Abstract

A maximal enhancement of ~6.5 times of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) for SiNx-based light-emitting devices (LEDs) is achieved by magnetron sputtering a silver nanostructures layer onto the active matrix. The enhancement of EQE is affected by the dimension and morphology of silver nanostructures, which can be controlled by the sputtering time and the post treatment of rapid thermal annealing. The optimal size of silver nanostructures is about 100 nm in diameter by comparing the integrated electroluminescence intensity under the same input power. The optimization of EQE for SiNx-based LEDs is discussed by considering the contributions of the enhancement of light-extraction efficiency induced by the surface roughening of the front electrode, internal quantum efficiency due to the coupling between excitons and localized surface plasmons, and carrier injection efficiency. Our work may provide an alternative approach for the fabrication of Si-based light sources with promising luminescence efficiency.

© 2013 OSA

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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
  34. G. Liu, H. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. H. Park, L. J. Mawst, and N. Tansu, “Selective area epitaxy of ultra-high density InGaN quantum dots by diblock copolymer lithography,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6(1), 342 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  35. Y.-K. Ee, R. A. Arif, N. Tansu, P. Kumnorkaew, and J. F. Gilchrist, “Enhancement of light extraction efficiency of InGaN quantum wells light emitting diodes using SiO2/polystyrene microlens arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(22), 221107 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  36. Y. K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, R. A. Arif, H. Tong, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency enhancement of InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with polydimethylsiloxane concave microstructures,” Opt. Express 17(16), 13747–13757 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  37. X.-H. Li, R. Song, Y.-K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency and radiation patterns of III-nitride light-emitting diodes with colloidal microlens arrays with various aspect ratios,” IEEE Photon. J. 3(3), 489–499 (2011).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  40. W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature 424(6950), 824–830 (2003).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  41. Y. Liu, J. Xu, H. Sun, S. Sun, W. Xu, L. Xu, and K. Chen, “Depth-dependent anti-reflection and enhancement of luminescence from Si quantum dots-based multilayer on nano-patterned Si substrates,” Opt. Express 19(4), 3347–3352 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]

2012 (7)

C.-H. Cheng, C.-L. Wu, C.-C. Chen, L.-H. Tsai, Y.-H. Lin, and G.-R. Lin, “Si-rich SixC1-x light-emitting diodes with buried Si quantum dots,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 1762–1775 (2012).
[Crossref]

B. Dutt, D. S. Sukhdeo, D. Nam, B. M. Vulovic, Ze Yuan, and K. C. Saraswat, “Roadmap to an efficient germanium-on-silicon laser: strain vs. n-type doping,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 2002–2009 (2012).
[Crossref]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Enhancement of light-extraction efficiency of SiNx light emitting devices through a rough Ag island film,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(3), 031113 (2012).
[Crossref]

D. Li, F. Wang, C. Ren, and D. Yang, “Improved electroluminescence from silicon nitride light emitting devices by localized surface plasmons,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(6), 872–877 (2012).
[Crossref]

F. Wang, M. Wang, D. Li, and D. Yang, “Localized surface plasmon resonance enhanced photoluminescence from SiNx with different N/Si ratios,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(10), 1437–1448 (2012).
[Crossref]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “The coupling between localized surface plasmons and excitons via Purcell effect,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7(1), 669 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Li, F. Wang, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Electrically tunable electroluminescence from SiNx-based light-emitting devices,” Opt. Express 20(16), 17359–17366 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (8)

X.-H. Li, R. Song, Y.-K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency and radiation patterns of III-nitride light-emitting diodes with colloidal microlens arrays with various aspect ratios,” IEEE Photon. J. 3(3), 489–499 (2011).
[Crossref]

