Abstract

Visualization of data concerns most scientists. The use of color is required in order to display multidimensional information. In addition, color encoding a univariate image can improve the interpretation significantly. However up to 10% of the adult male population are affected by a red-green color perception deficiency which hampers the correct interpretation and appreciation of color encoded information. This work attempts to give guidelines on how to display a given dataset in a balanced manner. Three novel color maps are proposed providing readers with normal color perception a maximum of color contrast while being a good compromise for readers with color perception deficiencies.

© 2013 Optical Society of America

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  7. S. Silva, B. Sousa Santos, and J. Madeira, “Using color in visualization: A survey,” IEEE Comput Graph 35, 320–333 (2011).
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  21. W. Becker, A. Bergmann, M. A. Hink, K. Knig, K. Benndorf, and C. Biskup, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging by time-correlated single-photon counting,” Microsc Res Techniq 63, 58–66 (2003).
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  22. T. T W J Gadella, T. Jovin, and R. Clegg, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM): Spatial resolution of microstructures on the nanosecond time scale,” Biophys Chem 48, 221–239 (1993).
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  24. R. A. Leitgeb, M. Villiger, A. H. Bachmann, L. Steinmann, and T. Lasser, “Extended focus depth for Fourier domain optical coherence microscopy,” Opt Lett 31, 2450–2452 (2006).
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  25. T. Bolmont, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Pache, T. Lasser, and P. C. Fraering, “Label-free imaging of cerebral β-Amyloidosis with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” J Neurosci 32, 14548–14556 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  26. S. Geissbuehler, N. L. Bocchio, C. Dellagiacoma, C. Berclaz, M. Leutenegger, and T. Lasser, “Mapping molecular statistics with balanced super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (bSOFI),” Optical Nanoscopy 1, 4 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  27. Z. Kadlecova, Y. Rajendra, M. Matasci, D. Hacker, L. Baldi, F. M. Wurm, and H.-A. Klok, “Hyperbranched polylysine: A versatile, biodegradable yransfection sgent for the production of tecombinant proteins by transient gene expression and the transfection of primary cells,” Macromol Biosci 12, 794–804 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  28. M. Geissbuehler, Z. Kadlecova, H.-A. Klok, and T. Lasser, “Assessment of transferrin recycling by Triplet Lifetime Imaging in living cells,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 2526–2536 (2012).
  29. C. Pache, N. L. Bocchio, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. I. Gibson, C. Santschi, and T. Lasser, “Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy,” Opt Express 20, 21385–21399 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (6)

C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. Villiger, C. Pache, A. Bouwens, E. Martin-Williams, D. Van de Ville, A. C. Davison, A. Grapin-Botton, and T. Lasser, “Diabetes imaging—quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans distribution in murine pancreas using extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 1365–1380 (2012).

T. Bolmont, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Pache, T. Lasser, and P. C. Fraering, “Label-free imaging of cerebral β-Amyloidosis with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” J Neurosci 32, 14548–14556 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Geissbuehler, N. L. Bocchio, C. Dellagiacoma, C. Berclaz, M. Leutenegger, and T. Lasser, “Mapping molecular statistics with balanced super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (bSOFI),” Optical Nanoscopy 1, 4 (2012).
[Crossref]

Z. Kadlecova, Y. Rajendra, M. Matasci, D. Hacker, L. Baldi, F. M. Wurm, and H.-A. Klok, “Hyperbranched polylysine: A versatile, biodegradable yransfection sgent for the production of tecombinant proteins by transient gene expression and the transfection of primary cells,” Macromol Biosci 12, 794–804 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Geissbuehler, Z. Kadlecova, H.-A. Klok, and T. Lasser, “Assessment of transferrin recycling by Triplet Lifetime Imaging in living cells,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 2526–2536 (2012).

C. Pache, N. L. Bocchio, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. I. Gibson, C. Santschi, and T. Lasser, “Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy,” Opt Express 20, 21385–21399 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (1)

S. Silva, B. Sousa Santos, and J. Madeira, “Using color in visualization: A survey,” IEEE Comput Graph 35, 320–333 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (1)

M. Simunovic, “Colour vision deficiency,” Eye 24, 747–755 (2010).
[Crossref]

2007 (3)

S. Silva, J. Madeira, and B. Santos, “There is more to color scales than meets the eye: A review on the use of color in visualization,” IEEE Infor Vis pp. 943–950 (2007).

