Sum frequency generation in pure zinc-blende GaAs nanowires

Xiaoqing Zhang; Hao He; Jintao Fan; Chenglin Gu; Xin Yan; Minglie Hu; Xia Zhang; Xiaomin Ren; Chingyue Wang

doi:10.1364/OE.21.028432

Sum frequency generation in pure zinc-blende GaAs nanowires

Xiaoqing Zhang, Hao He, Jintao Fan, Chenglin Gu, Xin Yan, Minglie Hu, Xia Zhang, Xiaomin Ren, and Chingyue Wang

Optics Express
Vol. 21,
Issue 23,
pp. 28432-28437
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.028432

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Xiaoqing Zhang, Hao He, Jintao Fan, Chenglin Gu, Xin Yan, Minglie Hu, Xia Zhang, Xiaomin Ren, and Chingyue Wang, "Sum frequency generation in pure zinc-blende GaAs nanowires," Opt. Express 21, 28432-28437 (2013)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Nonlinear Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Nonlinear optical materials (160.4330)
- Nanomaterials (160.4236)
- Ultrafast nonlinear optics (190.7110)
- Ultrafast nonlinear optics (320.7110)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: September 18, 2013
- Revised Manuscript: October 20, 2013
- Manuscript Accepted: November 1, 2013
- Published: November 12, 2013

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Nonlinearity of semiconductor nanowires makes them potential frequency converters in nanoscale optoelectronics. Here we demonstrate that sum frequency generation signals can be acquired from GaAs nanowires when excited by a femtosecond laser at 1048 nm and a tunable optical parametric oscillator ranging from 1416 nm to 1770 nm. The SFG intensity is insensitive to the polarization but quite sensitive to the temporal overlap of incident lasers pulses. It is shown that they can work for pulse-width measurement of femtosecond lasers in the near infrared band. Our results suggest GaAs NWs to be excellent optical nonlinear mixers in nanoscale optoelectronics.

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References

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|
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Publication

