Abstract

The potential of borate crystals, BBO, LBO and BiBO, for high average power scaling of optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifiers is investigated. Up-to-date measurements of the absorption coefficients at 515 nm and the thermal conductivities are presented. The measured absorption coefficients are a factor of 10–100 lower than reported by the literature for BBO and LBO. For BBO, a large variation of the absorption coefficients was found between crystals from different manufacturers. The linear and nonlinear absorption coefficients at 515 nm as well as thermal conductivities were determined for the first time for BiBO. Further, different crystal cooling methods are presented. In addition, the limits to power scaling of OPCPAs are discussed.

© 2014 Optical Society of America

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  32. A. Klenke, S. Breitkopf, M. Kienel, T. Gottschall, T. Eidam, S. Hädrich, J. Rothhardt, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “530 W, 1.3 mJ, four-channel coherently combined femtosecond fiber chirped-pulse amplification system,” Opt. Lett. 38, 2283–2285 (2013).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  33. F. Zhuang, B. Jungbluth, B. Gronloh, H.-D. Hoffmann, and G. Zhang, “Dual-wavelength, continuous-wave Yb:YAG laser for high-resolution photothermal common-path interferometry,” Appl. Opt. 52, 5171–5177 (2013).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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2014 (3)

2013 (7)

T. Lang, A. Harth, J. Matyschok, T. Binhammer, M. Schultze, and U. Morgner, “Impact of temporal, spatial and cascaded effects on the pulse formation in ultra-broadband parametric amplifiers,” Opt. Express 21, 949–959 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Rothhardt, S. Demmler, S. Hädrich, T. Peschel, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Thermal effects in high average power optical parametric amplifiers,” Opt. Lett. 38, 763–765 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Klenke, S. Breitkopf, M. Kienel, T. Gottschall, T. Eidam, S. Hädrich, J. Rothhardt, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “530 W, 1.3 mJ, four-channel coherently combined femtosecond fiber chirped-pulse amplification system,” Opt. Lett. 38, 2283–2285 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Zhuang, B. Jungbluth, B. Gronloh, H.-D. Hoffmann, and G. Zhang, “Dual-wavelength, continuous-wave Yb:YAG laser for high-resolution photothermal common-path interferometry,” Appl. Opt. 52, 5171–5177 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Riedel, M. Schulz, M. J. Prandolini, A. Hage, H. Höppner, T. Gottschall, J. Limpert, M. Drescher, and F. Tavella, “Long-term stabilization of high power optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifiers,” Opt. Express 21, 28987–28999 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Matyschok, T. Lang, T. Binhammer, O. Prochnow, S. Rausch, M. Schultze, A. Harth, P. Rudawski, C. L. Arnold, A. L’Huillier, and U. Morgner, “Temporal and spatial effects inside a compact and CEP stabilized, few-cycle OPCPA system at high repetition rates,” Opt. Express 21, 29656–29665 (2013).
[Crossref]

R. Akbari and A. Major, “Optical, spectral and phase-matching properties of BIBO, BBO and LBO crystals for optical parametric oscillation in the visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges,” Laser Phys. 23, 035401 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (2)

2011 (2)

2010 (3)

V. Petrov, M. Ghotbi, O. Kokabee, A. Esteban-Martin, F. Noack, A. Gaydardzhiev, I. Nikolov, P. Tzankov, I. Buchvarov, K. Miyata, A. Majchrowski, I.V. Kityk, F. Rotermund, E. Michalski, and M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, “Femtosecond nonlinear frequency conversion based on BiB3O6,” Laser & Photon. Rev. 4, 53–98 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Eidam, S. Hanf, E. Seise, T. V. Andersen, T. Gabler, C. Wirth, T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, and A. Tünnermann, “Femtosecond fiber CPA system emitting 830 W average output power,” Opt. Lett. 35, 94–96 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Russbueldt, T. Mans, J. Weitenberg, H. D. Hoffmann, and R. Poprawe, “Compact diode-pumped 1.1 kW Yb:YAG Innoslab femtosecond amplifier,” Opt. Lett. 35, 4169–4171 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (3)