J. A. Ross, “Colour-blindness: how to alienate a grant reviewer,” Nature 445, 593–593 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Miall, “Readers see red over low-impact graphics,” Nature 445, 147–147 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (1)

R. A. Leitgeb, M. Villiger, A. H. Bachmann, L. Steinmann, and T. Lasser, “Extended focus depth for Fourier domain optical coherence microscopy,” Opt Lett 31, 2450–2452 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

A. Light and P. Bartlein, “The end of the rainbow? color schemes for improved data graphics,” Eos T Am Geophys Un 85(40):385 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (2)

W. Swanson and J. Cohen, “Color vision,” Ophthalmol Clin North Am 16, 179–203 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Becker, A. Bergmann, M. A. Hink, K. Knig, K. Benndorf, and C. Biskup, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging by time-correlated single-photon counting,” Microsc Res Techniq 63, 58–66 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

G. Kindlmann, E. Reinhard, and S. Creem, “Face-based luminance matching for perceptual colormap generation,” IEEE T Vis Comput Gr pp. 299–306 (2002).

1999 (1)

L. W. MacDonald, “Using color effectively in computer graphics,” IEEE Comp Graph 19, 20–35 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

B. E. Rogowitz and L. A. Treinish, “Data visualization: the end of the rainbow,” IEEE Spectrum 35, 52–59 (1998).
[Crossref]

1997 (2)

H. Brettel, F. Viénot, and J. D. Mollon, “Computerized simulation of color appearance for dichromats,” J Opt Soc Am A 14, 2647–2655 (1997).
[Crossref]

G. Sharma and H. J. Trussell, “Digital color imaging,” IEEE Trans Image Process 6, 901–932 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (2)

H. Levkowitz, “Perceptual steps along color scales,” Int J Imag Syst Tech 7, 97–101 (1996).
[Crossref]

C. G. Healey, “Choosing effective colours for data visualization,” IEEE T Vis Comput Gr pp. 263–270 (1996).

1993 (1)

T. T W J Gadella, T. Jovin, and R. Clegg, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM): Spatial resolution of microstructures on the nanosecond time scale,” Biophys Chem 48, 221–239 (1993).
[Crossref]

1992 (1)

H. Levkowitz and G. T. Herman, “Color scales for image data,” IEEE Comput Graph 12, 72–80 (1992).
[Crossref]

Bachmann, A. H.

R. A. Leitgeb, M. Villiger, A. H. Bachmann, L. Steinmann, and T. Lasser, “Extended focus depth for Fourier domain optical coherence microscopy,” Opt Lett 31, 2450–2452 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Baldi, L.

Z. Kadlecova, Y. Rajendra, M. Matasci, D. Hacker, L. Baldi, F. M. Wurm, and H.-A. Klok, “Hyperbranched polylysine: A versatile, biodegradable yransfection sgent for the production of tecombinant proteins by transient gene expression and the transfection of primary cells,” Macromol Biosci 12, 794–804 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bartlein, P.

A. Light and P. Bartlein, “The end of the rainbow? color schemes for improved data graphics,” Eos T Am Geophys Un 85(40):385 (2004).
[Crossref]

Becker, W.

W. Becker, A. Bergmann, M. A. Hink, K. Knig, K. Benndorf, and C. Biskup, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging by time-correlated single-photon counting,” Microsc Res Techniq 63, 58–66 (2003).
[Crossref]

Benndorf, K.

W. Becker, A. Bergmann, M. A. Hink, K. Knig, K. Benndorf, and C. Biskup, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging by time-correlated single-photon counting,” Microsc Res Techniq 63, 58–66 (2003).
[Crossref]

Berclaz, C.

S. Geissbuehler, N. L. Bocchio, C. Dellagiacoma, C. Berclaz, M. Leutenegger, and T. Lasser, “Mapping molecular statistics with balanced super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (bSOFI),” Optical Nanoscopy 1, 4 (2012).
[Crossref]

C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. Villiger, C. Pache, A. Bouwens, E. Martin-Williams, D. Van de Ville, A. C. Davison, A. Grapin-Botton, and T. Lasser, “Diabetes imaging—quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans distribution in murine pancreas using extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 1365–1380 (2012).

C. Pache, N. L. Bocchio, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. I. Gibson, C. Santschi, and T. Lasser, “Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy,” Opt Express 20, 21385–21399 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bergman, L. D.

L. D. Bergman, B. E. Rogowitz, and L. A. Treinish, “A rule-based tool for assisting colormap selection,” IEEE T Vis Comput Gr, 1070–2385/95 (1995).

