Demonstration of active routing of entanglement in a multi-user network

I. Herbauts; B. Blauensteiner; A. Poppe; T. Jennewein; H. Hübel

doi:10.1364/OE.21.029013

Demonstration of active routing of entanglement in a multi-user network

I. Herbauts, B. Blauensteiner, A. Poppe, T. Jennewein, and H. Hübel

Optics Express
Vol. 21,
Issue 23,
pp. 29013-29024
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.029013

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I. Herbauts, B. Blauensteiner, A. Poppe, T. Jennewein, and H. Hübel, "Demonstration of active routing of entanglement in a multi-user network," Opt. Express 21, 29013-29024 (2013)

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Abstract

We implement an entanglement distribution network based on wavelength-multiplexing and optical switching for quantum communication applications. Using a high-brightness source based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion in periodically-poled lithium niobate waveguides, we generate polarisation entangled photon pairs with a broad spectrum covering the telecom wavelengths around 1550 nm. The photon pairs have entanglement fidelities up to 99%, and are distributed via passive wavelength multiplexing in a static multi-user network. We furthermore demonstrate a possible network application in a scenario with a single centralised source dynamically allocating two-party entanglement to any pair of users by means of optical switches. The whole system, from the pump laser up to the receivers, is fibre and waveguide based, resulting in maximal stability, minimal losses and the advantage of readily integrable telecom components in the 1550 nm range.