T. Metzger, A. Schwarz, C.Y. Teisset, D. Sutter, A. Killi, R. Kienberger, and F. Krausz, “High-repetition-rate picosecond pump laser based on a Yb:YAG disk amplifier for optical parametric amplification,” Opt. Lett. 34, 2123–2125 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. H. Jang, I. H. Yoon, and C. S. Yoon, “Cause and repair of optical damage in nonlinear optical crystals of BiB3O6,” Optical Materials 31, 781–783 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Lingxiong, L. Xiang, Z. Ge, H. Chenghui, and W Yong, “The accurate refractive indices of BIBO crystal at different temperatures,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42, 225109 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

J. Morikawa, C. Leong, T. Hashimoto, T. Ogawa, Y. Urata, S. Wada, M. Higuchi, and J.-i. Takahashi, “Thermal conductivity/diffusivity of Nd3+ doped GdVO4, YVO4, LuVO4, and Y3Al5O12 by temperature wave analysis,” J. Appl. Phys. 103, 063522 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

A. Giesen and J. Speiser, “Fifteen Years of Work on Thin-Disk Lasers: Results and Scaling Laws,” IEEE Sel. Top. in Quantum Elec. 13, 598–609 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (2)

V. Wesemann, J. A. L Huillier, L. K. Friess, P. A. V. Loewis of Menar, G. Bitz, A. Borsutzky, R. Wallenstein, T. Salva, S. Vernay, and D. Rytz, “Optical properties of BiB3O6 with different phase matching orientations,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 453–458 (2006).
[Crossref]

Z.M. Liao, I. Jovanovic, C.A. Ebbers, Y. Fei, and B. Chai, “Energy and average power scalable optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification in yttrium calcium oxyborate,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1277–1279 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (1)

F. Tavella, K. Schmid, N. Ishii, A. Marcinkevičius, L. Veisz, and F. Krausz, “High-dynamic range pulse-contrast measurements of a broadband optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier,” Appl. Phys. B 81, 753–756 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

R. Butkus, R. Danielius, A. Dubietis, A. Piskarskas, and A. Stabinis, “Progress in chirped pulse optical parametric amplifiers,” Appl. Phys. B 79, 693–700 (2004).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

Z. Lin, Z. Wang, C. Chen, and M.-H. Lee, “Mechanism for linear and nonlinear optical effects in monoclinic bismuth borate (BiB3O6) crystal,” J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5585–5590 (2001).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

I. N. Ross, P. Matousek, M. Towrie, A. J. Langley, and J. L. Collier, “The prospects for ultrashort pulse duration and ultrahigh intensity using optical parametric chirped pulse amplifiers,” Opt. Commun. 144, 125–133 (1997).
[Crossref]

1994 (2)

J. D. Beasley, “Thermal conductivities of some novel nonlinear optical materials,” Appl. Opt. 33, 1000–1003 (1994).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Kato, “Temperature-Tuned 90° Phase-Matching Properties of LiB3O5,” IEEE J. Quant. Elec. 30, 2950–2952 (1994).
[Crossref]

1992 (1)

A. Dubietis, G. Jonusauskas, and A. Piskarskas, “Powerful femtosecond pulse generation by chirped and stretched pulse parametric amplification in BBO crystal,” Opt. Commun. 88, 437–440 (1992).
[Crossref]

1991 (1)

R. H. French, J. W. Ling, F. S. Ohuchi, and C. T. Chen, “Electronic structure of β-BaB2O4 and LiB3O5 nonolinear optical crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 44, 8496–8502 (1991).
[Crossref]

1987 (1)

D. Eimerl, L. Davis, S. Velsko, E. K. Graham, and A. Zalkin, “Optical, mechanical, and thermal properties of barium borate,” J. Appl. Phys. 62, 1968–1983 (1987).
[Crossref]

Akbari, R.

R. Akbari and A. Major, “Optical, spectral and phase-matching properties of BIBO, BBO and LBO crystals for optical parametric oscillation in the visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges,” Laser Phys. 23, 035401 (2013).
[Crossref]

Alexandrovski, A.

A. Alexandrovski, M. Fejer, A. Markosyan, and R. Route, “Photothermal common-path interferometry (PCI): new developments,” Proc. SPIE 7193, Solid State Lasers XVIII: Technology and Devices, 71930D (2009); doi: .
[Crossref]

Andersen, T. V.

Arnold, C. L.