Bergmann, A.

W. Becker, A. Bergmann, M. A. Hink, K. Knig, K. Benndorf, and C. Biskup, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging by time-correlated single-photon counting,” Microsc Res Techniq 63, 58–66 (2003).
[Crossref]

Biskup, C.

W. Becker, A. Bergmann, M. A. Hink, K. Knig, K. Benndorf, and C. Biskup, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging by time-correlated single-photon counting,” Microsc Res Techniq 63, 58–66 (2003).
[Crossref]

Bocchio, N. L.

S. Geissbuehler, N. L. Bocchio, C. Dellagiacoma, C. Berclaz, M. Leutenegger, and T. Lasser, “Mapping molecular statistics with balanced super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (bSOFI),” Optical Nanoscopy 1, 4 (2012).
[Crossref]

C. Pache, N. L. Bocchio, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. I. Gibson, C. Santschi, and T. Lasser, “Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy,” Opt Express 20, 21385–21399 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bolmont, T.

T. Bolmont, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Pache, T. Lasser, and P. C. Fraering, “Label-free imaging of cerebral β-Amyloidosis with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” J Neurosci 32, 14548–14556 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bouwens, A.

T. Bolmont, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Pache, T. Lasser, and P. C. Fraering, “Label-free imaging of cerebral β-Amyloidosis with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” J Neurosci 32, 14548–14556 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. Villiger, C. Pache, A. Bouwens, E. Martin-Williams, D. Van de Ville, A. C. Davison, A. Grapin-Botton, and T. Lasser, “Diabetes imaging—quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans distribution in murine pancreas using extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 1365–1380 (2012).

C. Pache, N. L. Bocchio, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. I. Gibson, C. Santschi, and T. Lasser, “Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy,” Opt Express 20, 21385–21399 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Breckon, T.

C. Solomon and T. Breckon, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing: A Practical Approach with Examples in Matlab (Wiley, 2011), 1st ed.

Brettel, H.

H. Brettel, F. Viénot, and J. D. Mollon, “Computerized simulation of color appearance for dichromats,” J Opt Soc Am A 14, 2647–2655 (1997).
[Crossref]

Clegg, R.

T. T W J Gadella, T. Jovin, and R. Clegg, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM): Spatial resolution of microstructures on the nanosecond time scale,” Biophys Chem 48, 221–239 (1993).
[Crossref]

Cohen, J.

W. Swanson and J. Cohen, “Color vision,” Ophthalmol Clin North Am 16, 179–203 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Creem, S.

G. Kindlmann, E. Reinhard, and S. Creem, “Face-based luminance matching for perceptual colormap generation,” IEEE T Vis Comput Gr pp. 299–306 (2002).

Davison, A. C.

C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. Villiger, C. Pache, A. Bouwens, E. Martin-Williams, D. Van de Ville, A. C. Davison, A. Grapin-Botton, and T. Lasser, “Diabetes imaging—quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans distribution in murine pancreas using extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 1365–1380 (2012).

Dellagiacoma, C.

S. Geissbuehler, N. L. Bocchio, C. Dellagiacoma, C. Berclaz, M. Leutenegger, and T. Lasser, “Mapping molecular statistics with balanced super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (bSOFI),” Optical Nanoscopy 1, 4 (2012).
[Crossref]

Fraering, P. C.

T. Bolmont, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Pache, T. Lasser, and P. C. Fraering, “Label-free imaging of cerebral β-Amyloidosis with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” J Neurosci 32, 14548–14556 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gadella, T. T W J

T. T W J Gadella, T. Jovin, and R. Clegg, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM): Spatial resolution of microstructures on the nanosecond time scale,” Biophys Chem 48, 221–239 (1993).
[Crossref]

Geissbuehler, M.

M. Geissbuehler, Z. Kadlecova, H.-A. Klok, and T. Lasser, “Assessment of transferrin recycling by Triplet Lifetime Imaging in living cells,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 2526–2536 (2012).

Geissbuehler, S.

S. Geissbuehler, N. L. Bocchio, C. Dellagiacoma, C. Berclaz, M. Leutenegger, and T. Lasser, “Mapping molecular statistics with balanced super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (bSOFI),” Optical Nanoscopy 1, 4 (2012).
[Crossref]

Gibson, M. I.

C. Pache, N. L. Bocchio, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. I. Gibson, C. Santschi, and T. Lasser, “Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy,” Opt Express 20, 21385–21399 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Goulley, J.