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J.-W. Pan, Z.-B. Chen, C.-Y. Lu, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger, and M. Żukowski, “Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 777–838 (2012).
[Crossref]
N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, “Quantum cryptography,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 145–195 (2002).
[Crossref]
A. Acín, N. Brunner, N. Gisin, S. Massar, S. Pironio, and V. Scarani, “Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 230501 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. Honjo, S. W. Nam, H. Takesue, Q. Zhang, H. Kamada, Y. Nishida, O. Tadanaga, M. Asobe, B. Baek, R. H. Hadfield, S. Miki, M. Fujiwara, M. Sasaki, Z. Wang, K. Inoue, and Y. Yamamoto, “Long-distance entanglement-based quantum key distribution over optical fiber,” Opt. Express 16, 19118–19126 (2008).
[Crossref]
A. Treiber, A. Poppe, M. Hentschel, D. Ferrini, T. Loruenser, E. Querasser, T. Matyus, H. Hübel, and A. Zeilinger, “A fully automated entanglement-based quantum cryptography system for telecom fiber networks,” New J. Phys. 11, 085002 (2009).
[Crossref]
T. Scheidl, R. Ursin, A. Fedrizzi, S. Ramelow, X.-S. Ma, T. Herbst, R. Prevedel, L. Ratschbacher, J. Kofler, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger, “Feasibility of 300 km quantum key distribution with entangled states,” New J. Phys. 11, 085002 (2009).
[Crossref]
M. P. Peloso, I. Gerhardt, C. Ho, A. Lamas-Linares, and C. Kurtsiefer, “Daylight operation of a free space, entanglement-based quantum key distribution system,” New J. Phys. 11, 045007 (2009).
[Crossref]
M. Peev, C. Pacher, R. Alleaume, C. Barreiro, J. Bouda, W. Boxleitner, T. Debuisschert, E. Diamanti, M. Dianati, J. F. Dynes, S. Fasel, S. Fossier, M. Fuerst, J.-D. Gautier, O. Gay, N. Gisin, P. Grangier, A. Happe, Y. Hasani, M. Hentschel, H. Hübel, G. Humer, T. Laenger, M. Legre, R. Lieger, J. Lodewyck, T. Loruenser, N. Luetkenhaus, A. Marhold, T. Matyus, O. Maurhart, L. Monat, S. Nauerth, J.-B. Page, A. Poppe, E. Querasser, G. Ribordy, S. Robyr, L. Salvail, A. W. Sharpe, A. J. Shields, D. Stucki, M. Suda, C. Tamas, T. Themel, R. T. Thew, Y. Thoma, A. Treiber, P. Trinkler, R. Tualle-Brouri, F. Vannel, N. Walenta, H. Weier, H. Weinfurter, I. Wimberger, Z. L. Yuan, H. Zbinden, and A. Zeilinger, “The SECOQC quantum key distribution network in Vienna,” New J. Phys. 11, 075001 (2009).
[Crossref]
M. Sasaki, M. Fujiwara, H. Ishizuka, W. Klaus, K. Wakui, M. Takeoka, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, Z. Wang, A. Tanaka, K. Yoshino, Y. Nambu, S. Takahashi, A. Tajima, A. Tomita, T. Domeki, T. Hasegawa, Y. Sakai, H. Kobayashi, T. Asai, K. Shimizu, T. Tokura, T. Tsurumaru, M. Matsui, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, H. Takesue, Y. Tokura, J. F. Dynes, A. R. Dixon, A. W. Sharpe, Z. L. Yuan, A. J. Shields, S. Uchikoga, M. Legre, S. Robyr, P. Trinkler, L. Monat, J. B. Page, G. Ribordy, A. Poppe, A. Allacher, O. Maurhart, T. Laenger, M. Peev, and A. Zeilinger, “Field test of quantum key distribution in the Tokyo QKD Network,” Opt. Express 19, 10387–10409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Hillery, V. Bužek, and A. Berthiaume, “Quantum secret sharing,” Phys. Rev. A 59, 1829–1834 (1999).
[Crossref]
H. Buhrman, R. Cleve, and W. Van Dam, “Quantum entanglement and communication complexity,” Siam Journal on Computing 30, 1829–1841 (2001).
[Crossref]
ITU-T recommendation G.694.2 (2003).
P. G. Kwiat, K. Mattle, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger, A. V. Sergienko, and Y. Shih, “New high-intensity source of polarization-entangled photon pairs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4337–4341 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Tanzilli, H. De Riedmatten, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden, P. Baldi, M. De Micheli, D. Ostrowsky, and N. Gisin, “Highly efficient photon-pair source using periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide,” Electronics Lett. 37, 26–28 (2001).
[Crossref]
K. F. Lee, J. Chen, C. Liang, X. Li, P. L. Voss, and P. Kumar, “Generation of high-purity telecom-band entangled photon pairs in dispersion-shifted fiber,” Opt. Express 31, 1905–1907 (2006).
S. X. Wang and G. S. Kanter, “Robust multiwavelength all-fiber source of polarization-entangled photons with built-in analyzer alignment signal,” IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics 15, 1733–1740 (2009).
[Crossref]
Q. Lin, F. Yaman, and G. P. Agrawal, “Photon-pair generation in optical fibers through four-wave mixing: Role of Raman scattering and pump polarization,” Phys. Rev. A 75, 023803 (2007).
[Crossref]