Y. Liu, J. Xu, H. Sun, S. Sun, W. Xu, L. Xu, and K. Chen, “Depth-dependent anti-reflection and enhancement of luminescence from Si quantum dots-based multilayer on nano-patterned Si substrates,” Opt. Express 19(4), 3347–3352 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. I. Zhmakin, “Enhancement of light extraction from light emitting diodes,” Phys. Rep. 498(4–5), 189–241 (2011).
[Crossref]

A. Marconi, A. Anopchenko, G. Pucker, and L. Pavesi, “Power efficiency estimation of silicon nanocrystals based light emitting devices in alternating current regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(20), 201103 (2011).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, H. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. H. Park, L. J. Mawst, and N. Tansu, “Selective area epitaxy of ultra-high density InGaN quantum dots by diblock copolymer lithography,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6(1), 342 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Zhao, J. Zhang, G. Liu, and N. Tansu, “Surface plasmon dispersion engineering via double-metallic Au/Ag layers for III-nitride based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151115 (2011).
[Crossref]

C.-H. Lu, C.-C. Lan, Y.-L. Lai, Y.-L. Li, and C.-P. Liu, “Enhancement of green emission from InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells via coupling to surface plasmons in a two-dimensional silver array,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 21(24), 4719–4723 (2011).
[Crossref]

L. Zhuang, D. Marpaung, M. Burla, W. Beeker, A. Leinse, and C. Roeloffzen, “Low-loss, high-index-contrast Si₃N₄/SiO₂ optical waveguides for optical delay lines in microwave photonics signal processing,” Opt. Express 19(23), 23162–23170 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (5)

Z. H. Cen, T. P. Chen, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, L. Ding, M. Yang, J. I. Wong, S. F. Yu, and W. P. Goh, “Electrically tunable white-color electroluminescence from Si-implanted silicon nitride thin film,” Opt. Express 18(19), 20439–20444 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Creazzo, B. Redding, E. Marchena, J. Murakowski, and D. W. Prather, “Pulsed pumping of silicon nanocrystal light emitting devices,” Opt. Express 18(11), 10924–10930 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. R. Lin, Y. H. Pai, C. T. Lin, and C. C. Chen, “Comparison on the electroluminescence of Si-rich SiNx and SiOx based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(26), 263514 (2010).
[Crossref]

C. Huh, K.-H. Kim, B. K. Kim, W. Kim, H. Ko, C.-J. Choi, and G. Y. Sung, “Enhancement in light emission efficiency of a silicon nanocrystal light-emitting diode by multiple-luminescent structures,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 22(44), 5058–5062 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. F. Kuech and L. J. Mawst, “Nanofabrication of III–V semiconductors employing diblock copolymer lithography,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43(18), 183001 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (3)

2008 (3)

B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, J.-S. Mun, M.-K. Kwon, T.-Y. Park, J.-S. Kim, C.-C. Byeon, J. Lee, and S.-J. Park, “Enhancement of the external quantum efficiency of a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode by localized surface plasmons,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 20(16), 3100–3104 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Wang, M. Xie, L. Ferraioli, Z. Yuan, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX films. I. Room temperature band tail states photoluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083504 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Wang, J. Huang, Z. Yuan, A. Anopchenko, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX film. II. Defect states electroluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083505 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (3)

G.-R. Lin, C.-J. Lin, and C.-K. Lin, “Enhanced Fowler-Nordheim tunneling effect in nanocrystallite Si based LED with interfacial Si nano-pyramids,” Opt. Express 15(5), 2555–2563 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Pillai, K. R. Catchpole, T. Trupke, and M. A. Green, “Surface plasmon enhanced silicon solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(9), 093105 (2007).
[Crossref]

Y.-K. Ee, R. A. Arif, N. Tansu, P. Kumnorkaew, and J. F. Gilchrist, “Enhancement of light extraction efficiency of InGaN quantum wells light emitting diodes using SiO2/polystyrene microlens arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(22), 221107 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (3)

J. S. Biteen, N. S. Lewis, H. A. Atwater, H. Mertens, and A. Polman, “Spectral tuning of plasmon-enhanced silicon quantum dot luminescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(13), 131109 (2006).
[Crossref]