C. Pache, N. L. Bocchio, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. I. Gibson, C. Santschi, and T. Lasser, “Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy,” Opt Express 20, 21385–21399 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. Villiger, C. Pache, A. Bouwens, E. Martin-Williams, D. Van de Ville, A. C. Davison, A. Grapin-Botton, and T. Lasser, “Diabetes imaging—quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans distribution in murine pancreas using extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 1365–1380 (2012).

Grapin-Botton, A.

C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. Villiger, C. Pache, A. Bouwens, E. Martin-Williams, D. Van de Ville, A. C. Davison, A. Grapin-Botton, and T. Lasser, “Diabetes imaging—quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans distribution in murine pancreas using extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 1365–1380 (2012).

Hacker, D.

Z. Kadlecova, Y. Rajendra, M. Matasci, D. Hacker, L. Baldi, F. M. Wurm, and H.-A. Klok, “Hyperbranched polylysine: A versatile, biodegradable yransfection sgent for the production of tecombinant proteins by transient gene expression and the transfection of primary cells,” Macromol Biosci 12, 794–804 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Healey, C. G.

C. G. Healey, “Choosing effective colours for data visualization,” IEEE T Vis Comput Gr pp. 263–270 (1996).

Herman, G. T.

H. Levkowitz and G. T. Herman, “Color scales for image data,” IEEE Comput Graph 12, 72–80 (1992).
[Crossref]

Hink, M. A.

W. Becker, A. Bergmann, M. A. Hink, K. Knig, K. Benndorf, and C. Biskup, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging by time-correlated single-photon counting,” Microsc Res Techniq 63, 58–66 (2003).
[Crossref]

Jovin, T.

T. T W J Gadella, T. Jovin, and R. Clegg, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM): Spatial resolution of microstructures on the nanosecond time scale,” Biophys Chem 48, 221–239 (1993).
[Crossref]

Kadlecova, Z.

Z. Kadlecova, Y. Rajendra, M. Matasci, D. Hacker, L. Baldi, F. M. Wurm, and H.-A. Klok, “Hyperbranched polylysine: A versatile, biodegradable yransfection sgent for the production of tecombinant proteins by transient gene expression and the transfection of primary cells,” Macromol Biosci 12, 794–804 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Geissbuehler, Z. Kadlecova, H.-A. Klok, and T. Lasser, “Assessment of transferrin recycling by Triplet Lifetime Imaging in living cells,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 2526–2536 (2012).

Kindlmann, G.

G. Kindlmann, E. Reinhard, and S. Creem, “Face-based luminance matching for perceptual colormap generation,” IEEE T Vis Comput Gr pp. 299–306 (2002).

Klok, H.-A.

M. Geissbuehler, Z. Kadlecova, H.-A. Klok, and T. Lasser, “Assessment of transferrin recycling by Triplet Lifetime Imaging in living cells,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 2526–2536 (2012).

Z. Kadlecova, Y. Rajendra, M. Matasci, D. Hacker, L. Baldi, F. M. Wurm, and H.-A. Klok, “Hyperbranched polylysine: A versatile, biodegradable yransfection sgent for the production of tecombinant proteins by transient gene expression and the transfection of primary cells,” Macromol Biosci 12, 794–804 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Knig, K.

W. Becker, A. Bergmann, M. A. Hink, K. Knig, K. Benndorf, and C. Biskup, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging by time-correlated single-photon counting,” Microsc Res Techniq 63, 58–66 (2003).
[Crossref]

Lasser, T.

T. Bolmont, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Pache, T. Lasser, and P. C. Fraering, “Label-free imaging of cerebral β-Amyloidosis with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” J Neurosci 32, 14548–14556 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Geissbuehler, N. L. Bocchio, C. Dellagiacoma, C. Berclaz, M. Leutenegger, and T. Lasser, “Mapping molecular statistics with balanced super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (bSOFI),” Optical Nanoscopy 1, 4 (2012).
[Crossref]

C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. Villiger, C. Pache, A. Bouwens, E. Martin-Williams, D. Van de Ville, A. C. Davison, A. Grapin-Botton, and T. Lasser, “Diabetes imaging—quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans distribution in murine pancreas using extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 1365–1380 (2012).

C. Pache, N. L. Bocchio, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. I. Gibson, C. Santschi, and T. Lasser, “Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy,” Opt Express 20, 21385–21399 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Geissbuehler, Z. Kadlecova, H.-A. Klok, and T. Lasser, “Assessment of transferrin recycling by Triplet Lifetime Imaging in living cells,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 2526–2536 (2012).