E. Meyer-Scott, V. Roy, J.-P. Bourgoin, B. L. Higgins, L. K. Shalm, and T. Jennewein, “Generating polarization-entangled photon pairs using cross-spliced birefringent fibers,” Opt. Express 21, 6205–6212 (2012).
[Crossref]
E. Y. Zhu, Z. Tang, L. Qian, L. G. Helt, M. Liscidini, J. E. Sipe, C. Corbari, A. Canagasabey, M. Ibsen, and P. G. Kazansky, “Direct generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs in a poled fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108(2012).
[Crossref]
H. C. Lim, A. Yoshizawa, H. Tsuchida, and K. Kikuchi, “Broadband source of telecom-band polarization-entangled photon-pairs for wavelength-multiplexed entanglement distribution,” Opt. Express 16, 16052–16057 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Yoshizawa, R. Kaji, and H. Tsuchida, “Generation of polarisation-entangled photon pairs at 1500 nm using two PPLN waveguides,” Electronics Lett. 39, 621–622 (2003).
[Crossref]
H. Huebel, M. R. Vanner, T. Lederer, B. Blauensteiner, T. Loruenser, A. Poppe, and A. Zeilinger, “High-fidelity transmission of polarization encoded qubits from an entangled source over 100 km of fiber,” Opt. Express 15, 7853–7862 (2007).
[Crossref]
B. Qi, W. Zhu, L. Qian, and H.-K. Lo, “Feasibility of quantum key distribution through a dense wavelength division multiplexing network,” New J. Phys. 12, 103042 (2010).
[Crossref]
R. E. Warburton, M. Itzler, and G. S. Buller, “Free-running, room temperature operation of an InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 071116 (2009).
[Crossref]
Z. Yan, D. R. Hamel, A. K. Heinrichs, X. Jiang, M. A. Itzler, and T. Jennewein, “An ultra-low noise telecom wavelength free running single photon detector using negative feedback avalanche diode,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 073105 (2012).
[Crossref]
A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, and S. W. Nam, “Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency,” Opt. Express 16, 3032–3040 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
F. Marsili, V. B. Verma, J. A. Stern, S. Harrington, A. E. Lita, T. Gerrits, I. Vayshenker, B. Baek, M. D. Shaw, R. P. Mirin, and S. W. Nam, “Detecting single infrared photons with 93% system efficiency,” Nature Photonics 7, 210–214 (2013).
[Crossref]
M. Hentschel, H. Hübel, A. Poppe, and A. Zeilinger, “Three-color Sagnac source of polarization-entangled photon pairs,” Opt. Express 17, 23153–23159 (2009).
[Crossref]
F. Steinlechner, P. Trojek, M. Jofre, H. Weier, D. Perez, T. Jennewein, R. Ursin, J. Rarity, M. W. Mitchell, J. P. Torres, H. Weinfurter, and V. Pruneri, “A high-brightness source of polarization-entangled photons optimized for applications in free space,” Opt. Express 20, 9640–9649 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Fiorentino, S. M. Spillane, R. G. Beausoleil, T. D. Roberts, P. Battle, and M. W. Munro, “Spontaneous parametric down-conversion in periodically poled KTP waveguides and bulk crystals,” Opt. Express 15, 7479–7488 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. James, P. Kwiat, W. Munro, and A. White, “Measurement of qubits,” Phys. Rev. A 64, 052312 (2001).
[Crossref]
C. Bennett, G. Brassard, and N. Mermin, “Quantum Cryptography without Bell theorem,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 557–559 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Ghalbouni, I. Agha, R. Frey, E. Diamanti, and I. Zaquine, “Experimental wavelength-division-multiplexed photon-pair distribution,” Optics Lett. 38, 34–36 (2013).
[Crossref]
A. Yoshizawa and H. Tsuchida, “Violation of Bell’s inequality in 1550 nm band without subtraction of accidental coincidences,” Japanese Journal of applied Physics 44, L375–L377 (2005).
[Crossref]
Y.-K. Jiang and A. Tomita, “Highly efficient polarization-entangled photon source using periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides,” Opt. Commun. 267, 278–281 (2006).
[Crossref]
H. C. Lim, A. Yoshizawa, H. Tsuchida, and K. Kikuchi, “Stable source of high quality telecom-band polarization-entangled photon-pairs based on a single, pulse-pumped, short PPLN waveguide,” Opt. Express 16, 12460–12468 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Arahira, N. Namekata, T. Kishimoto, H. Yaegashi, and S. Inoue, “Generation of polarization entangled photon pairs at telecommunication wavelength using cascaded χ(2)processes in a periodically poled LiNbO3ridge waveguide,” Opt. Express 19, 16032–16043 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Z.-Y. Zhou, Y.-K. Jiang, D.-S. Ding, B.-S. Shi, and G.-C. Guo, “Actively switchable nondegenerate polarization-entangled photon-pair distribution in dense wave-division multiplexing,” Phys. Rev. A 87, 045806 (2013).
[Crossref]

