Characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a circular-core two-mode fiber using optical time-domain analysis

An Li; Qian Hu; William Shieh

doi:10.1364/OE.21.031894

Characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a circular-core two-mode fiber using optical time-domain analysis

An Li, Qian Hu, and William Shieh

Optics Express
Vol. 21,
Issue 26,
pp. 31894-31906
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.031894

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An Li, Qian Hu, and William Shieh, "Characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a circular-core two-mode fiber using optical time-domain analysis," Opt. Express 21, 31894-31906 (2013)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Buffers, couplers, routers, switches, and multiplexers (060.1810)
- Fiber characterization (060.2270)
- Fiber optics sensors (060.2370)
- Scattering, stimulated Brillouin (290.5900)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: August 29, 2013
- Revised Manuscript: October 17, 2013
- Manuscript Accepted: October 18, 2013
- Published: December 16, 2013

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

We show characterization of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a circular-core two-mode fiber (c-TMF) using Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) with a pulsed pump and a counter-propagating continuous wave probe. By using two free-space mode combiners (FSMCs), we can launch any combination of spatial modes into both ends of the c-TMF. Combined with coherent detection, measurement of distributed Brillouin gain spectra (BGS) is achieved for all possible counter-propagating spatial mode pairs with high spectral resolution and stability. Both intra- and inter-modal SBS are investigated for the c-TMF. The inter-modal SBS between two degenerate LP₁₁ modes (LP_11a/LP_11b) is demonstrated for the first time. From the Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) measured in each intra-modal SBS, the distributed modal birefringence between non-degenerate modes (LP₀₁/LP₁₁) and degenerate LP₁₁ modes is obtained. The proposed setup can potentially be used as a c-TMF based distributed Brillouin sensor.

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References

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Publication

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[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P. J. Winzer, G. J. Foschini, and B. Goebel, “Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber Networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 662–701 (2010).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Li, A. A. Amin, X. Chen, S. Chen, G. Gao, and W. Shieh, “Reception of Dual-Spatial-Mode CO-OFDM Signal Over a Two-Mode Fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(4), 634–640 (2012).
[Crossref]
C. Koebele, M. Salsi, D. Sperti, P. Tran, P. Brindel, H. Mardoyan, S. Bigo, A. Boutin, F. Verluise, P. Sillard, M. Astruc, L. Provost, F. Cerou, and G. Charlet, “Two mode transmission at 2×100 Gb/s, over 40 km-long prototype few-mode fiber, using LCOS-based programmable mode multiplexer and demultiplexer,” Opt. Express 19(17), 16593–16600 (2011).
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[Crossref]
Y. Jung, S. Alam, Z. Li, A. Dhar, D. Giles, I. P. Giles, J. K. Sahu, F. Poletti, L. Grüner-Nielsen, and D. J. Richardson, “First demonstration and detailed characterization of a multimode amplifier for space division multiplexed transmission systems,” Opt. Express 19(26), B952–B957 (2011).
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[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Li, X. Chen, A. Al Amin, J. Ye, and W. Shieh, “Space-Division Multiplexed High-Speed Superchannel Transmission Over Few-Mode Fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(24), 3953–3964 (2012).
[Crossref]
L. Gruner-Nielsen, S. Yi, J. W. Nicholson, D. Jakobsen, K. G. Jespersen, R. Lingle, and B. Palsdottir, “Few Mode Transmission Fiber With Low DGD, Low Mode Coupling, and Low Loss,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(23), 3693–3698 (2012).
[Crossref]
P. Sillard, M. Astruc, D. Boivin, H. Maerten, and L. Provost, “Few-Mode Fiber for Uncoupled Mode-Division Multiplexing Transmissions,” in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC), paper Tu.5.LeCervin.7.
T. Kurashima, T. Horiguchi, H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, and Y. Koyamada, “Brillouin Optical-Fiber Time Domain Reflectometry,” IEICE Trans. Commun. E76-B(4), 382–390 (1993).
T. Horiguchi and M. Tateda, “BOTDA-nondestructive measurement of single-mode optical fiber attenuation characteristics using Brillouin interaction: theory,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(8), 1170–1176 (1989).
[Crossref]
P. St. J. Russell, D. Culverhouse, and F. Farahi, “Experimental observation of forward stimulated Brillouin scattering in dual-mode single-core fibre,” Electron. Lett. 26(15), 1195–1196 (1990).
[Crossref]
K. Y. Song, Y. H. Kim, and B. Y. Kim, “Intermodal stimulated Brillouin scattering in two-mode fibers,” Opt. Lett. 38(11), 1805–1807 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Li, M.-J. Li, and R. S. Vodhanel, “All-optical Brillouin dynamic grating generation in few-mode optical fiber,” Opt. Lett. 37(22), 4660–4662 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
I. Bongrand, C. Montes, E. Picholle, J. Botineau, A. Picozzi, G. Cheval, and D. Bahloul, “Soliton compression in Brillouin fiber lasers,” Opt. Lett. 26(19), 1475–1477 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
L. Ursini, M. Santagiustina, and L. Palmieri, “Polarization-Dependent Brillouin Gain in Randomly Birefringent Fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(10), 712–714 (2010).
[Crossref]
B. Y. Kim, J. N. Blake, H. E. Engan, and H. J. Shaw, “All-fiber acousto-optic frequency shifter,” Opt. Lett. 11(6), 389–391 (1986).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. S. Park, K. Y. Song, S. H. Yun, and B. Y. Kim, “All fiber wavelength-tunable acousto-optic switches based on intermodal coupling in fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(10), 1864–1868 (2002).
[Crossref]