R. A. Leitgeb, M. Villiger, A. H. Bachmann, L. Steinmann, and T. Lasser, “Extended focus depth for Fourier domain optical coherence microscopy,” Opt Lett 31, 2450–2452 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Leitgeb, R. A.

R. A. Leitgeb, M. Villiger, A. H. Bachmann, L. Steinmann, and T. Lasser, “Extended focus depth for Fourier domain optical coherence microscopy,” Opt Lett 31, 2450–2452 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Leutenegger, M.

S. Geissbuehler, N. L. Bocchio, C. Dellagiacoma, C. Berclaz, M. Leutenegger, and T. Lasser, “Mapping molecular statistics with balanced super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (bSOFI),” Optical Nanoscopy 1, 4 (2012).
[Crossref]

Levkowitz, H.

H. Levkowitz, “Perceptual steps along color scales,” Int J Imag Syst Tech 7, 97–101 (1996).
[Crossref]

H. Levkowitz and G. T. Herman, “Color scales for image data,” IEEE Comput Graph 12, 72–80 (1992).
[Crossref]

Light, A.

A. Light and P. Bartlein, “The end of the rainbow? color schemes for improved data graphics,” Eos T Am Geophys Un 85(40):385 (2004).
[Crossref]

MacDonald, L. W.

L. W. MacDonald, “Using color effectively in computer graphics,” IEEE Comp Graph 19, 20–35 (1999).
[Crossref]

Madeira, J.

S. Silva, B. Sousa Santos, and J. Madeira, “Using color in visualization: A survey,” IEEE Comput Graph 35, 320–333 (2011).
[Crossref]

S. Silva, J. Madeira, and B. Santos, “There is more to color scales than meets the eye: A review on the use of color in visualization,” IEEE Infor Vis pp. 943–950 (2007).

Martin-Williams, E.

C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. Villiger, C. Pache, A. Bouwens, E. Martin-Williams, D. Van de Ville, A. C. Davison, A. Grapin-Botton, and T. Lasser, “Diabetes imaging—quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans distribution in murine pancreas using extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 1365–1380 (2012).

Matasci, M.

Z. Kadlecova, Y. Rajendra, M. Matasci, D. Hacker, L. Baldi, F. M. Wurm, and H.-A. Klok, “Hyperbranched polylysine: A versatile, biodegradable yransfection sgent for the production of tecombinant proteins by transient gene expression and the transfection of primary cells,” Macromol Biosci 12, 794–804 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Miall, C.

C. Miall, “Readers see red over low-impact graphics,” Nature 445, 147–147 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mollon, J. D.

H. Brettel, F. Viénot, and J. D. Mollon, “Computerized simulation of color appearance for dichromats,” J Opt Soc Am A 14, 2647–2655 (1997).
[Crossref]

Pache, C.

C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. Villiger, C. Pache, A. Bouwens, E. Martin-Williams, D. Van de Ville, A. C. Davison, A. Grapin-Botton, and T. Lasser, “Diabetes imaging—quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans distribution in murine pancreas using extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 1365–1380 (2012).

T. Bolmont, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Pache, T. Lasser, and P. C. Fraering, “Label-free imaging of cerebral β-Amyloidosis with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” J Neurosci 32, 14548–14556 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Pache, N. L. Bocchio, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. I. Gibson, C. Santschi, and T. Lasser, “Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy,” Opt Express 20, 21385–21399 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rajendra, Y.

Z. Kadlecova, Y. Rajendra, M. Matasci, D. Hacker, L. Baldi, F. M. Wurm, and H.-A. Klok, “Hyperbranched polylysine: A versatile, biodegradable yransfection sgent for the production of tecombinant proteins by transient gene expression and the transfection of primary cells,” Macromol Biosci 12, 794–804 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Reinhard, E.

G. Kindlmann, E. Reinhard, and S. Creem, “Face-based luminance matching for perceptual colormap generation,” IEEE T Vis Comput Gr pp. 299–306 (2002).

Rogowitz, B. E.

B. E. Rogowitz and L. A. Treinish, “Data visualization: the end of the rainbow,” IEEE Spectrum 35, 52–59 (1998).
[Crossref]

L. D. Bergman, B. E. Rogowitz, and L. A. Treinish, “A rule-based tool for assisting colormap selection,” IEEE T Vis Comput Gr, 1070–2385/95 (1995).

Ross, J. A.

J. A. Ross, “Colour-blindness: how to alienate a grant reviewer,” Nature 445, 593–593 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Santos, B.