Banerjee, S.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Baudisch, M.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Beasley, J. D.

Biegert, J.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Binhammer, T.

Bitz, G.

V. Wesemann, J. A. L Huillier, L. K. Friess, P. A. V. Loewis of Menar, G. Bitz, A. Borsutzky, R. Wallenstein, T. Salva, S. Vernay, and D. Rytz, “Optical properties of BiB3O6 with different phase matching orientations,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 453–458 (2006).
[Crossref]

Borot, A.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Borsutzky, A.

V. Wesemann, J. A. L Huillier, L. K. Friess, P. A. V. Loewis of Menar, G. Bitz, A. Borsutzky, R. Wallenstein, T. Salva, S. Vernay, and D. Rytz, “Optical properties of BiB3O6 with different phase matching orientations,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 453–458 (2006).
[Crossref]

Borzsonyi, A.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Breitkopf, S.

Bromage, J.

Buchvarov, I.

V. Petrov, M. Ghotbi, O. Kokabee, A. Esteban-Martin, F. Noack, A. Gaydardzhiev, I. Nikolov, P. Tzankov, I. Buchvarov, K. Miyata, A. Majchrowski, I.V. Kityk, F. Rotermund, E. Michalski, and M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, “Femtosecond nonlinear frequency conversion based on BiB3O6,” Laser & Photon. Rev. 4, 53–98 (2010).
[Crossref]

Butkus, R.

R. Butkus, R. Danielius, A. Dubietis, A. Piskarskas, and A. Stabinis, “Progress in chirped pulse optical parametric amplifiers,” Appl. Phys. B 79, 693–700 (2004).
[Crossref]

Calegari, F.

G. Sansone, F. Calegari, and M. Nisoli, “Attosecond Technology and Science,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. in Quantum Elec. 18, 507–519 (2012).
[Crossref]

Cerullo, G.

Chai, B.

Charalambidis, D.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Chen, C.

Z. Lin, Z. Wang, C. Chen, and M.-H. Lee, “Mechanism for linear and nonlinear optical effects in monoclinic bismuth borate (BiB3O6) crystal,” J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5585–5590 (2001).
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Chen, C. T.

R. H. French, J. W. Ling, F. S. Ohuchi, and C. T. Chen, “Electronic structure of β-BaB2O4 and LiB3O5 nonolinear optical crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 44, 8496–8502 (1991).
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Chenghui, H.

H. Lingxiong, L. Xiang, Z. Ge, H. Chenghui, and W Yong, “The accurate refractive indices of BIBO crystal at different temperatures,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42, 225109 (2009).
[Crossref]

Collier, J. L.

I. N. Ross, P. Matousek, M. Towrie, A. J. Langley, and J. L. Collier, “The prospects for ultrashort pulse duration and ultrahigh intensity using optical parametric chirped pulse amplifiers,” Opt. Commun. 144, 125–133 (1997).
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Danielius, R.

R. Butkus, R. Danielius, A. Dubietis, A. Piskarskas, and A. Stabinis, “Progress in chirped pulse optical parametric amplifiers,” Appl. Phys. B 79, 693–700 (2004).
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Davis, L.

D. Eimerl, L. Davis, S. Velsko, E. K. Graham, and A. Zalkin, “Optical, mechanical, and thermal properties of barium borate,” J. Appl. Phys. 62, 1968–1983 (1987).
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Demmler, S.

Ditmire, T.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Diveki, Zs.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Dombi, P.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Dorrer, C.

Drescher, M.

Dubietis, A.

R. Butkus, R. Danielius, A. Dubietis, A. Piskarskas, and A. Stabinis, “Progress in chirped pulse optical parametric amplifiers,” Appl. Phys. B 79, 693–700 (2004).
[Crossref]

A. Dubietis, G. Jonusauskas, and A. Piskarskas, “Powerful femtosecond pulse generation by chirped and stretched pulse parametric amplification in BBO crystal,” Opt. Commun. 88, 437–440 (1992).
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Eberhardt, R.

Ebrahim-Zadeh, M.