L. Ursini, M. Santagiustina, and L. Palmieri, “Polarization-Dependent Brillouin Gain in Randomly Birefringent Fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(10), 712–714 (2010).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

W. Shieh, Q. Yang, and Y. Ma, “107 Gb/s coherent optical OFDM transmission over 1000-km SSMF fiber using orthogonal band multiplexing,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6378–6386 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (1)

Y. Han and G. Li, “Coherent optical communication using polarization multiple-input-multiple-output,” Opt. Express 13(19), 7527–7534 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

H. S. Park, K. Y. Song, S. H. Yun, and B. Y. Kim, “All fiber wavelength-tunable acousto-optic switches based on intermodal coupling in fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(10), 1864–1868 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (2)

P. P. Mitra and J. B. Stark, “Nonlinear limits to the information capacity of optical fibre communications,” Nature 411(6841), 1027–1030 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Bongrand, C. Montes, E. Picholle, J. Botineau, A. Picozzi, G. Cheval, and D. Bahloul, “Soliton compression in Brillouin fiber lasers,” Opt. Lett. 26(19), 1475–1477 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1993 (1)

T. Kurashima, T. Horiguchi, H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, and Y. Koyamada, “Brillouin Optical-Fiber Time Domain Reflectometry,” IEICE Trans. Commun. E76-B(4), 382–390 (1993).

1990 (1)

P. St. J. Russell, D. Culverhouse, and F. Farahi, “Experimental observation of forward stimulated Brillouin scattering in dual-mode single-core fibre,” Electron. Lett. 26(15), 1195–1196 (1990).
[Crossref]

1989 (1)

T. Horiguchi and M. Tateda, “BOTDA-nondestructive measurement of single-mode optical fiber attenuation characteristics using Brillouin interaction: theory,” J. Lightwave Technol. 7(8), 1170–1176 (1989).
[Crossref]

1986 (1)

B. Y. Kim, J. N. Blake, H. E. Engan, and H. J. Shaw, “All-fiber acousto-optic frequency shifter,” Opt. Lett. 11(6), 389–391 (1986).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Al Amin, A.

Alam, S.