2013 (3)

J. Ghalbouni, I. Agha, R. Frey, E. Diamanti, and I. Zaquine, “Experimental wavelength-division-multiplexed photon-pair distribution,” Optics Lett. 38, 34–36 (2013).
[Crossref]

F. Marsili, V. B. Verma, J. A. Stern, S. Harrington, A. E. Lita, T. Gerrits, I. Vayshenker, B. Baek, M. D. Shaw, R. P. Mirin, and S. W. Nam, “Detecting single infrared photons with 93% system efficiency,” Nature Photonics 7, 210–214 (2013).
[Crossref]

Z.-Y. Zhou, Y.-K. Jiang, D.-S. Ding, B.-S. Shi, and G.-C. Guo, “Actively switchable nondegenerate polarization-entangled photon-pair distribution in dense wave-division multiplexing,” Phys. Rev. A 87, 045806 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (5)

Z. Yan, D. R. Hamel, A. K. Heinrichs, X. Jiang, M. A. Itzler, and T. Jennewein, “An ultra-low noise telecom wavelength free running single photon detector using negative feedback avalanche diode,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 073105 (2012).
[Crossref]

J.-W. Pan, Z.-B. Chen, C.-Y. Lu, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger, and M. Żukowski, “Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 777–838 (2012).
[Crossref]

E. Y. Zhu, Z. Tang, L. Qian, L. G. Helt, M. Liscidini, J. E. Sipe, C. Corbari, A. Canagasabey, M. Ibsen, and P. G. Kazansky, “Direct generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs in a poled fiber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 108(2012).
[Crossref]

F. Steinlechner, P. Trojek, M. Jofre, H. Weier, D. Perez, T. Jennewein, R. Ursin, J. Rarity, M. W. Mitchell, J. P. Torres, H. Weinfurter, and V. Pruneri, “A high-brightness source of polarization-entangled photons optimized for applications in free space,” Opt. Express 20, 9640–9649 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Meyer-Scott, V. Roy, J.-P. Bourgoin, B. L. Higgins, L. K. Shalm, and T. Jennewein, “Generating polarization-entangled photon pairs using cross-spliced birefringent fibers,” Opt. Express 21, 6205–6212 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (2)

M. Sasaki, M. Fujiwara, H. Ishizuka, W. Klaus, K. Wakui, M. Takeoka, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, Z. Wang, A. Tanaka, K. Yoshino, Y. Nambu, S. Takahashi, A. Tajima, A. Tomita, T. Domeki, T. Hasegawa, Y. Sakai, H. Kobayashi, T. Asai, K. Shimizu, T. Tokura, T. Tsurumaru, M. Matsui, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, H. Takesue, Y. Tokura, J. F. Dynes, A. R. Dixon, A. W. Sharpe, Z. L. Yuan, A. J. Shields, S. Uchikoga, M. Legre, S. Robyr, P. Trinkler, L. Monat, J. B. Page, G. Ribordy, A. Poppe, A. Allacher, O. Maurhart, T. Laenger, M. Peev, and A. Zeilinger, “Field test of quantum key distribution in the Tokyo QKD Network,” Opt. Express 19, 10387–10409 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Arahira, N. Namekata, T. Kishimoto, H. Yaegashi, and S. Inoue, “Generation of polarization entangled photon pairs at telecommunication wavelength using cascaded χ(2)processes in a periodically poled LiNbO3ridge waveguide,” Opt. Express 19, 16032–16043 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (1)

B. Qi, W. Zhu, L. Qian, and H.-K. Lo, “Feasibility of quantum key distribution through a dense wavelength division multiplexing network,” New J. Phys. 12, 103042 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (7)

R. E. Warburton, M. Itzler, and G. S. Buller, “Free-running, room temperature operation of an InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 071116 (2009).
[Crossref]