S. Chu, G. Wang, W. Zhou, Y. Lin, L. Chernyak, J. Zhao, J. Kong, L. Li, J. Ren, and J. Liu, “Electrically pumped waveguide lasing from ZnO nanowires,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 6(8), 506–510 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. Ning, “Semiconductor nanolasers,” Phys. Status Solidi B 247, 774–788 (2010).
Y. Xiao, C. Meng, P. Wang, Y. Ye, H. Yu, S. Wang, F. Gu, L. Dai, and L. Tong, “Single-nanowire single-mode laser,” Nano Lett. 11(3), 1122–1126 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. P. Long, B. S. Simpkins, D. J. Rowenhorst, and P. E. Pehrsson, “Far-field imaging of optical second-harmonic generation in single GaN nanowires,” Nano Lett. 7(3), 831–836 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Nakayama, P. J. Pauzauskie, A. Radenovic, R. M. Onorato, R. J. Saykally, J. Liphardt, and P. Yang, “Tunable nanowire nonlinear optical probe,” Nature 447(7148), 1098–1101 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Jung, S. H. Lee, A. T. Jennings, and R. Agarwal, “Core-shell heterostructured phase change nanowire multistate memory,” Nano Lett. 8(7), 2056–2062 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Yan, H.-S. Choe, S.-W. Nam, Y. Hu, S. Das, J. F. Klemic, J. C. Ellenbogen, and C. M. Lieber, “Programmable nanowire circuits for nanoprocessors,” Nature 470(7333), 240–244 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Mongillo, P. Spathis, G. Katsaros, P. Gentile, and S. De Franceschi, “Multifunctional devices and logic gates with undoped silicon nanowires,” Nano Lett. 12(6), 3074–3079 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. Grange, G. Brönstrup, M. Kiometzis, A. Sergeyev, J. Richter, C. Leiterer, W. Fritzsche, C. Gutsche, A. Lysov, W. Prost, F. J. Tegude, T. Pertsch, A. Tünnermann, and S. Christiansen, “Far-field imaging for direct visualization of light interferences in GaAs nanowires,” Nano Lett. 12(10), 5412–5417 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. Yang, R. Yan, and M. Fardy, “Semiconductor nanowire: What’s next?” Nano Lett. 10(5), 1529–1536 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. Zhang, F. Zhang, T. Xia, N. Kumar, J. I. Hahm, J. Liu, Z. L. Wang, and J. Xu, “Low-threshold two-photon pumped ZnO nanowire lasers,” Opt. Express 17(10), 7893–7900 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. C. Johnson, H. Yan, P. Yang, and R. Saykally, “Optical cavity effects in ZnO nanowire lasers and waveguides,” J. Phys. Chem. B 107(34), 8816–8828 (2003).
[Crossref]
F. Wang, P. J. Reece, S. Paiman, Q. Gao, H. H. Tan, and C. Jagadish, “Nonlinear optical processes in optically trapped InP nanowires,” Nano Lett. 11(10), 4149–4153 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. He, X. Zhang, X. Yan, L. Huang, C. Gu, M. Hu, X. Zhang, X. Ren, and C. Wang, “Broadband second harmonic generation in GaAs nanowires by femtosecond laser sources,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 103(14), 143110 (2013).
[Crossref]
R. Chen, S. Crankshaw, T. Tran, L. Chuang, M. Moewe, and C. Chang-Hasnain, “Second-harmonic generation from a single wurtzite GaAs nanoneedle,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(5), 051110 (2010).
[Crossref]
R. Sanatinia, M. Swillo, and S. Anand, “Surface second-harmonic generation from vertical GaP nanopillars,” Nano Lett. 12(2), 820–826 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. Pauzauskie and P. Yang, “Nanowire photonics,” Mater. Today 9(10), 36–45 (2006).
[Crossref]
C. J. Barrelet, H.-S. Ee, S.-H. Kwon, and H.-G. Park, “Nonlinear mixing in nanowire subwavelength waveguides,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 3022–3025 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. C. Johnson, H. Yan, R. Schaller, P. Petersen, P. Yang, and R. Saykally, “Near-field imaging of nonlinear optical mixing in single zinc oxide nanowires,” Nano Lett. 2(4), 279–283 (2002).
[Crossref]
X. Ye, H. Huang, X. Ren, Y. Yang, J. Guo, Y. Huang, and Q. Wang, “Growth of pure zinc blende GaAs nanowires: effect of size and density of Au nanoparticles,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 27(4), 046101 (2010).
[Crossref]
C. Gu, M. Hu, L. Zhang, J. Fan, Y. Song, C. Wang, and D. T. Reid, “High average power, widely tunable femtosecond laser source from red to mid-infrared based on an Yb-fiber-laser-pumped optical parametric oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 38(11), 1820–1822 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Jacobsohn and U. Banin, “Size dependence of second harmonic generation in CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots,” J. Phys. Chem. B 104(1), 1–5 (2000).
[Crossref]
R. Yan, D. Gargas, and P. D. Yang, “Nanowire photonics,” Nat. Photonics 3(10), 569–576 (2009).
[Crossref]
W. Fan, S. Zhang, N. Panoiu, A. Abdenour, S. Krishna, R. Osgood, K. Malloy, and S. Brueck, “Second harmonic generation from a nanopatterned isotropic nonlinear material,” Nano Lett. 6(5), 1027–1030 (2006).
[Crossref]
X. Zhang, H. He, M. Hu, X. Yan, X. Zhang, X. Ren, and Q. Wang, “Optical SHG properties of GaAs nanowires irradiated with multi-wavelength femto-second laser pulses,” Acta Phys. Sin. 62, 076102 (2013).
A. Greytak, C. Barrelet, Y. Li, and C. Lieber, “Semiconductor nanowire laser and nanowire waveguide electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(15), 151103 (2005).
[Crossref]
A. P. Baronavski, H. D. Ladouceur, and J. K. Shaw, “Dependence of sum frequency field intensity on group velocity mismatches,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 29(12), 2928–2933 (1993).
[Crossref]

2013 (3)

H. He, X. Zhang, X. Yan, L. Huang, C. Gu, M. Hu, X. Zhang, X. Ren, and C. Wang, “Broadband second harmonic generation in GaAs nanowires by femtosecond laser sources,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 103(14), 143110 (2013).
[Crossref]

X. Zhang, H. He, M. Hu, X. Yan, X. Zhang, X. Ren, and Q. Wang, “Optical SHG properties of GaAs nanowires irradiated with multi-wavelength femto-second laser pulses,” Acta Phys. Sin. 62, 076102 (2013).