Amin, A. A.

A. Li, A. A. Amin, X. Chen, S. Chen, G. Gao, and W. Shieh, “Reception of Dual-Spatial-Mode CO-OFDM Signal Over a Two-Mode Fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(4), 634–640 (2012).
[Crossref]

Astruc, M.

Awaji, Y.

Bahloul, D.

Bai, N.

Bickham, S.

Bigo, S.

Blake, J. N.

B. Y. Kim, J. N. Blake, H. E. Engan, and H. J. Shaw, “All-fiber acousto-optic frequency shifter,” Opt. Lett. 11(6), 389–391 (1986).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bolle, C. A.

Bongrand, I.

Botineau, J.

Boutin, A.

Brindel, P.

Burrows, E. C.

Cerou, F.

Chandrasekhar, S.

Charlet, G.

Chen, S.

A. Li, A. A. Amin, X. Chen, S. Chen, G. Gao, and W. Shieh, “Reception of Dual-Spatial-Mode CO-OFDM Signal Over a Two-Mode Fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(4), 634–640 (2012).
[Crossref]

Chen, X.

A. Li, A. A. Amin, X. Chen, S. Chen, G. Gao, and W. Shieh, “Reception of Dual-Spatial-Mode CO-OFDM Signal Over a Two-Mode Fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(4), 634–640 (2012).
[Crossref]

Cheval, G.

Culverhouse, D.

Dhar, A.

Dimarcello, F. V.

Engan, H. E.

B. Y. Kim, J. N. Blake, H. E. Engan, and H. J. Shaw, “All-fiber acousto-optic frequency shifter,” Opt. Lett. 11(6), 389–391 (1986).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Essiambre, R.

R. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P. J. Winzer, G. J. Foschini, and B. Goebel, “Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber Networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 662–701 (2010).
[Crossref]

Essiambre, R.-J.

Farahi, F.

Fini, J. M.

Fishteyn, M.

Foschini, G. J.

R. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P. J. Winzer, G. J. Foschini, and B. Goebel, “Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber Networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 662–701 (2010).
[Crossref]

Furukawa, S.

T. Kurashima, T. Horiguchi, H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, and Y. Koyamada, “Brillouin Optical-Fiber Time Domain Reflectometry,” IEICE Trans. Commun. E76-B(4), 382–390 (1993).

Gao, G.

A. Li, A. A. Amin, X. Chen, S. Chen, G. Gao, and W. Shieh, “Reception of Dual-Spatial-Mode CO-OFDM Signal Over a Two-Mode Fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(4), 634–640 (2012).
[Crossref]

Giles, D.

Giles, I. P.

Gnauck, A. H.

Goebel, B.

R. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P. J. Winzer, G. J. Foschini, and B. Goebel, “Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber Networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 662–701 (2010).
[Crossref]

Gruner-Nielsen, L.

Grüner-Nielsen, L.

Han, Y.

Y. Han and G. Li, “Coherent optical communication using polarization multiple-input-multiple-output,” Opt. Express 13(19), 7527–7534 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Horiguchi, T.

T. Kurashima, T. Horiguchi, H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, and Y. Koyamada, “Brillouin Optical-Fiber Time Domain Reflectometry,” IEICE Trans. Commun. E76-B(4), 382–390 (1993).

Huang, Y.-K.

Imamura, K.

Inaba, H.

Ip, E.

Izumita, H.

T. Kurashima, T. Horiguchi, H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, and Y. Koyamada, “Brillouin Optical-Fiber Time Domain Reflectometry,” IEICE Trans. Commun. E76-B(4), 382–390 (1993).

Jakobsen, D.

Jespersen, K. G.

Jung, Y.

Kanno, A.

Kawanishi, T.

Kim, B. Y.