S. X. Wang and G. S. Kanter, “Robust multiwavelength all-fiber source of polarization-entangled photons with built-in analyzer alignment signal,” IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics 15, 1733–1740 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Treiber, A. Poppe, M. Hentschel, D. Ferrini, T. Loruenser, E. Querasser, T. Matyus, H. Hübel, and A. Zeilinger, “A fully automated entanglement-based quantum cryptography system for telecom fiber networks,” New J. Phys. 11, 085002 (2009).
[Crossref]

T. Scheidl, R. Ursin, A. Fedrizzi, S. Ramelow, X.-S. Ma, T. Herbst, R. Prevedel, L. Ratschbacher, J. Kofler, T. Jennewein, and A. Zeilinger, “Feasibility of 300 km quantum key distribution with entangled states,” New J. Phys. 11, 085002 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. P. Peloso, I. Gerhardt, C. Ho, A. Lamas-Linares, and C. Kurtsiefer, “Daylight operation of a free space, entanglement-based quantum key distribution system,” New J. Phys. 11, 045007 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. Peev, C. Pacher, R. Alleaume, C. Barreiro, J. Bouda, W. Boxleitner, T. Debuisschert, E. Diamanti, M. Dianati, J. F. Dynes, S. Fasel, S. Fossier, M. Fuerst, J.-D. Gautier, O. Gay, N. Gisin, P. Grangier, A. Happe, Y. Hasani, M. Hentschel, H. Hübel, G. Humer, T. Laenger, M. Legre, R. Lieger, J. Lodewyck, T. Loruenser, N. Luetkenhaus, A. Marhold, T. Matyus, O. Maurhart, L. Monat, S. Nauerth, J.-B. Page, A. Poppe, E. Querasser, G. Ribordy, S. Robyr, L. Salvail, A. W. Sharpe, A. J. Shields, D. Stucki, M. Suda, C. Tamas, T. Themel, R. T. Thew, Y. Thoma, A. Treiber, P. Trinkler, R. Tualle-Brouri, F. Vannel, N. Walenta, H. Weier, H. Weinfurter, I. Wimberger, Z. L. Yuan, H. Zbinden, and A. Zeilinger, “The SECOQC quantum key distribution network in Vienna,” New J. Phys. 11, 075001 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. Hentschel, H. Hübel, A. Poppe, and A. Zeilinger, “Three-color Sagnac source of polarization-entangled photon pairs,” Opt. Express 17, 23153–23159 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (4)

A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, and S. W. Nam, “Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency,” Opt. Express 16, 3032–3040 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. C. Lim, A. Yoshizawa, H. Tsuchida, and K. Kikuchi, “Stable source of high quality telecom-band polarization-entangled photon-pairs based on a single, pulse-pumped, short PPLN waveguide,” Opt. Express 16, 12460–12468 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. C. Lim, A. Yoshizawa, H. Tsuchida, and K. Kikuchi, “Broadband source of telecom-band polarization-entangled photon-pairs for wavelength-multiplexed entanglement distribution,” Opt. Express 16, 16052–16057 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Honjo, S. W. Nam, H. Takesue, Q. Zhang, H. Kamada, Y. Nishida, O. Tadanaga, M. Asobe, B. Baek, R. H. Hadfield, S. Miki, M. Fujiwara, M. Sasaki, Z. Wang, K. Inoue, and Y. Yamamoto, “Long-distance entanglement-based quantum key distribution over optical fiber,” Opt. Express 16, 19118–19126 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (4)

M. Fiorentino, S. M. Spillane, R. G. Beausoleil, T. D. Roberts, P. Battle, and M. W. Munro, “Spontaneous parametric down-conversion in periodically poled KTP waveguides and bulk crystals,” Opt. Express 15, 7479–7488 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Huebel, M. R. Vanner, T. Lederer, B. Blauensteiner, T. Loruenser, A. Poppe, and A. Zeilinger, “High-fidelity transmission of polarization encoded qubits from an entangled source over 100 km of fiber,” Opt. Express 15, 7853–7862 (2007).
[Crossref]

Q. Lin, F. Yaman, and G. P. Agrawal, “Photon-pair generation in optical fibers through four-wave mixing: Role of Raman scattering and pump polarization,” Phys. Rev. A 75, 023803 (2007).
[Crossref]

A. Acín, N. Brunner, N. Gisin, S. Massar, S. Pironio, and V. Scarani, “Device-independent security of quantum cryptography against collective attacks,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 230501 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (2)

K. F. Lee, J. Chen, C. Liang, X. Li, P. L. Voss, and P. Kumar, “Generation of high-purity telecom-band entangled photon pairs in dispersion-shifted fiber,” Opt. Express 31, 1905–1907 (2006).