V. Petrov, M. Ghotbi, O. Kokabee, A. Esteban-Martin, F. Noack, A. Gaydardzhiev, I. Nikolov, P. Tzankov, I. Buchvarov, K. Miyata, A. Majchrowski, I.V. Kityk, F. Rotermund, E. Michalski, and M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, “Femtosecond nonlinear frequency conversion based on BiB3O6,” Laser & Photon. Rev. 4, 53–98 (2010).
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Eidam, T.

Eimerl, D.

D. Eimerl, L. Davis, S. Velsko, E. K. Graham, and A. Zalkin, “Optical, mechanical, and thermal properties of barium borate,” J. Appl. Phys. 62, 1968–1983 (1987).
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Ertel, K.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Esteban-Martin, A.

V. Petrov, M. Ghotbi, O. Kokabee, A. Esteban-Martin, F. Noack, A. Gaydardzhiev, I. Nikolov, P. Tzankov, I. Buchvarov, K. Miyata, A. Majchrowski, I.V. Kityk, F. Rotermund, E. Michalski, and M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, “Femtosecond nonlinear frequency conversion based on BiB3O6,” Laser & Photon. Rev. 4, 53–98 (2010).
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Fei, Y.

Fejer, M.

A. Alexandrovski, M. Fejer, A. Markosyan, and R. Route, “Photothermal common-path interferometry (PCI): new developments,” Proc. SPIE 7193, Solid State Lasers XVIII: Technology and Devices, 71930D (2009); doi: .
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French, R. H.

R. H. French, J. W. Ling, F. S. Ohuchi, and C. T. Chen, “Electronic structure of β-BaB2O4 and LiB3O5 nonolinear optical crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 44, 8496–8502 (1991).
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Friess, L. K.

V. Wesemann, J. A. L Huillier, L. K. Friess, P. A. V. Loewis of Menar, G. Bitz, A. Borsutzky, R. Wallenstein, T. Salva, S. Vernay, and D. Rytz, “Optical properties of BiB3O6 with different phase matching orientations,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 453–458 (2006).
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Fülöp, J. A.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Gabler, T.

Galimberti, M.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Gaul, E.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Gaydardzhiev, A.

V. Petrov, M. Ghotbi, O. Kokabee, A. Esteban-Martin, F. Noack, A. Gaydardzhiev, I. Nikolov, P. Tzankov, I. Buchvarov, K. Miyata, A. Majchrowski, I.V. Kityk, F. Rotermund, E. Michalski, and M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, “Femtosecond nonlinear frequency conversion based on BiB3O6,” Laser & Photon. Rev. 4, 53–98 (2010).
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H. Lingxiong, L. Xiang, Z. Ge, H. Chenghui, and W Yong, “The accurate refractive indices of BIBO crystal at different temperatures,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42, 225109 (2009).
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Ghotbi, M.

V. Petrov, M. Ghotbi, O. Kokabee, A. Esteban-Martin, F. Noack, A. Gaydardzhiev, I. Nikolov, P. Tzankov, I. Buchvarov, K. Miyata, A. Majchrowski, I.V. Kityk, F. Rotermund, E. Michalski, and M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, “Femtosecond nonlinear frequency conversion based on BiB3O6,” Laser & Photon. Rev. 4, 53–98 (2010).
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A. Giesen and J. Speiser, “Fifteen Years of Work on Thin-Disk Lasers: Results and Scaling Laws,” IEEE Sel. Top. in Quantum Elec. 13, 598–609 (2007).
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Gottschall, T.

Graham, E. K.

D. Eimerl, L. Davis, S. Velsko, E. K. Graham, and A. Zalkin, “Optical, mechanical, and thermal properties of barium borate,” J. Appl. Phys. 62, 1968–1983 (1987).
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Gronloh, B.

Hädrich, S.

Haeffner, C.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Hage, A.

Hanf, S.

Harth, A.

Hashimoto, T.

J. Morikawa, C. Leong, T. Hashimoto, T. Ogawa, Y. Urata, S. Wada, M. Higuchi, and J.-i. Takahashi, “Thermal conductivity/diffusivity of Nd3+ doped GdVO4, YVO4, LuVO4, and Y3Al5O12 by temperature wave analysis,” J. Appl. Phys. 103, 063522 (2008).
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Hemmer, M.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Hernandez-Gomez, C.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Higuchi, M.