C. Gu, M. Hu, L. Zhang, J. Fan, Y. Song, C. Wang, and D. T. Reid, “High average power, widely tunable femtosecond laser source from red to mid-infrared based on an Yb-fiber-laser-pumped optical parametric oscillator,” Opt. Lett. 38(11), 1820–1822 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (3)

R. Sanatinia, M. Swillo, and S. Anand, “Surface second-harmonic generation from vertical GaP nanopillars,” Nano Lett. 12(2), 820–826 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Mongillo, P. Spathis, G. Katsaros, P. Gentile, and S. De Franceschi, “Multifunctional devices and logic gates with undoped silicon nanowires,” Nano Lett. 12(6), 3074–3079 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Grange, G. Brönstrup, M. Kiometzis, A. Sergeyev, J. Richter, C. Leiterer, W. Fritzsche, C. Gutsche, A. Lysov, W. Prost, F. J. Tegude, T. Pertsch, A. Tünnermann, and S. Christiansen, “Far-field imaging for direct visualization of light interferences in GaAs nanowires,” Nano Lett. 12(10), 5412–5417 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (5)

S. Chu, G. Wang, W. Zhou, Y. Lin, L. Chernyak, J. Zhao, J. Kong, L. Li, J. Ren, and J. Liu, “Electrically pumped waveguide lasing from ZnO nanowires,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 6(8), 506–510 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Xiao, C. Meng, P. Wang, Y. Ye, H. Yu, S. Wang, F. Gu, L. Dai, and L. Tong, “Single-nanowire single-mode laser,” Nano Lett. 11(3), 1122–1126 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. J. Barrelet, H.-S. Ee, S.-H. Kwon, and H.-G. Park, “Nonlinear mixing in nanowire subwavelength waveguides,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 3022–3025 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Yan, H.-S. Choe, S.-W. Nam, Y. Hu, S. Das, J. F. Klemic, J. C. Ellenbogen, and C. M. Lieber, “Programmable nanowire circuits for nanoprocessors,” Nature 470(7333), 240–244 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Wang, P. J. Reece, S. Paiman, Q. Gao, H. H. Tan, and C. Jagadish, “Nonlinear optical processes in optically trapped InP nanowires,” Nano Lett. 11(10), 4149–4153 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (4)

X. Ye, H. Huang, X. Ren, Y. Yang, J. Guo, Y. Huang, and Q. Wang, “Growth of pure zinc blende GaAs nanowires: effect of size and density of Au nanoparticles,” Chin. Phys. Lett. 27(4), 046101 (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Chen, S. Crankshaw, T. Tran, L. Chuang, M. Moewe, and C. Chang-Hasnain, “Second-harmonic generation from a single wurtzite GaAs nanoneedle,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(5), 051110 (2010).
[Crossref]

C. Ning, “Semiconductor nanolasers,” Phys. Status Solidi B 247, 774–788 (2010).

P. Yang, R. Yan, and M. Fardy, “Semiconductor nanowire: What’s next?” Nano Lett. 10(5), 1529–1536 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (2)

R. Yan, D. Gargas, and P. D. Yang, “Nanowire photonics,” Nat. Photonics 3(10), 569–576 (2009).
[Crossref]

C. Zhang, F. Zhang, T. Xia, N. Kumar, J. I. Hahm, J. Liu, Z. L. Wang, and J. Xu, “Low-threshold two-photon pumped ZnO nanowire lasers,” Opt. Express 17(10), 7893–7900 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (1)

Y. Jung, S. H. Lee, A. T. Jennings, and R. Agarwal, “Core-shell heterostructured phase change nanowire multistate memory,” Nano Lett. 8(7), 2056–2062 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (2)

J. P. Long, B. S. Simpkins, D. J. Rowenhorst, and P. E. Pehrsson, “Far-field imaging of optical second-harmonic generation in single GaN nanowires,” Nano Lett. 7(3), 831–836 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Nakayama, P. J. Pauzauskie, A. Radenovic, R. M. Onorato, R. J. Saykally, J. Liphardt, and P. Yang, “Tunable nanowire nonlinear optical probe,” Nature 447(7148), 1098–1101 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (2)

P. Pauzauskie and P. Yang, “Nanowire photonics,” Mater. Today 9(10), 36–45 (2006).
[Crossref]

W. Fan, S. Zhang, N. Panoiu, A. Abdenour, S. Krishna, R. Osgood, K. Malloy, and S. Brueck, “Second harmonic generation from a nanopatterned isotropic nonlinear material,” Nano Lett. 6(5), 1027–1030 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