Y.-K. Jiang and A. Tomita, “Highly efficient polarization-entangled photon source using periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides,” Opt. Commun. 267, 278–281 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

A. Yoshizawa and H. Tsuchida, “Violation of Bell’s inequality in 1550 nm band without subtraction of accidental coincidences,” Japanese Journal of applied Physics 44, L375–L377 (2005).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

A. Yoshizawa, R. Kaji, and H. Tsuchida, “Generation of polarisation-entangled photon pairs at 1500 nm using two PPLN waveguides,” Electronics Lett. 39, 621–622 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, “Quantum cryptography,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 145–195 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (3)

H. Buhrman, R. Cleve, and W. Van Dam, “Quantum entanglement and communication complexity,” Siam Journal on Computing 30, 1829–1841 (2001).
[Crossref]

S. Tanzilli, H. De Riedmatten, W. Tittel, H. Zbinden, P. Baldi, M. De Micheli, D. Ostrowsky, and N. Gisin, “Highly efficient photon-pair source using periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide,” Electronics Lett. 37, 26–28 (2001).
[Crossref]

D. James, P. Kwiat, W. Munro, and A. White, “Measurement of qubits,” Phys. Rev. A 64, 052312 (2001).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

M. Hillery, V. Bužek, and A. Berthiaume, “Quantum secret sharing,” Phys. Rev. A 59, 1829–1834 (1999).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

P. G. Kwiat, K. Mattle, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger, A. V. Sergienko, and Y. Shih, “New high-intensity source of polarization-entangled photon pairs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4337–4341 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1992 (1)

C. Bennett, G. Brassard, and N. Mermin, “Quantum Cryptography without Bell theorem,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 557–559 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Acín, A.

Agha, I.

J. Ghalbouni, I. Agha, R. Frey, E. Diamanti, and I. Zaquine, “Experimental wavelength-division-multiplexed photon-pair distribution,” Optics Lett. 38, 34–36 (2013).
[Crossref]

Agrawal, G. P.

Allacher, A.

Alleaume, R.

Arahira, S.

Asai, T.

Asobe, M.

Baek, B.

Baldi, P.

Barreiro, C.

Battle, P.

Beausoleil, R. G.

Bennett, C.

C. Bennett, G. Brassard, and N. Mermin, “Quantum Cryptography without Bell theorem,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 557–559 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Berthiaume, A.

M. Hillery, V. Bužek, and A. Berthiaume, “Quantum secret sharing,” Phys. Rev. A 59, 1829–1834 (1999).
[Crossref]

Blauensteiner, B.

Bouda, J.

Bourgoin, J.-P.

Boxleitner, W.

Brassard, G.

C. Bennett, G. Brassard, and N. Mermin, “Quantum Cryptography without Bell theorem,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 557–559 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Brunner, N.

Buhrman, H.

H. Buhrman, R. Cleve, and W. Van Dam, “Quantum entanglement and communication complexity,” Siam Journal on Computing 30, 1829–1841 (2001).
[Crossref]

Buller, G. S.

R. E. Warburton, M. Itzler, and G. S. Buller, “Free-running, room temperature operation of an InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 071116 (2009).
[Crossref]

Bužek, V.

M. Hillery, V. Bužek, and A. Berthiaume, “Quantum secret sharing,” Phys. Rev. A 59, 1829–1834 (1999).
[Crossref]

Canagasabey, A.

Chen, J.