J. Morikawa, C. Leong, T. Hashimoto, T. Ogawa, Y. Urata, S. Wada, M. Higuchi, and J.-i. Takahashi, “Thermal conductivity/diffusivity of Nd3+ doped GdVO4, YVO4, LuVO4, and Y3Al5O12 by temperature wave analysis,” J. Appl. Phys. 103, 063522 (2008).
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Hoffmann, H. D.

Hoffmann, H.-D.

F. Zhuang, B. Jungbluth, B. Gronloh, H.-D. Hoffmann, and G. Zhang, “Dual-wavelength, continuous-wave Yb:YAG laser for high-resolution photothermal common-path interferometry,” Appl. Opt. 52, 5171–5177 (2013).
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B. Gronloh, P. Russbueldt, B. Jungbluth, and H.-D. Hoffmann, “Green sub-ps laser exceeding 400 W of average power,” Proc. SPIE 8959, Solid State Lasers XXIII: Technology and Devices, 89590T (2014); doi: .
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Höppner, H.

Ishii, N.

F. Tavella, K. Schmid, N. Ishii, A. Marcinkevičius, L. Veisz, and F. Krausz, “High-dynamic range pulse-contrast measurements of a broadband optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier,” Appl. Phys. B 81, 753–756 (2005).
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Jang, J. H.

J. H. Jang, I. H. Yoon, and C. S. Yoon, “Cause and repair of optical damage in nonlinear optical crystals of BiB3O6,” Optical Materials 31, 781–783 (2009).
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Jocher, C.

Jonusauskas, G.

A. Dubietis, G. Jonusauskas, and A. Piskarskas, “Powerful femtosecond pulse generation by chirped and stretched pulse parametric amplification in BBO crystal,” Opt. Commun. 88, 437–440 (1992).
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Jovanovic, I.

Jungbluth, B.

Kalashnikov, M.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Kandula, D.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

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Kienel, M.

Killi, A.

Kityk, I.V.

V. Petrov, M. Ghotbi, O. Kokabee, A. Esteban-Martin, F. Noack, A. Gaydardzhiev, I. Nikolov, P. Tzankov, I. Buchvarov, K. Miyata, A. Majchrowski, I.V. Kityk, F. Rotermund, E. Michalski, and M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, “Femtosecond nonlinear frequency conversion based on BiB3O6,” Laser & Photon. Rev. 4, 53–98 (2010).
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Klenke, A.

Kokabee, O.

V. Petrov, M. Ghotbi, O. Kokabee, A. Esteban-Martin, F. Noack, A. Gaydardzhiev, I. Nikolov, P. Tzankov, I. Buchvarov, K. Miyata, A. Majchrowski, I.V. Kityk, F. Rotermund, E. Michalski, and M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, “Femtosecond nonlinear frequency conversion based on BiB3O6,” Laser & Photon. Rev. 4, 53–98 (2010).
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Kovacs, A. P.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

Krausz, F.

T. Metzger, A. Schwarz, C.Y. Teisset, D. Sutter, A. Killi, R. Kienberger, and F. Krausz, “High-repetition-rate picosecond pump laser based on a Yb:YAG disk amplifier for optical parametric amplification,” Opt. Lett. 34, 2123–2125 (2009).
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F. Tavella, K. Schmid, N. Ishii, A. Marcinkevičius, L. Veisz, and F. Krausz, “High-dynamic range pulse-contrast measurements of a broadband optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier,” Appl. Phys. B 81, 753–756 (2005).
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L Huillier, J. A.

V. Wesemann, J. A. L Huillier, L. K. Friess, P. A. V. Loewis of Menar, G. Bitz, A. Borsutzky, R. Wallenstein, T. Salva, S. Vernay, and D. Rytz, “Optical properties of BiB3O6 with different phase matching orientations,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 453–458 (2006).
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L’Huillier, A.

Lang, T.

Langley, A. J.

I. N. Ross, P. Matousek, M. Towrie, A. J. Langley, and J. L. Collier, “The prospects for ultrashort pulse duration and ultrahigh intensity using optical parametric chirped pulse amplifiers,” Opt. Commun. 144, 125–133 (1997).
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Lee, M.-H.

Z. Lin, Z. Wang, C. Chen, and M.-H. Lee, “Mechanism for linear and nonlinear optical effects in monoclinic bismuth borate (BiB3O6) crystal,” J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5585–5590 (2001).
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Leong, C.