K. Y. Song, Y. H. Kim, and B. Y. Kim, “Intermodal stimulated Brillouin scattering in two-mode fibers,” Opt. Lett. 38(11), 1805–1807 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Y. Kim, J. N. Blake, H. E. Engan, and H. J. Shaw, “All-fiber acousto-optic frequency shifter,” Opt. Lett. 11(6), 389–391 (1986).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, Y. H.

K. Y. Song, Y. H. Kim, and B. Y. Kim, “Intermodal stimulated Brillouin scattering in two-mode fibers,” Opt. Lett. 38(11), 1805–1807 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Klaus, W.

Kobayashi, T.

Koebele, C.

Koyamada, Y.

T. Kurashima, T. Horiguchi, H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, and Y. Koyamada, “Brillouin Optical-Fiber Time Domain Reflectometry,” IEICE Trans. Commun. E76-B(4), 382–390 (1993).

Kramer, G.

R. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P. J. Winzer, G. J. Foschini, and B. Goebel, “Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber Networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 662–701 (2010).
[Crossref]

Kurashima, T.

T. Kurashima, T. Horiguchi, H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, and Y. Koyamada, “Brillouin Optical-Fiber Time Domain Reflectometry,” IEICE Trans. Commun. E76-B(4), 382–390 (1993).

Lau, A. P. T.

Li, A.

A. Li, A. A. Amin, X. Chen, S. Chen, G. Gao, and W. Shieh, “Reception of Dual-Spatial-Mode CO-OFDM Signal Over a Two-Mode Fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(4), 634–640 (2012).
[Crossref]

Li, G.

Y. Han and G. Li, “Coherent optical communication using polarization multiple-input-multiple-output,” Opt. Express 13(19), 7527–7534 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, M.-J.

S. Li, M.-J. Li, and R. S. Vodhanel, “All-optical Brillouin dynamic grating generation in few-mode optical fiber,” Opt. Lett. 37(22), 4660–4662 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, S.

S. Li, M.-J. Li, and R. S. Vodhanel, “All-optical Brillouin dynamic grating generation in few-mode optical fiber,” Opt. Lett. 37(22), 4660–4662 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, Z.

Liñares, J.

Lingle, R.

Liu, X.

Lu, C.

Luo, Y.

Ma, Y.

W. Shieh, Q. Yang, and Y. Ma, “107 Gb/s coherent optical OFDM transmission over 1000-km SSMF fiber using orthogonal band multiplexing,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6378–6386 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Man Chung, K.

Mardoyan, H.

Mateo, E.

McCurdy, A.

Mitra, P. P.

P. P. Mitra and J. B. Stark, “Nonlinear limits to the information capacity of optical fibre communications,” Nature 411(6841), 1027–1030 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Monberg, E. M.

Montero, C.

Montes, C.

Moreno, V.

Mukasa, K.

Nicholson, J. W.

Palmieri, L.

L. Ursini, M. Santagiustina, and L. Palmieri, “Polarization-Dependent Brillouin Gain in Randomly Birefringent Fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(10), 712–714 (2010).
[Crossref]

Palsdottir, B.

Pan, Y.

Park, H. S.

Peckham, D. W.

Peng, G.-D.

Picholle, E.

Picozzi, A.

Poletti, F.

Prieto, X.

Provost, L.

Puttnam, B. J.

Randel, S.

Richardson, D. J.

Russell, P. St. J.

Ryf, R.

Sahu, J. K.

Sakaguchi, J.

Salsi, M.

Santagiustina, M.

L. Ursini, M. Santagiustina, and L. Palmieri, “Polarization-Dependent Brillouin Gain in Randomly Birefringent Fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(10), 712–714 (2010).
[Crossref]

Shaw, H. J.

B. Y. Kim, J. N. Blake, H. E. Engan, and H. J. Shaw, “All-fiber acousto-optic frequency shifter,” Opt. Lett. 11(6), 389–391 (1986).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shieh, W.