K. F. Lee, J. Chen, C. Liang, X. Li, P. L. Voss, and P. Kumar, “Generation of high-purity telecom-band entangled photon pairs in dispersion-shifted fiber,” Opt. Express 31, 1905–1907 (2006).

Chen, Z.-B.

J.-W. Pan, Z.-B. Chen, C.-Y. Lu, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger, and M. Żukowski, “Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 777–838 (2012).
[Crossref]

Cleve, R.

H. Buhrman, R. Cleve, and W. Van Dam, “Quantum entanglement and communication complexity,” Siam Journal on Computing 30, 1829–1841 (2001).
[Crossref]

Corbari, C.

De Micheli, M.

De Riedmatten, H.

Debuisschert, T.

Diamanti, E.

J. Ghalbouni, I. Agha, R. Frey, E. Diamanti, and I. Zaquine, “Experimental wavelength-division-multiplexed photon-pair distribution,” Optics Lett. 38, 34–36 (2013).
[Crossref]

Dianati, M.

Ding, D.-S.

Dixon, A. R.

Domeki, T.

Dynes, J. F.

Fasel, S.

Fedrizzi, A.

Ferrini, D.

Fiorentino, M.

Fossier, S.

Frey, R.

J. Ghalbouni, I. Agha, R. Frey, E. Diamanti, and I. Zaquine, “Experimental wavelength-division-multiplexed photon-pair distribution,” Optics Lett. 38, 34–36 (2013).
[Crossref]

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Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

R. E. Warburton, M. Itzler, and G. S. Buller, “Free-running, room temperature operation of an InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 071116 (2009).
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Electronics Lett. (2)

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IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics (1)

Japanese Journal of applied Physics (1)

Nature Photonics (1)

New J. Phys. (5)

B. Qi, W. Zhu, L. Qian, and H.-K. Lo, “Feasibility of quantum key distribution through a dense wavelength division multiplexing network,” New J. Phys. 12, 103042 (2010).
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Opt. Commun. (1)

Y.-K. Jiang and A. Tomita, “Highly efficient polarization-entangled photon source using periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides,” Opt. Commun. 267, 278–281 (2006).
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Opt. Express (12)

M. Hentschel, H. Hübel, A. Poppe, and A. Zeilinger, “Three-color Sagnac source of polarization-entangled photon pairs,” Opt. Express 17, 23153–23159 (2009).
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K. F. Lee, J. Chen, C. Liang, X. Li, P. L. Voss, and P. Kumar, “Generation of high-purity telecom-band entangled photon pairs in dispersion-shifted fiber,” Opt. Express 31, 1905–1907 (2006).

A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, and S. W. Nam, “Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency,” Opt. Express 16, 3032–3040 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Optics Lett. (1)

J. Ghalbouni, I. Agha, R. Frey, E. Diamanti, and I. Zaquine, “Experimental wavelength-division-multiplexed photon-pair distribution,” Optics Lett. 38, 34–36 (2013).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. A (4)

M. Hillery, V. Bužek, and A. Berthiaume, “Quantum secret sharing,” Phys. Rev. A 59, 1829–1834 (1999).
[Crossref]

D. James, P. Kwiat, W. Munro, and A. White, “Measurement of qubits,” Phys. Rev. A 64, 052312 (2001).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (4)

C. Bennett, G. Brassard, and N. Mermin, “Quantum Cryptography without Bell theorem,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 557–559 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Rev. Mod. Phys. (2)

J.-W. Pan, Z.-B. Chen, C.-Y. Lu, H. Weinfurter, A. Zeilinger, and M. Żukowski, “Multiphoton entanglement and interferometry,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 777–838 (2012).
[Crossref]

N. Gisin, G. Ribordy, W. Tittel, and H. Zbinden, “Quantum cryptography,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 145–195 (2002).
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Rev. Sci. Instrum. (1)

Siam Journal on Computing (1)

H. Buhrman, R. Cleve, and W. Van Dam, “Quantum entanglement and communication complexity,” Siam Journal on Computing 30, 1829–1841 (2001).
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Other (1)

ITU-T recommendation G.694.2 (2003).

