An adaptive scaling and biasing scheme for OFDM-based visible light communication systems

Zhaocheng Wang; Qi Wang; Sheng Chen; Lajos Hanzo

doi:10.1364/OE.22.012707

An adaptive scaling and biasing scheme for OFDM-based visible light communication systems

Zhaocheng Wang, Qi Wang, Sheng Chen, and Lajos Hanzo

Optics Express
Vol. 22,
Issue 10,
pp. 12707-12715
(2014)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.012707

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Zhaocheng Wang, Qi Wang, Sheng Chen, and Lajos Hanzo, "An adaptive scaling and biasing scheme for OFDM-based visible light communication systems," Opt. Express 22, 12707-12715 (2014)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Optical Communications
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Fiber optics and optical communications (060.0060)
- Optical communications (060.4510)
- Free-space optical communication (060.2605)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: March 17, 2014
- Revised Manuscript: April 20, 2014
- Manuscript Accepted: April 27, 2014
- Published: May 16, 2014

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Open Access

Abstract

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) has been widely used in visible light communication systems to achieve high-rate data transmission. Due to the nonlinear transfer characteristics of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and owing the high peak-to-average-power ratio of OFDM signals, the transmitted signal has to be scaled and biased before modulating the LEDs. In this contribution, an adaptive scaling and biasing scheme is proposed for OFDM-based visible light communication systems, which fully exploits the dynamic range of the LEDs and improves the achievable system performance. Specifically, the proposed scheme calculates near-optimal scaling and biasing factors for each specific OFDM symbol according to the distribution of the signals, which strikes an attractive trade-off between the effective signal power and the clipping-distortion power. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly improves the performance without changing the LED’s emitted power, while maintaining the same receiver structure.

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References

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|
Year
|
Author
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Publication

A. Jovicic, J. Li, T. Richardson, “Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,” IEEE Commun. Magazine 51(12), 26–32 (2013).
[Crossref]
Q. Wang, Z. Wang, S. Chen, L. Hanzo, “Enhancing the decoding performance of optical wireless communication systems using receiver-side predistortion,” Opt. Express 21(25), 30295–30395 (2013).
[Crossref]
J. Vučić, C. Kottke, S. Nerreter, K. Langer, J. W. Walewski, “513 Mbit/s visible light communications link based on DMT-modulation of a white LED,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(24), 3512–3518 (2010).
Z. Wang, C. Yu, W. Zhong, J. Chen, “Performance improvement by tilting receiver plane in M-QAM OFDM visible light communications,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13418–13427 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. M. Khalid, G. Cossu, R. Corsini, P. Choudhury, E. Ciaramella, “1-Gb/s transmission over a phosphorescent white LED by using rate-adaptive discrete multitone modulation,” IEEE Photonics J. 4(5), 1465–1473 (2012).
[Crossref]
G. Cossu, A. M. Khalid, P. Choudhury, R. Corsini, E. Ciaramella, “3.4 Gbit/s visible optical wireless transmission based on RGB LED,” Opt. Express 20(26), B501–B506 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Wang, N. Chi, Y. Wang, R. Li, X. Huang, C. Yang, Z. Zhang, “High-speed quasi-balanced detection OFDM in visible light communication,” Opt. Express 21(23), 27558–27564 (2013)
[Crossref]
H. Elgala, R. Mesleh, H. Haas, “Non-linearity effects and predistortion in optical OFDM wireless transmission using LEDs,” Inderscience International J. Ultra Wideband Commun. Syst. 1(2), 143–150 (2009).
[Crossref]
S. Dimitrov, S. Sinanovic, H. Haas, “Clipping noise in OFDM-based optical wireless communication systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 60(4), 1072–1081 (2012).
[Crossref]
J. Armstrong, “OFDM for optical communications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(3), 189–204 (2009).
[Crossref]
T. Komine, J. H. Lee, S. Haruyama, M. Nakagawa, “Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white LED lighting equipment,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 8(6), 2892–2900 (2009).
[Crossref]
J. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Gao, Y. Luo, D. Gu, “Exact BEP analysis for coherent M-ary PAM and QAM over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels,” in Proc. IEEE VTC-Spring, 390–394 (2008).
S. Boyd, L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization (Cambridge University, 2004).
[Crossref]
J. G. Proakis, M. Salehi, Digital Communications, 5 (McGram-Hill, 2008).