A. Greytak, C. Barrelet, Y. Li, and C. Lieber, “Semiconductor nanowire laser and nanowire waveguide electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(15), 151103 (2005).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

J. C. Johnson, H. Yan, P. Yang, and R. Saykally, “Optical cavity effects in ZnO nanowire lasers and waveguides,” J. Phys. Chem. B 107(34), 8816–8828 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

J. C. Johnson, H. Yan, R. Schaller, P. Petersen, P. Yang, and R. Saykally, “Near-field imaging of nonlinear optical mixing in single zinc oxide nanowires,” Nano Lett. 2(4), 279–283 (2002).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

M. Jacobsohn and U. Banin, “Size dependence of second harmonic generation in CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots,” J. Phys. Chem. B 104(1), 1–5 (2000).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

A. P. Baronavski, H. D. Ladouceur, and J. K. Shaw, “Dependence of sum frequency field intensity on group velocity mismatches,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 29(12), 2928–2933 (1993).
[Crossref]

Abdenour, A.

Agarwal, R.

Y. Jung, S. H. Lee, A. T. Jennings, and R. Agarwal, “Core-shell heterostructured phase change nanowire multistate memory,” Nano Lett. 8(7), 2056–2062 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Anand, S.

R. Sanatinia, M. Swillo, and S. Anand, “Surface second-harmonic generation from vertical GaP nanopillars,” Nano Lett. 12(2), 820–826 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Banin, U.

M. Jacobsohn and U. Banin, “Size dependence of second harmonic generation in CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots,” J. Phys. Chem. B 104(1), 1–5 (2000).
[Crossref]

Baronavski, A. P.

A. P. Baronavski, H. D. Ladouceur, and J. K. Shaw, “Dependence of sum frequency field intensity on group velocity mismatches,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 29(12), 2928–2933 (1993).
[Crossref]

Barrelet, C.

A. Greytak, C. Barrelet, Y. Li, and C. Lieber, “Semiconductor nanowire laser and nanowire waveguide electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(15), 151103 (2005).
[Crossref]

Barrelet, C. J.

C. J. Barrelet, H.-S. Ee, S.-H. Kwon, and H.-G. Park, “Nonlinear mixing in nanowire subwavelength waveguides,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 3022–3025 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Brönstrup, G.

Brueck, S.

Chang-Hasnain, C.

R. Chen, S. Crankshaw, T. Tran, L. Chuang, M. Moewe, and C. Chang-Hasnain, “Second-harmonic generation from a single wurtzite GaAs nanoneedle,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(5), 051110 (2010).
[Crossref]

Chen, R.

R. Chen, S. Crankshaw, T. Tran, L. Chuang, M. Moewe, and C. Chang-Hasnain, “Second-harmonic generation from a single wurtzite GaAs nanoneedle,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(5), 051110 (2010).
[Crossref]

Chernyak, L.

Choe, H.-S.

Christiansen, S.

Chu, S.

Chuang, L.

R. Chen, S. Crankshaw, T. Tran, L. Chuang, M. Moewe, and C. Chang-Hasnain, “Second-harmonic generation from a single wurtzite GaAs nanoneedle,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(5), 051110 (2010).
[Crossref]

Crankshaw, S.

R. Chen, S. Crankshaw, T. Tran, L. Chuang, M. Moewe, and C. Chang-Hasnain, “Second-harmonic generation from a single wurtzite GaAs nanoneedle,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(5), 051110 (2010).
[Crossref]

Dai, L.

Y. Xiao, C. Meng, P. Wang, Y. Ye, H. Yu, S. Wang, F. Gu, L. Dai, and L. Tong, “Single-nanowire single-mode laser,” Nano Lett. 11(3), 1122–1126 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Das, S.

De Franceschi, S.

Ee, H.-S.

C. J. Barrelet, H.-S. Ee, S.-H. Kwon, and H.-G. Park, “Nonlinear mixing in nanowire subwavelength waveguides,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 3022–3025 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ellenbogen, J. C.

Fan, J.

Fan, W.

Fardy, M.

P. Yang, R. Yan, and M. Fardy, “Semiconductor nanowire: What’s next?” Nano Lett. 10(5), 1529–1536 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fritzsche, W.

Gao, Q.