J. Morikawa, C. Leong, T. Hashimoto, T. Ogawa, Y. Urata, S. Wada, M. Higuchi, and J.-i. Takahashi, “Thermal conductivity/diffusivity of Nd3+ doped GdVO4, YVO4, LuVO4, and Y3Al5O12 by temperature wave analysis,” J. Appl. Phys. 103, 063522 (2008).
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Liao, Z.M.

Limpert, J.

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Z. Lin, Z. Wang, C. Chen, and M.-H. Lee, “Mechanism for linear and nonlinear optical effects in monoclinic bismuth borate (BiB3O6) crystal,” J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5585–5590 (2001).
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Ling, J. W.

R. H. French, J. W. Ling, F. S. Ohuchi, and C. T. Chen, “Electronic structure of β-BaB2O4 and LiB3O5 nonolinear optical crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 44, 8496–8502 (1991).
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Lingxiong, H.

H. Lingxiong, L. Xiang, Z. Ge, H. Chenghui, and W Yong, “The accurate refractive indices of BIBO crystal at different temperatures,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42, 225109 (2009).
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Loewis of Menar, P. A. V.

V. Wesemann, J. A. L Huillier, L. K. Friess, P. A. V. Loewis of Menar, G. Bitz, A. Borsutzky, R. Wallenstein, T. Salva, S. Vernay, and D. Rytz, “Optical properties of BiB3O6 with different phase matching orientations,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 453–458 (2006).
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Veisz, L.

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V. Wesemann, J. A. L Huillier, L. K. Friess, P. A. V. Loewis of Menar, G. Bitz, A. Borsutzky, R. Wallenstein, T. Salva, S. Vernay, and D. Rytz, “Optical properties of BiB3O6 with different phase matching orientations,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 453–458 (2006).
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Wada, S.

J. Morikawa, C. Leong, T. Hashimoto, T. Ogawa, Y. Urata, S. Wada, M. Higuchi, and J.-i. Takahashi, “Thermal conductivity/diffusivity of Nd3+ doped GdVO4, YVO4, LuVO4, and Y3Al5O12 by temperature wave analysis,” J. Appl. Phys. 103, 063522 (2008).
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Wallenstein, R.

V. Wesemann, J. A. L Huillier, L. K. Friess, P. A. V. Loewis of Menar, G. Bitz, A. Borsutzky, R. Wallenstein, T. Salva, S. Vernay, and D. Rytz, “Optical properties of BiB3O6 with different phase matching orientations,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 453–458 (2006).
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Wang, Z.

Z. Lin, Z. Wang, C. Chen, and M.-H. Lee, “Mechanism for linear and nonlinear optical effects in monoclinic bismuth borate (BiB3O6) crystal,” J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5585–5590 (2001).
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Weitenberg, J.

Wesemann, V.

V. Wesemann, J. A. L Huillier, L. K. Friess, P. A. V. Loewis of Menar, G. Bitz, A. Borsutzky, R. Wallenstein, T. Salva, S. Vernay, and D. Rytz, “Optical properties of BiB3O6 with different phase matching orientations,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 453–458 (2006).
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Will, I.

S. Banerjee, M. Baudisch, J. Biegert, A. Borot, A. Borzsonyi, D. Charalambidis, T. Ditmire, Zs. Diveki, P. Dombi, K. Ertel, M. Galimberti, J. A. Fülöp, E. Gaul, C. Haeffner, M. Hemmer, C. Hernandez-Gomez, M. Kalashnikov, D. Kandula, A. P. Kovacs, R. Lopez-Martens, P. Mason, I. Márton, I. Musgrave, K. Osvay, M. Prandolini, E. Racz, P. Racz, R. Riedel, I. N. Ross, J.-P. Rosseau, M. Schulz, F. Tavella, A. Thai, and I. Will, “Conceptual design of the laser system for the attosecond light pulse source,” in CLEO: 2013 Technical Digest © OSA, (2013).

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[Crossref]

Yoon, C. S.

J. H. Jang, I. H. Yoon, and C. S. Yoon, “Cause and repair of optical damage in nonlinear optical crystals of BiB3O6,” Optical Materials 31, 781–783 (2009).
[Crossref]

Yoon, I. H.