2013 (3)

A. Jovicic, J. Li, T. Richardson, “Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,” IEEE Commun. Magazine 51(12), 26–32 (2013).
[Crossref]

Y. Wang, N. Chi, Y. Wang, R. Li, X. Huang, C. Yang, Z. Zhang, “High-speed quasi-balanced detection OFDM in visible light communication,” Opt. Express 21(23), 27558–27564 (2013)
[Crossref]

Q. Wang, Z. Wang, S. Chen, L. Hanzo, “Enhancing the decoding performance of optical wireless communication systems using receiver-side predistortion,” Opt. Express 21(25), 30295–30395 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (3)

A. M. Khalid, G. Cossu, R. Corsini, P. Choudhury, E. Ciaramella, “1-Gb/s transmission over a phosphorescent white LED by using rate-adaptive discrete multitone modulation,” IEEE Photonics J. 4(5), 1465–1473 (2012).
[Crossref]

S. Dimitrov, S. Sinanovic, H. Haas, “Clipping noise in OFDM-based optical wireless communication systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 60(4), 1072–1081 (2012).
[Crossref]

G. Cossu, A. M. Khalid, P. Choudhury, R. Corsini, E. Ciaramella, “3.4 Gbit/s visible optical wireless transmission based on RGB LED,” Opt. Express 20(26), B501–B506 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (1)

Z. Wang, C. Yu, W. Zhong, J. Chen, “Performance improvement by tilting receiver plane in M-QAM OFDM visible light communications,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13418–13427 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (1)

J. Vučić, C. Kottke, S. Nerreter, K. Langer, J. W. Walewski, “513 Mbit/s visible light communications link based on DMT-modulation of a white LED,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(24), 3512–3518 (2010).

2009 (3)

T. Komine, J. H. Lee, S. Haruyama, M. Nakagawa, “Adaptive equalization system for visible light wireless communication utilizing multiple white LED lighting equipment,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. 8(6), 2892–2900 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. Armstrong, “OFDM for optical communications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(3), 189–204 (2009).
[Crossref]

H. Elgala, R. Mesleh, H. Haas, “Non-linearity effects and predistortion in optical OFDM wireless transmission using LEDs,” Inderscience International J. Ultra Wideband Commun. Syst. 1(2), 143–150 (2009).
[Crossref]

Armstrong, J.

J. Armstrong, “OFDM for optical communications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(3), 189–204 (2009).
[Crossref]

Boyd, S.

S. Boyd, L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization (Cambridge University, 2004).
[Crossref]

Chen, J.

Z. Wang, C. Yu, W. Zhong, J. Chen, “Performance improvement by tilting receiver plane in M-QAM OFDM visible light communications,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13418–13427 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, S.

Dimitrov, S.

S. Dimitrov, S. Sinanovic, H. Haas, “Clipping noise in OFDM-based optical wireless communication systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 60(4), 1072–1081 (2012).
[Crossref]

Elgala, H.

Gao, Q.

J. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Gao, Y. Luo, D. Gu, “Exact BEP analysis for coherent M-ary PAM and QAM over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels,” in Proc. IEEE VTC-Spring, 390–394 (2008).

Gu, D.

J. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Gao, Y. Luo, D. Gu, “Exact BEP analysis for coherent M-ary PAM and QAM over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels,” in Proc. IEEE VTC-Spring, 390–394 (2008).

Haas, H.

S. Dimitrov, S. Sinanovic, H. Haas, “Clipping noise in OFDM-based optical wireless communication systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 60(4), 1072–1081 (2012).
[Crossref]

Hanzo, L.

Haruyama, S.

Huang, X.

Y. Wang, N. Chi, Y. Wang, R. Li, X. Huang, C. Yang, Z. Zhang, “High-speed quasi-balanced detection OFDM in visible light communication,” Opt. Express 21(23), 27558–27564 (2013)
[Crossref]

Jovicic, A.

A. Jovicic, J. Li, T. Richardson, “Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,” IEEE Commun. Magazine 51(12), 26–32 (2013).
[Crossref]

Khalid, A. M.

G. Cossu, A. M. Khalid, P. Choudhury, R. Corsini, E. Ciaramella, “3.4 Gbit/s visible optical wireless transmission based on RGB LED,” Opt. Express 20(26), B501–B506 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Komine, T.

Kottke, C.

Langer, K.

Lee, J. H.

Li, J.

A. Jovicic, J. Li, T. Richardson, “Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,” IEEE Commun. Magazine 51(12), 26–32 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Gao, Y. Luo, D. Gu, “Exact BEP analysis for coherent M-ary PAM and QAM over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels,” in Proc. IEEE VTC-Spring, 390–394 (2008).

Li, R.

Y. Wang, N. Chi, Y. Wang, R. Li, X. Huang, C. Yang, Z. Zhang, “High-speed quasi-balanced detection OFDM in visible light communication,” Opt. Express 21(23), 27558–27564 (2013)
[Crossref]

Luo, Y.

J. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Gao, Y. Luo, D. Gu, “Exact BEP analysis for coherent M-ary PAM and QAM over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels,” in Proc. IEEE VTC-Spring, 390–394 (2008).

Mesleh, R.

Nakagawa, M.

Nerreter, S.

Proakis, J. G.

J. G. Proakis, M. Salehi, Digital Communications, 5 (McGram-Hill, 2008).

Richardson, T.

A. Jovicic, J. Li, T. Richardson, “Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,” IEEE Commun. Magazine 51(12), 26–32 (2013).
[Crossref]

Salehi, M.

J. G. Proakis, M. Salehi, Digital Communications, 5 (McGram-Hill, 2008).

Sinanovic, S.

S. Dimitrov, S. Sinanovic, H. Haas, “Clipping noise in OFDM-based optical wireless communication systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 60(4), 1072–1081 (2012).
[Crossref]

Vandenberghe, L.

S. Boyd, L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization (Cambridge University, 2004).
[Crossref]

Vucic, J.

Walewski, J. W.

Wang, Q.

Wang, Y.

Y. Wang, N. Chi, Y. Wang, R. Li, X. Huang, C. Yang, Z. Zhang, “High-speed quasi-balanced detection OFDM in visible light communication,” Opt. Express 21(23), 27558–27564 (2013)
[Crossref]

Wang, Z.

Z. Wang, C. Yu, W. Zhong, J. Chen, “Performance improvement by tilting receiver plane in M-QAM OFDM visible light communications,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13418–13427 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Yang, C.

Y. Wang, N. Chi, Y. Wang, R. Li, X. Huang, C. Yang, Z. Zhang, “High-speed quasi-balanced detection OFDM in visible light communication,” Opt. Express 21(23), 27558–27564 (2013)
[Crossref]

Yu, C.

Z. Wang, C. Yu, W. Zhong, J. Chen, “Performance improvement by tilting receiver plane in M-QAM OFDM visible light communications,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13418–13427 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, X.

J. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Gao, Y. Luo, D. Gu, “Exact BEP analysis for coherent M-ary PAM and QAM over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels,” in Proc. IEEE VTC-Spring, 390–394 (2008).

Zhang, Z.

Y. Wang, N. Chi, Y. Wang, R. Li, X. Huang, C. Yang, Z. Zhang, “High-speed quasi-balanced detection OFDM in visible light communication,” Opt. Express 21(23), 27558–27564 (2013)
[Crossref]

Zhong, W.

Z. Wang, C. Yu, W. Zhong, J. Chen, “Performance improvement by tilting receiver plane in M-QAM OFDM visible light communications,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13418–13427 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

IEEE Commun. Magazine (1)

A. Jovicic, J. Li, T. Richardson, “Visible light communication: opportunities, challenges and the path to market,” IEEE Commun. Magazine 51(12), 26–32 (2013).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photonics J. (1)

IEEE Trans. Commun. (1)

S. Dimitrov, S. Sinanovic, H. Haas, “Clipping noise in OFDM-based optical wireless communication systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 60(4), 1072–1081 (2012).
[Crossref]

IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. (1)

Inderscience International J. Ultra Wideband Commun. Syst. (1)

J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

J. Armstrong, “OFDM for optical communications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(3), 189–204 (2009).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (4)

Z. Wang, C. Yu, W. Zhong, J. Chen, “Performance improvement by tilting receiver plane in M-QAM OFDM visible light communications,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13418–13427 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. Cossu, A. M. Khalid, P. Choudhury, R. Corsini, E. Ciaramella, “3.4 Gbit/s visible optical wireless transmission based on RGB LED,” Opt. Express 20(26), B501–B506 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Wang, N. Chi, Y. Wang, R. Li, X. Huang, C. Yang, Z. Zhang, “High-speed quasi-balanced detection OFDM in visible light communication,” Opt. Express 21(23), 27558–27564 (2013)
[Crossref]

Other (3)

J. Li, X. Zhang, Q. Gao, Y. Luo, D. Gu, “Exact BEP analysis for coherent M-ary PAM and QAM over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels,” in Proc. IEEE VTC-Spring, 390–394 (2008).

S. Boyd, L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization (Cambridge University, 2004).
[Crossref]

J. G. Proakis, M. Salehi, Digital Communications, 5 (McGram-Hill, 2008).

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Fig. 1 OFDM-based visible light communication system.

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Fig. 2 The dynamic range of the time-domain signal x(k) in an OFDM-based VLC system with M-QAM and N subcarriers.

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Fig. 3 The required normalized OSNR to achieve the BER level of 10⁻³ as the function of scaling factor for the conventional OFDM-based VLC system with M-QAM and N subcarriers.

