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Power and photon budget of a remote phosphor LED module

Paula Acuña, Sven Leyre, Jan Audenaert, Youri Meuret, Geert Deconinck, and Peter Hanselaer

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly important for general lighting applications. The remote phosphor technology, with the phosphor located at a distance from the LEDs, offers an increased extraction efficiency for phosphor converted LEDs compared to intimate phosphor LEDs where the phosphor is placed directly on the die. Additionally, the former offers new design possibilities that are not possible with the latter. In order to further improve the system efficiency of remote phosphor LEDs, realistic simulation models are required to optimize the actual performance. In this work, a complete characterization of a remote phosphor converter (RPC) consisting of a polycarbonate diffuser plate with a phosphor coating on one side via the bi-directional scattering distribution function (BSDF) is performed. Additionally, the bi-spectral BSDF which embraces the wavelength conversion resulting from the interaction of blue light with the RPC is determined. An iterative model to predict the remote phosphor module power and photon budget, including the recuperation of backward scattered light by a mixing chamber, is introduced. The input parameters for the model are the bi-spectral BSDF data for the RPC, the emission of the blue LEDs and the mixing chamber efficiency of the LED module. A good agreement between experimental and simulated results was found, demonstrating the potential of this model to analyze the system efficiency with errors smaller than 4%.

© 2014 Optical Society of America

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Figures (10)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Intimate white phosphor converted LEDs (upper row) and remote phosphor concept (lower row) applied to: single die package (left), chip on board package (middle), and module (right).

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Mixing Chamber with blue LEDs (left) and remote phosphor converter (right).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Elastic scattering (no wavelength conversion) and scattering with wavelength conversion both occur in the RPC when it is illuminated with short-wavelength radiation within the excitation region. ‘B’ and ‘F’ stand for backwards and forwards scattering, ‘b’ and ‘y’ for blue and yellow, ‘i’ and ‘s’ for incident and scattered, respectively.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Measurement setup of the bidirectional scattering distribution function.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Excitation and emission spectrum of the RPC CL-830.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Forward (T) and backward (R) BSDF values at 460 nm of the RPC CL830 for three angles of incidence (5°, 45°and 56 °).

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Weighted average blue-blue BSDF over the range (λ = 450 nm – 470 nm) for backward and forward directions.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 Forward (T) and backward (R) scattering of yellow light when yellow light is incident (yiys) on the RPC Intematix CL830 (λ = 475 nm – 780 nm).

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9 Schematic representation of the iterative model and power budget calculations for the remote phosphor LED module.

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Fig. 10
Fig. 10 Cumulative extracted power and losses in function of iteration.

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Tables (3)

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Table 1 Radiometric and photometric characteristics of the blue LEDs and the MC

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Table 2 Total Integrated Scatter and Absorbed Power (second column) and photons (third column) by the elastic scattering and scattering with wavelength conversion of blue and yellow light with the phosphor RPC (45° angle of incidence).

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Table 3 Power budget comparison between results obtained through the iterative model and from measurements

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Equations (16)

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q e ( θ i , ϕ i , θ s , ϕ s )= d L e,λ,s ( θ i , ϕ i , θ s , ϕ s ) d E e,λ,i ( θ i , ϕ i ) [ 1 sr ]
q e,λ ( θ i , ϕ i , θ s , ϕ s , λ i , λ s )= d q e d λ i [ 1 sr⋅nm ]
L e.λ = q e (λ)⋅ E e,λ (λ)
L e = ∑ 450 470 q e (λ)⋅ E e,λ ⋅Δλ= 〈 q e 〉 Λ i =blue, Λ s =blue ⋅ ∑ 450 470 E e,λ ⋅Δλ
〈 q e 〉 Λ i =blue, Λ s =blue = ∑ 450 470 q e ( θ i , ϕ i , θ s , ϕ s ,λ )⋅ E e,λ ( θ i , ϕ i ,λ )⋅Δλ ∑ 450 470 E e,λ ( θ i , ϕ i ,λ )⋅Δλ
TI S bibs = Φ e,s Φ e,i
TI S bibs = ∑ 0 2π ∑ 0 π/2 〈 q e 〉 Λ i =blue, Λ s =blue ⋅cos θ s ⋅sin θ s ⋅Δ θ s ⋅Δ ϕ s
〈 q e 〉 Λ i =yellow, Λ s =yellow = ∑ 470 740 q e ( θ i , ϕ i , θ s , ϕ s ,λ )⋅ E e,λ ( θ i , ϕ i ,λ )⋅Δλ ∑ 470 740 E e,λ ( θ i , ϕ i ,λ )⋅Δλ
L e,λ ( λ s )= ∑ 450 470 q e,λ ⋅ E e,λ ⋅Δ λ i = 〈 q e,λ ( θ i , ϕ i , θ s , ϕ s , λ s ) 〉 Λ i =blue ⋅ ∑ 450 470 E e,λ ⋅Δ λ i
〈 q e,λ ( θ i , ϕ i , θ s , ϕ s , λ s ) 〉 Λ i =blue = ∑ 450 470 q e,λ ⋅ E e,λ ⋅Δ λ i ∑ 450 470 E e,λ ⋅Δ λ i
L e = ∑ 470 740 〈 q e,λ ( θ i , ϕ i , θ s , ϕ s , λ s ) 〉 Λ i =blue ⋅ E e ⋅Δ λ s = 〈 〈 q e,λ ( θ i , ϕ i , θ s , ϕ s ) 〉 Λ i =blue 〉 Λ s =yellow ⋅ E e ⋅Δ Λ s
〈 〈 q e.λ ( θ i , ϕ i , θ s , ϕ s ) 〉 Λ i =blue 〉 Λ s =yellow = ∑ 470 740 〈 q e,λ ( θ i , ϕ i , θ s , ϕ s , λ s ) 〉 Λ i =blue ⋅Δ λ s Δ Λ s
TI S biys = ∑ 0 2π ∑ 0 π/2 〈 〈 q e ( θ i , ϕ i , θ s , ϕ s , λ s ) 〉 Λ i =blue 〉 Λ s =yellow ⋅Δ Λ s ⋅cos θ s ⋅sin θ s ⋅Δ θ s ⋅Δ ϕ s
Φ e,s = Φ e,s photons ∑ 470 740 Φ e,λ,s ⋅h⋅c⋅Δλ ∑ 470 740 Φ e,λ,s ⋅λ⋅Δλ
Φ e,i = Φ e,i photons ∑ 450 470 Φ e,λ,i ⋅h⋅c⋅Δλ ∑ 450 470 Φ e,λ,i ⋅λ⋅Δλ
Φ e,s photons Φ e,i photons = ∑ 450 470 Φ e,λ,i ⋅h⋅c⋅Δλ ∑ 450 470 Φ e,λ,i ⋅λ⋅Δλ ∑ 470 740 Φ e,λ,s ⋅h⋅c⋅Δλ ∑ 470 740 Φ e,λ,s ⋅λ⋅Δλ TI S biys
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