and absorption in coupled whispering-gallery microresonators,” Phys. Rev. A 71, 043804 (2005).
[Crossref]

Neeley, M.

Nelson, L. E.

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7, 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

O’Connel, A. D.

Park, H. S.

Paspalakis, E.

E. Paspalakis, “Adiabatic three-waveguide directional coupler,” Opt. Commun. 258, 30–34 (2006).
[Crossref]

Porat, G.

H. Suchowski, G. Porat, and A. Arie, “Adiabatic processes in frequency conversion,” Laser Photonics Rev., doi: (2013).
[Crossref]

Povinelli, M. L.

Ramachandran, S.

Rangelov, A. A.

Ren, X.-F.

X. Xiong, C.-L. Zou, X.-F. Ren, and G.-C. Guo, “Integrated polarization rotator/converter by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage,” Opt. Express 21, 17097–17107 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ren, Y.

Richardson, D. J.

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7, 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

Rosenberger, A. T.

A. Naweed, G. Farca, S. I. Shopova, and A. T. Rosenberger, “Induced transparency and absorption in coupled whispering-gallery microresonators,” Phys. Rev. A 71, 043804 (2005).
[Crossref]

Russell, P. S. J.

T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. O. Culverhouse, “The acousto-optic effect in single-mode fiber tapers and couplers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14, 2519–2529 (1996).
[Crossref]

Sanders, B. C.

Sandhu, S.

Sank, D.

Savchenkov, A. A.

L. Maleki, A. B. Matsko, A. A. Savchenkov, and V. S. Ilchenko, “Tunable delay line with interacting whispering-gallery-mode resonators,” Opt. Lett. 29, 626–628 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shakya, J.

Shaw, H. J.

Shopova, S. I.

A. Naweed, G. Farca, S. I. Shopova, and A. T. Rosenberger, “Induced transparency and absorption in coupled whispering-gallery microresonators,” Phys. Rev. A 71, 043804 (2005).
[Crossref]

Song, K. Y.

Suchowski, H.

H. Suchowski, G. Porat, and A. Arie, “Adiabatic processes in frequency conversion,” Laser Photonics Rev., doi: (2013).
[Crossref]

Suh, W.

Townes, C. H.

S. H. Autler and C. H. Townes, “Stark effect in rapidly varying fields,” Phys. Rev. 100, 703–722 (1955).
[Crossref]

Tseng, S.-Y.

S.-Y. Tseng and M.-C. Wu, “Mode conversion/splitting by optical analogy of multistate stimulated Raman adiabatic passage in multimode waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3529–3534 (2010).

Tur, M.

Wang, H.

Wang, Z.

Weinfurter, H.

P. Kwiat, H. Weinfurter, T. Herzog, and A. Zeilinger, “Interaction-free measurement,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4763–4766 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wenner, J.

Willner, A. E.

Wu, M.-C.

S.-Y. Tseng and M.-C. Wu, “Mode conversion/splitting by optical analogy of multistate stimulated Raman adiabatic passage in multimode waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3529–3534 (2010).

Xiong, X.

X. Xiong, C.-L. Zou, X.-F. Ren, and G.-C. Guo, “Integrated polarization rotator/converter by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage,” Opt. Express 21, 17097–17107 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Xu, Q.

Yanik, M. F.

Yariv, A.

A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, 6th ed. (Oxford University Press, USA, 2007).

Yeh, P.

A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, 6th ed. (Oxford University Press, USA, 2007).

Yue, Y.

Yun, S. H.

Zeilinger, A.

P. Kwiat, H. Weinfurter, T. Herzog, and A. Zeilinger, “Interaction-free measurement,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4763–4766 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zou, C.-L.

X. Xiong, C.-L. Zou, X.-F. Ren, and G.-C. Guo, “Integrated polarization rotator/converter by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage,” Opt. Express 21, 17097–17107 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Lightwave Technol. (4)

S.-Y. Tseng and M.-C. Wu, “Mode conversion/splitting by optical analogy of multistate stimulated Raman adiabatic passage in multimode waveguides,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 3529–3534 (2010).

T. A. Birks, P. S. J. Russell, and D. O. Culverhouse, “The acousto-optic effect in single-mode fiber tapers and couplers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 14, 2519–2529 (1996).
[Crossref]

Laser Photonics Rev. (1)

S. Longhi, “Quantum-optical analogies using photonic structures,” Laser Photonics Rev. 3, 243–261 (2009).
[Crossref]

Nat. Photonics (1)

D. J. Richardson, J. M. Fini, and L. E. Nelson, “Space-division multiplexing in optical fibres,” Nat. Photonics 7, 354–362 (2013).
[Crossref]

Opt. Commun. (1)

E. Paspalakis, “Adiabatic three-waveguide directional coupler,” Opt. Commun. 258, 30–34 (2006).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (1)