F. Wang, P. J. Reece, S. Paiman, Q. Gao, H. H. Tan, and C. Jagadish, “Nonlinear optical processes in optically trapped InP nanowires,” Nano Lett. 11(10), 4149–4153 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gargas, D.

R. Yan, D. Gargas, and P. D. Yang, “Nanowire photonics,” Nat. Photonics 3(10), 569–576 (2009).
[Crossref]

Gentile, P.

Grange, R.

Greytak, A.

A. Greytak, C. Barrelet, Y. Li, and C. Lieber, “Semiconductor nanowire laser and nanowire waveguide electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(15), 151103 (2005).
[Crossref]

Gu, C.

Gu, F.

Y. Xiao, C. Meng, P. Wang, Y. Ye, H. Yu, S. Wang, F. Gu, L. Dai, and L. Tong, “Single-nanowire single-mode laser,” Nano Lett. 11(3), 1122–1126 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Guo, J.

Gutsche, C.

Hahm, J. I.

He, H.

Hu, M.

Hu, Y.

Huang, H.

Huang, L.

Huang, Y.

Jacobsohn, M.

M. Jacobsohn and U. Banin, “Size dependence of second harmonic generation in CdSe nanocrystal quantum dots,” J. Phys. Chem. B 104(1), 1–5 (2000).
[Crossref]

Jagadish, C.

F. Wang, P. J. Reece, S. Paiman, Q. Gao, H. H. Tan, and C. Jagadish, “Nonlinear optical processes in optically trapped InP nanowires,” Nano Lett. 11(10), 4149–4153 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jennings, A. T.

Y. Jung, S. H. Lee, A. T. Jennings, and R. Agarwal, “Core-shell heterostructured phase change nanowire multistate memory,” Nano Lett. 8(7), 2056–2062 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Johnson, J. C.

J. C. Johnson, H. Yan, P. Yang, and R. Saykally, “Optical cavity effects in ZnO nanowire lasers and waveguides,” J. Phys. Chem. B 107(34), 8816–8828 (2003).
[Crossref]

Jung, Y.

Y. Jung, S. H. Lee, A. T. Jennings, and R. Agarwal, “Core-shell heterostructured phase change nanowire multistate memory,” Nano Lett. 8(7), 2056–2062 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Katsaros, G.

Kiometzis, M.

Klemic, J. F.

Kong, J.

Krishna, S.

Kumar, N.

Kwon, S.-H.

C. J. Barrelet, H.-S. Ee, S.-H. Kwon, and H.-G. Park, “Nonlinear mixing in nanowire subwavelength waveguides,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 3022–3025 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ladouceur, H. D.

A. P. Baronavski, H. D. Ladouceur, and J. K. Shaw, “Dependence of sum frequency field intensity on group velocity mismatches,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 29(12), 2928–2933 (1993).
[Crossref]

Lee, S. H.

Y. Jung, S. H. Lee, A. T. Jennings, and R. Agarwal, “Core-shell heterostructured phase change nanowire multistate memory,” Nano Lett. 8(7), 2056–2062 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Leiterer, C.

Li, L.

Li, Y.

A. Greytak, C. Barrelet, Y. Li, and C. Lieber, “Semiconductor nanowire laser and nanowire waveguide electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(15), 151103 (2005).
[Crossref]

Lieber, C.

A. Greytak, C. Barrelet, Y. Li, and C. Lieber, “Semiconductor nanowire laser and nanowire waveguide electro-optic modulators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87(15), 151103 (2005).
[Crossref]

Lieber, C. M.

Lin, Y.

Liphardt, J.

Liu, J.

Long, J. P.

Lysov, A.

Malloy, K.

Meng, C.

Y. Xiao, C. Meng, P. Wang, Y. Ye, H. Yu, S. Wang, F. Gu, L. Dai, and L. Tong, “Single-nanowire single-mode laser,” Nano Lett. 11(3), 1122–1126 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moewe, M.

R. Chen, S. Crankshaw, T. Tran, L. Chuang, M. Moewe, and C. Chang-Hasnain, “Second-harmonic generation from a single wurtzite GaAs nanoneedle,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(5), 051110 (2010).
[Crossref]

Mongillo, M.

Nakayama, Y.

Nam, S.-W.

Ning, C.

C. Ning, “Semiconductor nanolasers,” Phys. Status Solidi B 247, 774–788 (2010).

Onorato, R. M.

Osgood, R.

Paiman, S.