A. Li, A. A. Amin, X. Chen, S. Chen, G. Gao, and W. Shieh, “Reception of Dual-Spatial-Mode CO-OFDM Signal Over a Two-Mode Fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(4), 634–640 (2012).
[Crossref]

W. Shieh, Q. Yang, and Y. Ma, “107 Gb/s coherent optical OFDM transmission over 1000-km SSMF fiber using orthogonal band multiplexing,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6378–6386 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sierra, A.

Sillard, P.

Song, K. Y.

K. Y. Song, Y. H. Kim, and B. Y. Kim, “Intermodal stimulated Brillouin scattering in two-mode fibers,” Opt. Lett. 38(11), 1805–1807 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sperti, D.

Stark, J. B.

P. P. Mitra and J. B. Stark, “Nonlinear limits to the information capacity of optical fibre communications,” Nature 411(6841), 1027–1030 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sugizaki, R.

Tam, H.-Y.

Tateda, M.

Taunay, T. F.

Ten, S.

Tran, P.

Tse, V.

Ursini, L.

L. Ursini, M. Santagiustina, and L. Palmieri, “Polarization-Dependent Brillouin Gain in Randomly Birefringent Fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(10), 712–714 (2010).
[Crossref]

Verluise, F.

Vodhanel, R. S.

S. Li, M.-J. Li, and R. S. Vodhanel, “All-optical Brillouin dynamic grating generation in few-mode optical fiber,” Opt. Lett. 37(22), 4660–4662 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wada, N.

Wang, T.

Watanabe, M.

Winzer, P. J.

R. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P. J. Winzer, G. J. Foschini, and B. Goebel, “Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber Networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 662–701 (2010).
[Crossref]

Yaman, F.

Yan, M. F.

Yang, Q.

W. Shieh, Q. Yang, and Y. Ma, “107 Gb/s coherent optical OFDM transmission over 1000-km SSMF fiber using orthogonal band multiplexing,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6378–6386 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ye, J.

Yi, S.

Yun, S. H.

Zhu, B.

Electron. Lett. (1)

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

L. Ursini, M. Santagiustina, and L. Palmieri, “Polarization-Dependent Brillouin Gain in Randomly Birefringent Fibers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 22(10), 712–714 (2010).
[Crossref]

IEICE Trans. Commun. (1)

T. Kurashima, T. Horiguchi, H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, and Y. Koyamada, “Brillouin Optical-Fiber Time Domain Reflectometry,” IEICE Trans. Commun. E76-B(4), 382–390 (1993).

J. Lightwave Technol. (7)

R. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P. J. Winzer, G. J. Foschini, and B. Goebel, “Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber Networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 662–701 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. Li, A. A. Amin, X. Chen, S. Chen, G. Gao, and W. Shieh, “Reception of Dual-Spatial-Mode CO-OFDM Signal Over a Two-Mode Fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(4), 634–640 (2012).
[Crossref]

Nature (1)

P. P. Mitra and J. B. Stark, “Nonlinear limits to the information capacity of optical fibre communications,” Nature 411(6841), 1027–1030 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (8)

Y. Han and G. Li, “Coherent optical communication using polarization multiple-input-multiple-output,” Opt. Express 13(19), 7527–7534 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Shieh, Q. Yang, and Y. Ma, “107 Gb/s coherent optical OFDM transmission over 1000-km SSMF fiber using orthogonal band multiplexing,” Opt. Express 16(9), 6378–6386 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (4)

B. Y. Kim, J. N. Blake, H. E. Engan, and H. J. Shaw, “All-fiber acousto-optic frequency shifter,” Opt. Lett. 11(6), 389–391 (1986).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Y. Song, Y. H. Kim, and B. Y. Kim, “Intermodal stimulated Brillouin scattering in two-mode fibers,” Opt. Lett. 38(11), 1805–1807 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Li, M.-J. Li, and R. S. Vodhanel, “All-optical Brillouin dynamic grating generation in few-mode optical fiber,” Opt. Lett. 37(22), 4660–4662 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (3)