X. Xiong, C.-L. Zou, X.-F. Ren, and G.-C. Guo, “Integrated polarization rotator/converter by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage,” Opt. Express 21, 17097–17107 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (1)

L. Maleki, A. B. Matsko, A. A. Savchenkov, and V. S. Ilchenko, “Tunable delay line with interacting whispering-gallery-mode resonators,” Opt. Lett. 29, 626–628 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. (1)

S. H. Autler and C. H. Townes, “Stark effect in rapidly varying fields,” Phys. Rev. 100, 703–722 (1955).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. A (2)

A. Naweed, G. Farca, S. I. Shopova, and A. T. Rosenberger, “Induced transparency and absorption in coupled whispering-gallery microresonators,” Phys. Rev. A 71, 043804 (2005).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (7)

S. E. Harris, J. E. Field, and A. Imamoğlu, “Nonlinear optical processes using electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1107–1110 (1990).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K.-J. Boller, A. Imamoğlu, and S. E. Harris, “Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2593–2596 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Kwiat, H. Weinfurter, T. Herzog, and A. Zeilinger, “Interaction-free measurement,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4763–4766 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)

M. Fleischhauer, A. Imamoglu, and J. P. Marangos, “Electromagnetically induced transparency: Optics in coherent media,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 633–673 (2005).
[Crossref]

Science (2)

Other (6)

H. Suchowski, G. Porat, and A. Arie, “Adiabatic processes in frequency conversion,” Laser Photonics Rev., doi: (2013).
[Crossref]

A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, 6th ed. (Oxford University Press, USA, 2007).

The indices i and j of a linearly polarized LPij mode denote the number of asymmetry axes and the number of lobes along the radius, respectively, of the transverse field distribution.

D. Dragoman and M. Dragoman, Quantum-Classical Analogies(Springer, Berlin, 2004).
[Crossref]

The retained maximum transmission (83%) and the voltage (9.5 Vpp) of the next minimum transmission, however, deviate from 100% and 2 × 4 Vpp, respectively. These discrepancies arise mainly from an off-resonant coupling due to non-uniformity of the fibre and also from the saturation of the acoustic transducer efficiency.

Although our scheme is closer to the ladder-type configuration considering the order of the propagation constants, we relate the current scheme to the lambda-type configuration to avoid unnecessary confusion. Whereas the dark state in a ladder-type atomic configuration is not strictly stable, our implementation does not contain decaying processes and therefore has a steady dark state leading to an efficient induced transparency.

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Fig. 1

Experimental scheme. (a) Structure of the acoustooptic three-mode coupler. (b) Equivalent lambda-type atomic state configuration. Labels in the parentheses denote corresponding parameters in our scheme. (c) Measured far field patterns of the spatial modes. ω_p (ω_c): the electromagnetic frequency of the probe (coupling) field, Ω_p (Ω_c): the Rabi frequency by the probe (coupling) field, f_p (f_c): the probe (coupling) acoustic frequency, Λ_p (Λ_c): the probe (coupling) acoustic wavelength, κ_p (κ_c): the coupling coefficient by the probe (coupling) acoustic wave. FMF: few-mode fiber, SMF: single-mode fiber, MS: mode stripper, PZT: piezoelectric transducer.

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Fig. 2

Transmission spectra of the LP₀₁ mode: (a) with only the probe acoustic wave that makes 100% coupling between the LP₀₁ mode and the LP₀₁ mode (κ_p = κ₀ = 2π/L). (b) with the coupling wave additionally applied between the LP₁₁ mode and the LP₀₃ mode (κ_c ≅ 3κ₀).

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Fig. 3

Transmission of the LP₀₁ mode at the center wavelength: (a) when only the probe acoustic wave is applied, and (b) when the coupling acoustic wave is applied with the probe amplitude fixed at the voltage of 4 V_pp. The solid line is the fitting result based on Eq. (2).

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Fig. 4

Induced absorption of the LP₀₁ mode with the probe frequency f_p detuned by Δf_p: (a) transmission at the center wavelength, (b) transmission spectrum for Δf_p = +4 kHz, and (c) transmission spectrum for Δf_p = −4 kHz. Dashed lines denote the spectra with the coupling acoustic wave turned off.

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Equations (2)

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\begin{array}{l} \frac{d A_{01}}{d z} = i κ_{p} A_{11} e^{- 2 i δ_{p} z}, \\ \frac{d A_{11}}{d z} = i κ_{p}^{*} A_{01} e^{2 i δ_{p} z} + i κ_{c} A_{03} e^{- 2 i δ_{c} z}, \\ \frac{d A_{03}}{d z} = i κ_{c}^{*} A_{11} e^{2 i δ_{c} z}, \end{array}

T = \frac{{| κ_{c} |}^{2} + {| κ_{p} |}^{2} cos (\sqrt{{| κ_{p} |}^{2} + {| κ_{c} |}^{2}} z)}{{| κ_{p} |}^{2} + {| κ_{c} |}^{2}} .