S. Silva, J. Madeira, and B. Santos, “There is more to color scales than meets the eye: A review on the use of color in visualization,” IEEE Infor Vis pp. 943–950 (2007).

Santschi, C.

C. Pache, N. L. Bocchio, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. I. Gibson, C. Santschi, and T. Lasser, “Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy,” Opt Express 20, 21385–21399 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sharma, G.

G. Sharma and H. J. Trussell, “Digital color imaging,” IEEE Trans Image Process 6, 901–932 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Silva, S.

S. Silva, B. Sousa Santos, and J. Madeira, “Using color in visualization: A survey,” IEEE Comput Graph 35, 320–333 (2011).
[Crossref]

S. Silva, J. Madeira, and B. Santos, “There is more to color scales than meets the eye: A review on the use of color in visualization,” IEEE Infor Vis pp. 943–950 (2007).

Simunovic, M.

M. Simunovic, “Colour vision deficiency,” Eye 24, 747–755 (2010).
[Crossref]

Solomon, C.

C. Solomon and T. Breckon, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing: A Practical Approach with Examples in Matlab (Wiley, 2011), 1st ed.

Sousa Santos, B.

S. Silva, B. Sousa Santos, and J. Madeira, “Using color in visualization: A survey,” IEEE Comput Graph 35, 320–333 (2011).
[Crossref]

Steinmann, L.

R. A. Leitgeb, M. Villiger, A. H. Bachmann, L. Steinmann, and T. Lasser, “Extended focus depth for Fourier domain optical coherence microscopy,” Opt Lett 31, 2450–2452 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Swanson, W.

W. Swanson and J. Cohen, “Color vision,” Ophthalmol Clin North Am 16, 179–203 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Treinish, L. A.

B. E. Rogowitz and L. A. Treinish, “Data visualization: the end of the rainbow,” IEEE Spectrum 35, 52–59 (1998).
[Crossref]

L. D. Bergman, B. E. Rogowitz, and L. A. Treinish, “A rule-based tool for assisting colormap selection,” IEEE T Vis Comput Gr, 1070–2385/95 (1995).

Trussell, H. J.

G. Sharma and H. J. Trussell, “Digital color imaging,” IEEE Trans Image Process 6, 901–932 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Van de Ville, D.

C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. Villiger, C. Pache, A. Bouwens, E. Martin-Williams, D. Van de Ville, A. C. Davison, A. Grapin-Botton, and T. Lasser, “Diabetes imaging—quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans distribution in murine pancreas using extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 1365–1380 (2012).

Viénot, F.

H. Brettel, F. Viénot, and J. D. Mollon, “Computerized simulation of color appearance for dichromats,” J Opt Soc Am A 14, 2647–2655 (1997).
[Crossref]

Villiger, M.

C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. Villiger, C. Pache, A. Bouwens, E. Martin-Williams, D. Van de Ville, A. C. Davison, A. Grapin-Botton, and T. Lasser, “Diabetes imaging—quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans distribution in murine pancreas using extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 1365–1380 (2012).

T. Bolmont, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Pache, T. Lasser, and P. C. Fraering, “Label-free imaging of cerebral β-Amyloidosis with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” J Neurosci 32, 14548–14556 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Pache, N. L. Bocchio, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. I. Gibson, C. Santschi, and T. Lasser, “Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy,” Opt Express 20, 21385–21399 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. A. Leitgeb, M. Villiger, A. H. Bachmann, L. Steinmann, and T. Lasser, “Extended focus depth for Fourier domain optical coherence microscopy,” Opt Lett 31, 2450–2452 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wurm, F. M.

Z. Kadlecova, Y. Rajendra, M. Matasci, D. Hacker, L. Baldi, F. M. Wurm, and H.-A. Klok, “Hyperbranched polylysine: A versatile, biodegradable yransfection sgent for the production of tecombinant proteins by transient gene expression and the transfection of primary cells,” Macromol Biosci 12, 794–804 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Biomed Opt Express (2)

C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. Villiger, C. Pache, A. Bouwens, E. Martin-Williams, D. Van de Ville, A. C. Davison, A. Grapin-Botton, and T. Lasser, “Diabetes imaging—quantitative assessment of islets of Langerhans distribution in murine pancreas using extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 1365–1380 (2012).

M. Geissbuehler, Z. Kadlecova, H.-A. Klok, and T. Lasser, “Assessment of transferrin recycling by Triplet Lifetime Imaging in living cells,” Biomed Opt Express 3, 2526–2536 (2012).