T. Omiya, M. Yoshida, and M. Nakazawa, “400 Gbit/s 256 QAM-OFDM Transmission over 720 km with a 14 bit/s/Hz Spectral Efficiency Using an Improved FDE Technique,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC) 2013, paper OTh4E.1.
[Crossref]

P. Sillard, M. Astruc, D. Boivin, H. Maerten, and L. Provost, “Few-Mode Fiber for Uncoupled Mode-Division Multiplexing Transmissions,” in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC), paper Tu.5.LeCervin.7.

A. Li, J. Ye, X. Chen, and W. Shieh, “low loss fused mode coupler for few-mode transmission,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC) 2013, paper OTu3G.
[Crossref]

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Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of a 3 × 1 FSMC. The translation stages have two free axes, X and Y (Z is the light propagation direction). BS: 50:50 non-polarizing beamsplitter. The second BS can be removed in case only two modes need to be multiplexed so that it becomes a 2 × 1 FSMC.

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Fig. 2 Experimental setup for the BOTDA measurement of BGS of a 4-km c-TMF. ECL: external-cavity laser; MZM: Mach-Zehnder modulator; EOM: electro-optic modulator; AFG: arbitrary function generator; EDFA: Erbium-doped fiber amplifier; OBPF: optical band-pass filter; PC: polarization controller; OC: optical circulator; MS: mode stripper; MC: mode converter; BR: balanced receiver; TDS: time-domain (sampling) scope; FUT: fiber under test. Insets in the bottom: spectrum of probe signal (i) before OBPF, and (ii) after OBPF.

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Fig. 3 Received probe signal using heterodyne coherent detection. (a) Time-domain trace, (b) probe spectrum measured before pump pulse (w/o. SBS), and (c) probe spectrum measured after pump pulse (w. SBS). The frequency of probe is offset from pump by −10.512 GHz. Pump power = 4.5 mW.

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Fig. 4 Measured power spectral profile of probe by scanning a frequency range of ± 250MHz around 10.5 GHz: (a) spectra without (w/o.) and with SBS for 0-500 m length, and (b) spectra with SBS for 600-1000 m length. Pump: LP₀₁ mode, Probe: LP₀₁ mode. Pump power = 4.5 mW.

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Fig. 5 Measured BGS for LP₀₁-LP₀₁ modes in a c-TMF at (a) 0-500 m length, and (b) 600-1000 m length. Pump: LP₀₁ mode, Probe: LP₀₁ mode. Pump power = 4.5 mW.

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Fig. 6 Measured Brillouin gain for LP₀₁-LP₀₁ modes at the center frequency of BGS (10.513 GHz). Analyzed from 0 to 3 km along the fiber. (a) Pump power = 9 mW, (b) pump power = 4.5 mW. The Brillouin gain decays faster with higher pump power.

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Fig. 7 Measured BGS for LP₀₁-LP₁₁ modes in a c-TMF for varying distances. Pump-probe mode pairs: (a) LP₀₁-LP_11a, (b) LP₀₁-LP_11b, (c) LP_11a-LP_11a, and (d) LP_11b-LP₀₁. Pump power: (a) 4.5 mW, (b) 4.5 mW, (c) 2.3 mW, and (d) 2.3 mW. The reduced SBS gain in (c) and (d) is due to the 3-dB loss of pump power, which originates from the MS and MC in the LP₁₁ path for mode conversion.

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Fig. 8 Measured BGS for LP₁₁-LP₁₁ modes in a c-TMF for varying distances. Pump-probe mode pairs: (a) LP_11a-LP_11a, (b) LP_11a-LP_11b, (c) LP_11b-LP_11a, and (d) LP_11b-LP_11b. Pump power: 4.5 mW.