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Fig. 4 The BER performance comparison of the conventional OFDM-based VLC system and our system with the proposed adaptive scaling and biasing scheme. The both systems employ M-QAM with N subcarriers.

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Equations (15)

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X (m) = X^{*} (N - m), m = 1, 2, \dots, N / 2 - 1,

x (k) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{m = 0}^{N - 1} X (m) exp (j \frac{2 π}{N} m k), k = 0, 1, \dots, N - 1,

x_{c} (k) = {\begin{array}{l} z_{\max} - x_{bias}, & α x (k) + x_{bias} > z_{max}; \\ α x (k), & z_{min} \leq α x (k) + x_{bias} \leq z_{max}; \\ z_{\min} - x_{bias}, & α x (k) + x_{bias} < z_{min} . \end{array}

Y (m) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{k = 0}^{N - 1} y (k) exp (- \frac{j 2 π k m}{N}), m = 0, 1, \dots, N - 1,

\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{m = 0}^{N - 1} exp (\frac{j 2 π k m}{N}) = {\begin{array}{l} \sqrt{N}, & m = 0 \\ 0, & m = 1, 2, \dots, N - 1, \end{array}

BER = \frac{4 (\sqrt{M} - 1)}{\sqrt{M} {log}_{2} (M)} Q (\sqrt{\frac{3 {log}_{2} M}{M - 1} Γ_{b (elec)}}) + \frac{4 (\sqrt{M} - 2)}{\sqrt{M} {log}_{2} (M)} Q (3 \sqrt{\frac{3 {log}_{2} M}{M - 1} Γ_{b (elec)}}),

Γ_{b (elec)} = \frac{P_{s}}{σ_{clip}^{2} + σ_{AWGN}^{2}},

𝕏 = {x^{(l)}}_{l = 1}^{M^{N / 2 - 1}} .

Γ_{b (elec)}^{(l)} = \frac{P_{s}^{(l)}}{{(σ_{clip}^{(l)})}^{2} + σ_{AWGN}^{2}},

α_{min} = \frac{z_{max} - z_{min}}{x_{max} - x_{min}}

α = \frac{2 (z_{max} - z_{min})}{x_{max} + x_{smax} - x_{min} - x_{smin}},

\begin{array}{l} \frac{1}{N} \sum_{k = 0}^{N - 1} (α x (k) + x_{bias}) & = \frac{α}{N^{3 / 2}} \sum_{k = 0}^{N - 1} \sum_{m = 0}^{N - 1} X (m) exp (\frac{j 2 π m k}{N}) + x_{bias} \\ = \frac{α}{N^{3 / 2}} \sum_{m = 0}^{N - 1} X (m) \sum_{k = 0}^{N - 1} exp (\frac{j 2 π m k}{N}) + x_{bias} \\ = x_{bias}, \end{array}

{\hat{x}}_{bias} = arg min_{x_{bias} \in ℝ^{+}} \sum_{k = 0}^{N - 1} f (α x (k) + x_{bias}),

f (x) = {\begin{array}{l} {(x - z_{max})}^{2}, & x > z_{max}; \\ 0, & z_{min} \leq x \leq z_{max}; \\ {(x - z_{min})}^{2}, & x < z_{min} . \end{array}

{\hat{x}}_{bias} \approx (z_{min} + z_{max}) / 2 - α (x_{max} + x_{min}) / 2 .

Abstract

References

2013 (3)

2012 (3)

2011 (1)

2010 (1)

2009 (3)

Armstrong, J.

Boyd, S.

Chen, J.

Chen, S.

Chi, N.

Choudhury, P.

Ciaramella, E.

Corsini, R.

Cossu, G.

Dimitrov, S.

Elgala, H.

Gao, Q.

Gu, D.

Haas, H.

Hanzo, L.

Haruyama, S.

Huang, X.

Jovicic, A.

Khalid, A. M.

Komine, T.

Kottke, C.

Langer, K.

Lee, J. H.

Li, J.

Li, R.

Luo, Y.

Mesleh, R.

Nakagawa, M.

Nerreter, S.

Proakis, J. G.

Richardson, T.

Salehi, M.

Sinanovic, S.

Vandenberghe, L.

Vucic, J.

Walewski, J. W.

Wang, Q.

Wang, Y.

Wang, Z.

Yang, C.

Yu, C.

Zhang, X.

Zhang, Z.

Zhong, W.

IEEE Commun. Magazine (1)

IEEE Photonics J. (1)

IEEE Trans. Commun. (1)

IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun. (1)

Inderscience International J. Ultra Wideband Commun. Syst. (1)

J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

Opt. Express (4)

Other (3)

Cited By

Figures (4)

Equations (15)

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