Biophys Chem (1)

T. T W J Gadella, T. Jovin, and R. Clegg, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM): Spatial resolution of microstructures on the nanosecond time scale,” Biophys Chem 48, 221–239 (1993).
[Crossref]

Eos T Am Geophys Un (1)

A. Light and P. Bartlein, “The end of the rainbow? color schemes for improved data graphics,” Eos T Am Geophys Un 85(40):385 (2004).
[Crossref]

Eye (1)

M. Simunovic, “Colour vision deficiency,” Eye 24, 747–755 (2010).
[Crossref]

IEEE Comp Graph (1)

L. W. MacDonald, “Using color effectively in computer graphics,” IEEE Comp Graph 19, 20–35 (1999).
[Crossref]

IEEE Comput Graph (2)

H. Levkowitz and G. T. Herman, “Color scales for image data,” IEEE Comput Graph 12, 72–80 (1992).
[Crossref]

S. Silva, B. Sousa Santos, and J. Madeira, “Using color in visualization: A survey,” IEEE Comput Graph 35, 320–333 (2011).
[Crossref]

IEEE Infor Vis (1)

S. Silva, J. Madeira, and B. Santos, “There is more to color scales than meets the eye: A review on the use of color in visualization,” IEEE Infor Vis pp. 943–950 (2007).

IEEE Spectrum (1)

B. E. Rogowitz and L. A. Treinish, “Data visualization: the end of the rainbow,” IEEE Spectrum 35, 52–59 (1998).
[Crossref]

IEEE T Vis Comput Gr (2)

C. G. Healey, “Choosing effective colours for data visualization,” IEEE T Vis Comput Gr pp. 263–270 (1996).

G. Kindlmann, E. Reinhard, and S. Creem, “Face-based luminance matching for perceptual colormap generation,” IEEE T Vis Comput Gr pp. 299–306 (2002).

IEEE Trans Image Process (1)

G. Sharma and H. J. Trussell, “Digital color imaging,” IEEE Trans Image Process 6, 901–932 (1997).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Int J Imag Syst Tech (1)

H. Levkowitz, “Perceptual steps along color scales,” Int J Imag Syst Tech 7, 97–101 (1996).
[Crossref]

J Neurosci (1)

T. Bolmont, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Pache, T. Lasser, and P. C. Fraering, “Label-free imaging of cerebral β-Amyloidosis with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy,” J Neurosci 32, 14548–14556 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J Opt Soc Am A (1)

H. Brettel, F. Viénot, and J. D. Mollon, “Computerized simulation of color appearance for dichromats,” J Opt Soc Am A 14, 2647–2655 (1997).
[Crossref]

Macromol Biosci (1)

Z. Kadlecova, Y. Rajendra, M. Matasci, D. Hacker, L. Baldi, F. M. Wurm, and H.-A. Klok, “Hyperbranched polylysine: A versatile, biodegradable yransfection sgent for the production of tecombinant proteins by transient gene expression and the transfection of primary cells,” Macromol Biosci 12, 794–804 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Microsc Res Techniq (1)

W. Becker, A. Bergmann, M. A. Hink, K. Knig, K. Benndorf, and C. Biskup, “Fluorescence lifetime imaging by time-correlated single-photon counting,” Microsc Res Techniq 63, 58–66 (2003).
[Crossref]

Nature (2)

J. A. Ross, “Colour-blindness: how to alienate a grant reviewer,” Nature 445, 593–593 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Miall, “Readers see red over low-impact graphics,” Nature 445, 147–147 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ophthalmol Clin North Am (1)

W. Swanson and J. Cohen, “Color vision,” Ophthalmol Clin North Am 16, 179–203 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt Express (1)

C. Pache, N. L. Bocchio, A. Bouwens, M. Villiger, C. Berclaz, J. Goulley, M. I. Gibson, C. Santschi, and T. Lasser, “Fast three-dimensional imaging of gold nanoparticles in living cells with photothermal optical lock-in Optical Coherence Microscopy,” Opt Express 20, 21385–21399 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt Lett (1)

R. A. Leitgeb, M. Villiger, A. H. Bachmann, L. Steinmann, and T. Lasser, “Extended focus depth for Fourier domain optical coherence microscopy,” Opt Lett 31, 2450–2452 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Optical Nanoscopy (1)

S. Geissbuehler, N. L. Bocchio, C. Dellagiacoma, C. Berclaz, M. Leutenegger, and T. Lasser, “Mapping molecular statistics with balanced super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (bSOFI),” Optical Nanoscopy 1, 4 (2012).
[Crossref]

Other (5)

L. D. Bergman, B. E. Rogowitz, and L. A. Treinish, “A rule-based tool for assisting colormap selection,” IEEE T Vis Comput Gr, 1070–2385/95 (1995).