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Fig. 9 Brillouin gain as a function of pump power at 100 m of c-TMF. Pump-probe mode pairs: (a) LP₀₁-LP₀₁, (b) LP₀₁-LP₁₁, (c) LP₁₁-LP₀₁, and (d) LP₁₁-LP₁₁ (including all possible combinations of LP_11a and LP_11b). The measured gain slope is: 2.38 (LP₀₁-LP₀₁), 1.37 (LP₀₁-LP_11a), 1.35 (LP₀₁-LP_11b), 1.81 (LP_11a-LP₀₁), 1.37 (LP_11b-LP₀₁), 1.76 (LP_11a-LP_11a), 1.16 (LP_11a-LP_11b), 0.93 (LP_11b-LP_11a), and 1.12 (LP_11b-LP_11b), unit: dB/mW.

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Fig. 10 Measured Brillouin frequency shift ν_B in a c-TMF from 0 to 500 m after Lorentizan curve fitting. Pump-probe mode pairs: (a) LP₀₁-LP₀₁, (b) LP₀₁-LP₁₁, (c) LP₁₁-LP₀₁, and (d) LP₁₁-LP₁₁ (including all possible combinations of LP_11a and LP_11b).

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Fig. 11 Measured distributed modal birefringence in a c-TMF from 0 to 500 m. The ERI for LP₀₁ mode n_LP01 = 1.449788 is calculated from the fiber parameter.

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Tables (2)

Table 1 Parameters for Custom-designed Step-index Two-mode Fiber [8,9]

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Table 2 Characteristics of BGS at 100 m fiber length

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Equations (1)

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υ_{B} = \frac{2 n V_{a}}{λ}

Parameter	Unit	Value
Spool Length*	m	4,000
Core Diameter*	µm	11.9
Cladding Diameter*	µm	109
Refractive Index (Core)		1.4519
Refractive Index (Cladding)		1.4440
Effective Refractive Index (LP₀₁)		1.4498
Effective Refractive Index (LP₁₁)		1.4468
Chromatic Dispersion (LP₀₁)	ps/(nm*km)	22.1
Chromatic Dispersion (LP₁₁)	ps/(nm*km)	17
Effective Area (LP₀₁)	µm²	94.7
Effective Area (LP₁₁)	µm²	99.9
Differential Modal Delay(LP₀₁/LP₁₁) *	ps/m	3.0
LP₁₁ Cut-off Wavelength	nm	2323
Fiber Loss(LP₀₁,LP₁₁)*	dB/km	0.26

Parameter	Unit	Value
Spool Length*	m	4,000
Core Diameter*	µm	11.9
Cladding Diameter*	µm	109
Refractive Index (Core)		1.4519
Refractive Index (Cladding)		1.4440
Effective Refractive Index (LP₀₁)		1.4498
Effective Refractive Index (LP₁₁)		1.4468
Chromatic Dispersion (LP₀₁)	ps/(nm*km)	22.1
Chromatic Dispersion (LP₁₁)	ps/(nm*km)	17
Effective Area (LP₀₁)	µm²	94.7
Effective Area (LP₁₁)	µm²	99.9
Differential Modal Delay(LP₀₁/LP₁₁) *	ps/m	3.0
LP₁₁ Cut-off Wavelength	nm	2323
Fiber Loss(LP₀₁,LP₁₁)*	dB/km	0.26

Pump	Probe	Brillouin Frequency Shift ν_B (MHz)	FWHM (MHz)
LP₀₁	LP₀₁	10512.89	14.46
LP₀₁	LP_11a	10499.57	25.02
LP₀₁	LP_11b	10499.12	27.32
LP_11a	LP₀₁	10499.57	25.95
LP_11a	LP_11a	10491.71	33.20
LP_11a	LP_11b	10495.24	32.53
LP_11b	LP₀₁	10499.12	26.71
LP_11b	LP_11a	10495.38	29.65
LP_11b	LP_11b	10495.13	33.17

Abstract

References

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