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Fig. 1

Outline of an entanglement distribution network. Each user is connected via a single quantum channel (solid lines) to the centralised entangled-photon-source (EPS). Entanglement (dotted arrows), used for quantum information tasks, can be shared between any two users on request (only certain combinations are shown).

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Fig. 2

Experimental setup with a cw-laser pumping two ppLN crystals in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to create polarisation-entangled photon pairs. The pairs are split using a DWDM multiplexer, analysed using polarisation optics and detected with InGaAs single photon detectors. The active phase stabilisation of the interferometric part is achieved with the help of a fibre stretcher.

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Fig. 3

Real part of the density matrices obtained from tomography measurements (raw coincidences) for each entangled channel pair. The elements of the imaginary parts are all smaller than 0.07.

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Fig. 4

Software-defined network (SDN) realisation with two optical switches for active, on-demand distribution of entanglement. Depending on the choice of the switch setting (I, II or III), different user pairs will share entangled photons for quantum information applications.

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Tables (2)

Table 1 Summary of results for the four entangled channel pairs, designated by their ITU numbers and central wavelengths. Coincidence rates and calculated fidelities and purities of the measured states are displayed. Fidelity and purity were calculated both for raw data and after background subtraction.

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Table 2 Summary of results for the three switch settings in the SDN. Each setting results in two 2-party sharing of entangled states. Coincidence rates, calculated fidelities and purities (with and without background counts) for each user pair are listed.

View Table | View all tables in this article

Entangled channels central wavelengths [nm]	Coincidence rate [c/s]	Fidelity	Fidelity without background	Purity	Purity without background

33 – 35	460	0.93	0.99	0.87	0.99
1550.92 – 1549.32	460	0.93	0.99	0.87	0.99

31 – 37	450	0.92	0.98	0.89	0.98
1552.52 – 1547.72	450	0.92	0.98	0.89	0.98

29 – 39	480	0.93	0.99	0.88	0.99
1554.13 – 1546.12	480	0.93	0.99	0.88	0.99

27 – 41	430	0.93	0.98	0.88	0.99
1555.75 – 1544.53	430	0.93	0.98	0.88	0.99

Switch setting	Entanglement sharing	Coincidence rate [c/s]	Fidelity	Fidelity without background	Purity	Purity without background

I	A–B	480	0.92	0.98	0.86	0.96
I	C–D	430	0.92	0.98	0.89	0.99

II	A–C	450	0.94	0.99	0.90	0.98
II	B–D	480	0.95	0.98	0.93	0.99

III	A–D	440	0.93	0.98	0.89	0.98
III	B–C	480	0.94	0.98	0.89	0.96

Entangled channels central wavelengths [nm]	Coincidence rate [c/s]	Fidelity	Fidelity without background	Purity	Purity without background

33 – 35	460	0.93	0.99	0.87	0.99
1550.92 – 1549.32	460	0.93	0.99	0.87	0.99

31 – 37	450	0.92	0.98	0.89	0.98
1552.52 – 1547.72	450	0.92	0.98	0.89	0.98

29 – 39	480	0.93	0.99	0.88	0.99
1554.13 – 1546.12	480	0.93	0.99	0.88	0.99

27 – 41	430	0.93	0.98	0.88	0.99
1555.75 – 1544.53	430	0.93	0.98	0.88	0.99

Switch setting	Entanglement sharing	Coincidence rate [c/s]	Fidelity	Fidelity without background	Purity	Purity without background

I	A–B	480	0.92	0.98	0.86	0.96
I	C–D	430	0.92	0.98	0.89	0.99

II	A–C	450	0.94	0.99	0.90	0.98
II	B–D	480	0.95	0.98	0.93	0.99

III	A–D	440	0.93	0.98	0.89	0.98
III	B–C	480	0.94	0.98	0.89	0.96