B. Dougherty and A. Wade, “Vischeck,” http://www.vischeck.com/ (2006).

National Institutes of Health, “ImageJ,” http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/ (2012).

C. Solomon and T. Breckon, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing: A Practical Approach with Examples in Matlab (Wiley, 2011), 1st ed.

M. Okabe and K. Ito, “Color Universal Design (CUD): How to make figures and presentations that are friendly to colorblind people,” http://jfly.iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp/color/ (2008).

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Figures (7)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Color maps for the display of univariate data and their corresponding conversion to black&white, CMYK color space (as used by color printers) as well as perception simulations for deuteranope and protanope perception. (a) Hot, (b) Fire and (c) the novel Morgenstemning. (d) Conversion to gray-scale of these color maps according to Eq. (1) and (e) according to Eq. (2). The CMYK conversion is best seen on screen.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Example of univariate data shown with different color maps. Image showing islets of Langerhans in a fixed pancreas measured with extended focus optical coherence microscopy (xfOCM) [18]. (a) Display using “hot” as a color map, (b) Morgenstemning with their corresponding simulated appearance for persons with color perception deficiency. (c) a normal gray-scale map for comparison.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Image with two color coded fluorescent channels. HeLa cells were labeled using conventional immunocytochemistry approaches. The microtubuli were marked indirectly with Alexa 568 (Channel 1) and, while a protein present in the mitochondria was labeled with Alexa 488 (Channel 2). Overlay of the channels with (a) ch1: red, ch2: green, (b) ch1: magenta, ch2: green and (c) ch1: orange, ch2: blue. The images on the right side, show simulations of how these images appear to persons with color perception deficiencies.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Color maps for the display of two linked channels and their corresponding conversion to black&white, CMYK color space (as used by color printers) as well as perception simulations for deuteranope and protanope perception. (a) HSV, (b) Jet, (c) Kindlmann Isoluminant Map [17], (d) Conversion to gray-scale of color maps (a–c) according to Eq. (1) and (e) according to Eq. (2), (f) Rainbow, (g) Isolum, (h) Ametrine, (i, j) conversion to gray-scale of color maps (f–h). The CMYK conversion is best seen on screen.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Example of data of two linked channels shown with two different color maps. Imaging cerebral vasculature inside a mouse brain using phase variance analysis on an xfOCM setup [24, 25]. The images show maximum intensity projections along z and y respectively with a color-encoded z-position for a (a) rainbow-like color map and (b) isolum color map with their corresponding simulated appearance for persons with red-green color perception deficiency. Scalebars: 50 μm. The Fig. is best seen on screen.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Color-coded molecular brightness (in arbitrary units) of HeLa cells with Alexa647-labelled microtubules overlaid with the 5th order balanced cumulant measured by bSOFI [26]. Color encoding by a (a) rainbow-like color map and (b) isolum color map. The Fig. is best seen on screen.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Color-coded triplet lifetime image of adherent CHO-cells with TMR-labeled hyperbranched poly-Lysine [27, 28]. Color encoding by a (a) rainbow-like color map and (b) ametrine color map and (c) overlay of (b) with the phase-contrast channel. The cells have been incubated for 15 min with TMR-labeled hyperbranched poly-Lysine HBPL 80kDa. The image has been taken 43 min after washing the cells with ProCHO5 at 37° C. The “A” arrow marks the triplet lifetimes leading to a grey-color which for color deficient perception results in an ambiguity compared to the grey-scale encoded phase-contrast image. The Fig. is best seen on screen.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 Guideline how to display your image data.

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Equations (5)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

Gray = 0.2989   Red + 0.5870   Green + 0.1140   Blue
Gray = ( Red γ + Green γ + Blue γ ) 1 / γ
[ R red-green G red-green B red-green ] = [ 1 0 0 1 0 0 ] [ C h 1 C h 2 ]
[ R magenta-green G magenta-green B magenta-green ] = [ 1 0 0 1 1 0 ] [ C h 1 C h 2 ]
[ R orange-blue G orange-blue B orange-blue ] = [ 1 0 0.5 0.5 0 1 ] [ C h 1 C h 2 ]

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