B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, S.-J. Park, N.-M. Park, and G. Y. Sung, “Ni/Au contact to silicon quantum dot light-emitting diodes for the enhancement of carrier injection and light extraction efficiency,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(6), 063509 (2006).
[Crossref]

K.-H. Kim, J.-H. Shin, N.-M. Park, C. Huh, T.-Y. Kim, K.-S. Cho, J. C. Hong, and G. Y. Sung, “Enhancement of light extraction from a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode containing a rugged surface pattern,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191120 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (2)

J. S. Biteen, D. Pacifici, N. S. Lewis, and H. A. Atwater, “Enhanced radiative emission rate and quantum efficiency in coupled silicon nanocrystal-nanostructured gold emitters,” Nano Lett. 5(9), 1768–1773 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. J. Walters, G. I. Bourianoff, and H. A. Atwater, “Field-effect electroluminescence in silicon nanocrystals,” Nat. Mater. 4(2), 143–146 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

K. Okamoto, I. Niki, A. Shvartser, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and A. Scherer, “Surface-plasmon-enhanced light emitters based on InGaN quantum wells,” Nat. Mater. 3(9), 601–605 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature 424(6950), 824–830 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2001 (1)

N.-M. Park, C.-J. Choi, T.-Y. Seong, and S.-J. Park, “Quantum confinement in amorphous silicon quantum dots embedded in silicon nitride,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86(7), 1355–1357 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2000 (1)

G. Aberle, “Surface passivation of crystalline silicon solar cells: a review,” Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 8(5), 473–487 (2000).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

1992 (1)

R. T. Tung, “Electron transport at metal-semiconductor interfaces: General theory,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 45(23), 13509–13523 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1985 (1)

H. J. Stein, “Thermally annealed silicon nitride films: Electrical characteristics and radiation effects,” J. Appl. Phys. 57(6), 2040–2047 (1985).
[Crossref]

1984 (1)

J. Robertson and M. J. Powell, “Gap states in silicon-nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 44(4), 415–417 (1984).
[Crossref]

Aberle, G.

G. Aberle, “Surface passivation of crystalline silicon solar cells: a review,” Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 8(5), 473–487 (2000).
[Crossref]

Anopchenko, A.

A. Marconi, A. Anopchenko, G. Pucker, and L. Pavesi, “Power efficiency estimation of silicon nanocrystals based light emitting devices in alternating current regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(20), 201103 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. Wang, J. Huang, Z. Yuan, A. Anopchenko, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX film. II. Defect states electroluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083505 (2008).
[Crossref]

Arif, R. A.

Y. K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, R. A. Arif, H. Tong, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency enhancement of InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with polydimethylsiloxane concave microstructures,” Opt. Express 17(16), 13747–13757 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y.-K. Ee, R. A. Arif, N. Tansu, P. Kumnorkaew, and J. F. Gilchrist, “Enhancement of light extraction efficiency of InGaN quantum wells light emitting diodes using SiO2/polystyrene microlens arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(22), 221107 (2007).
[Crossref]

Atwater, H. A.

J. S. Biteen, N. S. Lewis, H. A. Atwater, H. Mertens, and A. Polman, “Spectral tuning of plasmon-enhanced silicon quantum dot luminescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(13), 131109 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. S. Biteen, D. Pacifici, N. S. Lewis, and H. A. Atwater, “Enhanced radiative emission rate and quantum efficiency in coupled silicon nanocrystal-nanostructured gold emitters,” Nano Lett. 5(9), 1768–1773 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. J. Walters, G. I. Bourianoff, and H. A. Atwater, “Field-effect electroluminescence in silicon nanocrystals,” Nat. Mater. 4(2), 143–146 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Barnes, W. L.

W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature 424(6950), 824–830 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Beeker, W.

Biteen, J. S.