F. Wang, P. J. Reece, S. Paiman, Q. Gao, H. H. Tan, and C. Jagadish, “Nonlinear optical processes in optically trapped InP nanowires,” Nano Lett. 11(10), 4149–4153 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Panoiu, N.

Park, H.-G.

C. J. Barrelet, H.-S. Ee, S.-H. Kwon, and H.-G. Park, “Nonlinear mixing in nanowire subwavelength waveguides,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 3022–3025 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pauzauskie, P.

P. Pauzauskie and P. Yang, “Nanowire photonics,” Mater. Today 9(10), 36–45 (2006).
[Crossref]

Pauzauskie, P. J.

Pehrsson, P. E.

Pertsch, T.

Petersen, P.

Prost, W.

Radenovic, A.

Reece, P. J.

F. Wang, P. J. Reece, S. Paiman, Q. Gao, H. H. Tan, and C. Jagadish, “Nonlinear optical processes in optically trapped InP nanowires,” Nano Lett. 11(10), 4149–4153 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Reid, D. T.

Ren, J.

Ren, X.

Richter, J.

Rowenhorst, D. J.

Sanatinia, R.

R. Sanatinia, M. Swillo, and S. Anand, “Surface second-harmonic generation from vertical GaP nanopillars,” Nano Lett. 12(2), 820–826 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Saykally, R.

J. C. Johnson, H. Yan, P. Yang, and R. Saykally, “Optical cavity effects in ZnO nanowire lasers and waveguides,” J. Phys. Chem. B 107(34), 8816–8828 (2003).
[Crossref]

Saykally, R. J.

Schaller, R.

Sergeyev, A.

Shaw, J. K.

A. P. Baronavski, H. D. Ladouceur, and J. K. Shaw, “Dependence of sum frequency field intensity on group velocity mismatches,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 29(12), 2928–2933 (1993).
[Crossref]

Simpkins, B. S.

Song, Y.

Spathis, P.

Swillo, M.

R. Sanatinia, M. Swillo, and S. Anand, “Surface second-harmonic generation from vertical GaP nanopillars,” Nano Lett. 12(2), 820–826 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tan, H. H.

F. Wang, P. J. Reece, S. Paiman, Q. Gao, H. H. Tan, and C. Jagadish, “Nonlinear optical processes in optically trapped InP nanowires,” Nano Lett. 11(10), 4149–4153 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tegude, F. J.

Tong, L.

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Fig. 1 Setup diagram. The filter was used to remove all photons with wavelength below 1100 nm including SHG and SFG in the PPLN crystal by the pump laser and OPO output. Dichroic mirrors DM1 and DM2 reflect the wavelength above 1400 nm and 800 nm respectively. Two mirrors (box of dashed line) were used to tune the delay of the femtosecond laser at 1048 nm. Insert: side imaging of NWs by SEM.

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Fig. 2 SFG signals. (a) The SHG and SFG signals from femtosecond lasers at 1048 nm and 1508 nm. (b) The power dependence of SFG signals to one beam is linear. The laser powers were measured after DM1.

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Fig. 3 The SFG signal is dependent on the polarization direction of incident lasers. The polarizations of the lasers were at first both horizontal. Then the polarization of 1048-nm laser was tuned by a half-wave plate while keeping polarization of OPO as constant. Dashed line: fitted curve of

\cos^{2} θ

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Fig. 4 The SFG signals generated by the 1048-nm femtosecond laser and tunable OPO from 1416 nm to 1770 nm.

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Fig. 5 Cross correlation of the 1048-nm femtosecond laser with the OPO beam at 1440 nm. (a) SFG signals at different delays. (b) The intensity of the SFG versus the temporal overlap of the laser and OPO pulses. The FWHM of this overlap is 240 fs. (c) Pulse-width of the 1048-nm laser and OPO measured by autocorrelator directly.

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Equations (5)

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ω_{S F G} = ω_{1} + ω_{2}

I (ω_{S F G}) \propto {| χ^{(2)} |}^{2} \times I (ω_{1}) I (ω_{2})

I (θ) \propto \cos^{2} θ \times {| χ^{(2)} |}^{2} \times I (ω_{1}) I (ω_{2})

I_{S F G} (θ) = (\frac{5}{6} + \frac{1}{6} \cos 2 θ) I_{\max}

I_{\max} \sim {| χ^{(2)} |}^{2} {| E_{1} |}^{2} {| E_{2} |}^{2}