J. H. Jang, I. H. Yoon, and C. S. Yoon, “Cause and repair of optical damage in nonlinear optical crystals of BiB3O6,” Optical Materials 31, 781–783 (2009).
[Crossref]

Zalkin, A.

D. Eimerl, L. Davis, S. Velsko, E. K. Graham, and A. Zalkin, “Optical, mechanical, and thermal properties of barium borate,” J. Appl. Phys. 62, 1968–1983 (1987).
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Zhang, G.

Zhuang, F.

Zuegel, J. D.

Appl. Opt. (2)

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V. Wesemann, J. A. L Huillier, L. K. Friess, P. A. V. Loewis of Menar, G. Bitz, A. Borsutzky, R. Wallenstein, T. Salva, S. Vernay, and D. Rytz, “Optical properties of BiB3O6 with different phase matching orientations,” Appl. Phys. B 84, 453–458 (2006).
[Crossref]

F. Tavella, K. Schmid, N. Ishii, A. Marcinkevičius, L. Veisz, and F. Krausz, “High-dynamic range pulse-contrast measurements of a broadband optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier,” Appl. Phys. B 81, 753–756 (2005).
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J. Appl. Phys. (3)

Z. Lin, Z. Wang, C. Chen, and M.-H. Lee, “Mechanism for linear and nonlinear optical effects in monoclinic bismuth borate (BiB3O6) crystal,” J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5585–5590 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. Morikawa, C. Leong, T. Hashimoto, T. Ogawa, Y. Urata, S. Wada, M. Higuchi, and J.-i. Takahashi, “Thermal conductivity/diffusivity of Nd3+ doped GdVO4, YVO4, LuVO4, and Y3Al5O12 by temperature wave analysis,” J. Appl. Phys. 103, 063522 (2008).
[Crossref]

D. Eimerl, L. Davis, S. Velsko, E. K. Graham, and A. Zalkin, “Optical, mechanical, and thermal properties of barium borate,” J. Appl. Phys. 62, 1968–1983 (1987).
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J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. (1)

H. Lingxiong, L. Xiang, Z. Ge, H. Chenghui, and W Yong, “The accurate refractive indices of BIBO crystal at different temperatures,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42, 225109 (2009).
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Laser & Photon. Rev. (1)

V. Petrov, M. Ghotbi, O. Kokabee, A. Esteban-Martin, F. Noack, A. Gaydardzhiev, I. Nikolov, P. Tzankov, I. Buchvarov, K. Miyata, A. Majchrowski, I.V. Kityk, F. Rotermund, E. Michalski, and M. Ebrahim-Zadeh, “Femtosecond nonlinear frequency conversion based on BiB3O6,” Laser & Photon. Rev. 4, 53–98 (2010).
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Laser Phys. (1)

R. Akbari and A. Major, “Optical, spectral and phase-matching properties of BIBO, BBO and LBO crystals for optical parametric oscillation in the visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges,” Laser Phys. 23, 035401 (2013).
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A. Dubietis, G. Jonusauskas, and A. Piskarskas, “Powerful femtosecond pulse generation by chirped and stretched pulse parametric amplification in BBO crystal,” Opt. Commun. 88, 437–440 (1992).
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Opt. Express (7)

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J. Matyschok, T. Lang, T. Binhammer, O. Prochnow, S. Rausch, M. Schultze, A. Harth, P. Rudawski, C. L. Arnold, A. L’Huillier, and U. Morgner, “Temporal and spatial effects inside a compact and CEP stabilized, few-cycle OPCPA system at high repetition rates,” Opt. Express 21, 29656–29665 (2013).
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M. J. Prandolini, R. Riedel, M. Schulz, A. Hage, H. Höppner, and F. Tavella, “Design considerations for a high average power, ultrabroadband, optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier,” Opt. Express 22, 1594–1607 (2014).
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J. Bromage, J. Rothhardt, S. Hädrich, C. Dorrer, C. Jocher, S. Demmler, J. Limpert, A. Tünnermann, and J. D. Zuegel, “Analysis and suppression of parasitic processes in noncollinear optical parametric amplifiers,” Opt. Express 19, 16797–16808 (2011).
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Opt. Lett. (7)

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Opt. Mater. Express (1)

Optical Materials (1)

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[Crossref]