J. S. Biteen, N. S. Lewis, H. A. Atwater, H. Mertens, and A. Polman, “Spectral tuning of plasmon-enhanced silicon quantum dot luminescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(13), 131109 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. S. Biteen, D. Pacifici, N. S. Lewis, and H. A. Atwater, “Enhanced radiative emission rate and quantum efficiency in coupled silicon nanocrystal-nanostructured gold emitters,” Nano Lett. 5(9), 1768–1773 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bourianoff, G. I.

R. J. Walters, G. I. Bourianoff, and H. A. Atwater, “Field-effect electroluminescence in silicon nanocrystals,” Nat. Mater. 4(2), 143–146 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Burla, M.

Byeon, C.-C.

B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, J.-S. Mun, M.-K. Kwon, T.-Y. Park, J.-S. Kim, C.-C. Byeon, J. Lee, and S.-J. Park, “Enhancement of the external quantum efficiency of a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode by localized surface plasmons,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 20(16), 3100–3104 (2008).
[Crossref]

Catchpole, K. R.

S. Pillai, K. R. Catchpole, T. Trupke, and M. A. Green, “Surface plasmon enhanced silicon solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(9), 093105 (2007).
[Crossref]

Cen, Z. H.

Chen, C. C.

G. R. Lin, Y. H. Pai, C. T. Lin, and C. C. Chen, “Comparison on the electroluminescence of Si-rich SiNx and SiOx based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(26), 263514 (2010).
[Crossref]

Chen, C.-C.

C.-H. Cheng, C.-L. Wu, C.-C. Chen, L.-H. Tsai, Y.-H. Lin, and G.-R. Lin, “Si-rich SixC1-x light-emitting diodes with buried Si quantum dots,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 1762–1775 (2012).
[Crossref]

Chen, K.

Chen, T. P.

Cheng, C.-H.

C.-H. Cheng, C.-L. Wu, C.-C. Chen, L.-H. Tsai, Y.-H. Lin, and G.-R. Lin, “Si-rich SixC1-x light-emitting diodes with buried Si quantum dots,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 1762–1775 (2012).
[Crossref]

Cho, C.-H.

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Green, M. A.

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Kim, B. K.

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[Crossref]

B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, S.-J. Park, N.-M. Park, and G. Y. Sung, “Ni/Au contact to silicon quantum dot light-emitting diodes for the enhancement of carrier injection and light extraction efficiency,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(6), 063509 (2006).
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B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, J.-S. Mun, M.-K. Kwon, T.-Y. Park, J.-S. Kim, C.-C. Byeon, J. Lee, and S.-J. Park, “Enhancement of the external quantum efficiency of a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode by localized surface plasmons,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 20(16), 3100–3104 (2008).
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C. Huh, K.-H. Kim, B. K. Kim, W. Kim, H. Ko, C.-J. Choi, and G. Y. Sung, “Enhancement in light emission efficiency of a silicon nanocrystal light-emitting diode by multiple-luminescent structures,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 22(44), 5058–5062 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K.-H. Kim, J.-H. Shin, N.-M. Park, C. Huh, T.-Y. Kim, K.-S. Cho, J. C. Hong, and G. Y. Sung, “Enhancement of light extraction from a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode containing a rugged surface pattern,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191120 (2006).
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K.-H. Kim, J.-H. Shin, N.-M. Park, C. Huh, T.-Y. Kim, K.-S. Cho, J. C. Hong, and G. Y. Sung, “Enhancement of light extraction from a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode containing a rugged surface pattern,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191120 (2006).
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C. Huh, K.-H. Kim, B. K. Kim, W. Kim, H. Ko, C.-J. Choi, and G. Y. Sung, “Enhancement in light emission efficiency of a silicon nanocrystal light-emitting diode by multiple-luminescent structures,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 22(44), 5058–5062 (2010).
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Ko, H.