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Figures (4)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 An example measurement of a volume absorption of an LBO sample using the common-path interferometry method.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 An example absorption measurement using thermal imaging and corresponding simulation using FEA. (a) Thermal imaging of a nonlinear optical crystal upon irradiation with 120 W optical power at 515 nm (BBO (A), infrared camera FLIR-SC645) with peak temperature Tmax and crystal boundary temperature Ttop. (b) Finite element thermal steady-state analysis of the specific measurement in (a).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Idler wave absorption in the optical parametric amplification. (a) Wavelength-dependent transmission in the infrared range of BBO (dash-dotted line), LBO (solid line) and BiBO (dotted line) [18]. (b) Temperature distribution of the combined pump, signal and idler wave absorption in LBO for two different spectral signal (and idler) cutoffs, as indicated in (a) as black rectangles, corresponding to 650 nm (b.1) and 700 nm (b.2). The absorbed power in both cases is shown in (c), leading to a maximum temperature Tmax and a longitudinal temperature change ΔTz, as denoted in the figure. (c) Absorbed optical power along the beam propagation (z-axis) of signal, idler and pump wave in LBO at signal cutoff wavelength of 650 nm (b.1, solid lines) and 700 nm (b.2, dash-dotted lines).

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Radial temperature change ΔTr in nonlinear optical crystals. (a) Temperature distribution in radial (vertical) and beam propagation direction (horizontal) in a BBO crystal for different cooling arrangements, calculated for 0.1 W of absorbed optical power using finite element analysis. Case a.1: free standing crystal (ΔTr = 19 K); case a.2: crystal with thermally contacted copper heat sink (ΔTr = 23 K); case a.3: same as in a.2 with additional optically contacted 500 μm sapphire layers on the front and rear crystal facets (ΔTr = 3 K). (b) Radial temperature change ΔTr with varying absorbed optical power Pabs for different cooling arrangements a.1 (solid lines), a.2 (dashed lines) and a.3 (dotted-dashed lines) and for different crystals (BBO blue lines, LBO red lines). In the case of Pabs = 0.1 W, the peak temperatures Tmax and the maximum radial temperature changes ΔTr are calculated (triangles, see legend). The selected cases with a peak temperature of Tmax = 373 K are shown (black squares).

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Tables (4)

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Table 1 Selected properties of nonlinear optical crystals [18]: deff nonlinear optical coefficient; ρP walk-off angle; TT = ΔT/Δk temperature tolerance, where ΔT is the change in temperature, and Δk = kpump − ksignal − kidler is the wave vector mismatch between pump, signal and idler waves; AT = Δθ/Δk angular tolerance, where Δθ is the variation of the phase-matching angle (λpump = 515 nm, λsignal = 800 nm). The values for the bandgap Eg are experimental. The calculated values are in brackets [19–21].

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Table 2 Thermal conductivities at room temperature, κ293K, for BBO, LBO and BiBO crystals. Thermal conductivity was determined via thermal diffusivity measurements. These measurements were performed in the phase matching (PM) direction on BBO, LBO and BiBO samples, and in the main crystallographic planes for BiBO. Other thermal conductivity values were taken from literature [21, 30, 31].

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Table 3 Linear absorption coefficient, α515, of BBO, LBO and BiBO measured with common path-interferometry at wavelength 515 nm. The values are averaged over the surface or volume. The superscripts are the standard deviations. A–C denote different companies (see text). BBO (A-p) is protection-coated; the remaining selected crystals were uncoated. α515/α1030: ratio between absorption coefficients at 515 nm and 1030 nm.

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Table 4 Absorption coefficients at 515 nm for BBO, LBO and BiBO, estimated via finite element analysis of the heat dissipation using photo-thermal imaging measurements. Tmax is the temperature at the crystal (beam) center; ΔT is the temperature change from the center to the crystal surface; the incident pump power was 120±4 W. Surface reflections were taken into account for the simulations, and Ptc is the average transmitted pump power through the crystal. The error bars arise largely from the spread of ΔT. (a) The effect of the protective coating was studied comparing crystals BBO(A-p) and BBO(A). (b) Measurements of uncoated crystals.

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Equations (1)

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δ ( λ signal , T ) = 1 2 | Δ k ( λ signal , T ) | l c ,

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