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X.-H. Li, R. Song, Y.-K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency and radiation patterns of III-nitride light-emitting diodes with colloidal microlens arrays with various aspect ratios,” IEEE Photon. J. 3(3), 489–499 (2011).
[Crossref]

Y. K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, R. A. Arif, H. Tong, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency enhancement of InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with polydimethylsiloxane concave microstructures,” Opt. Express 17(16), 13747–13757 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y.-K. Ee, R. A. Arif, N. Tansu, P. Kumnorkaew, and J. F. Gilchrist, “Enhancement of light extraction efficiency of InGaN quantum wells light emitting diodes using SiO2/polystyrene microlens arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(22), 221107 (2007).
[Crossref]

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B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, J.-S. Mun, M.-K. Kwon, T.-Y. Park, J.-S. Kim, C.-C. Byeon, J. Lee, and S.-J. Park, “Enhancement of the external quantum efficiency of a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode by localized surface plasmons,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 20(16), 3100–3104 (2008).
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B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, J.-S. Mun, M.-K. Kwon, T.-Y. Park, J.-S. Kim, C.-C. Byeon, J. Lee, and S.-J. Park, “Enhancement of the external quantum efficiency of a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode by localized surface plasmons,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 20(16), 3100–3104 (2008).
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Lewis, N. S.

J. S. Biteen, N. S. Lewis, H. A. Atwater, H. Mertens, and A. Polman, “Spectral tuning of plasmon-enhanced silicon quantum dot luminescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(13), 131109 (2006).
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J. S. Biteen, D. Pacifici, N. S. Lewis, and H. A. Atwater, “Enhanced radiative emission rate and quantum efficiency in coupled silicon nanocrystal-nanostructured gold emitters,” Nano Lett. 5(9), 1768–1773 (2005).
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F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Enhancement of light-extraction efficiency of SiNx light emitting devices through a rough Ag island film,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(3), 031113 (2012).
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F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “The coupling between localized surface plasmons and excitons via Purcell effect,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7(1), 669 (2012).
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D. Li, F. Wang, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Electrically tunable electroluminescence from SiNx-based light-emitting devices,” Opt. Express 20(16), 17359–17366 (2012).
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F. Wang, M. Wang, D. Li, and D. Yang, “Localized surface plasmon resonance enhanced photoluminescence from SiNx with different N/Si ratios,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(10), 1437–1448 (2012).
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D. Li, J. Huang, and D. Yang, “Enhanced electroluminescence of silicon-rich silicon nitride light-emitting devices by NH3 plasma and annealing treatment,” Physica E 41(6), 920–922 (2009).
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M. Wang, M. Xie, L. Ferraioli, Z. Yuan, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX films. I. Room temperature band tail states photoluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083504 (2008).
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M. Wang, J. Huang, Z. Yuan, A. Anopchenko, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX film. II. Defect states electroluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083505 (2008).
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F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Enhancement of orange-yellow electroluminescence extraction from SiNx light-emitting devices by silver nanostructures,” Opt. Express. in progress.

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X.-H. Li, R. Song, Y.-K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency and radiation patterns of III-nitride light-emitting diodes with colloidal microlens arrays with various aspect ratios,” IEEE Photon. J. 3(3), 489–499 (2011).
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C.-H. Lu, C.-C. Lan, Y.-L. Lai, Y.-L. Li, and C.-P. Liu, “Enhancement of green emission from InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells via coupling to surface plasmons in a two-dimensional silver array,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 21(24), 4719–4723 (2011).
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G. R. Lin, Y. H. Pai, C. T. Lin, and C. C. Chen, “Comparison on the electroluminescence of Si-rich SiNx and SiOx based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(26), 263514 (2010).
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Liu, Y.

Liu, Z.

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C.-H. Lu, C.-C. Lan, Y.-L. Lai, Y.-L. Li, and C.-P. Liu, “Enhancement of green emission from InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells via coupling to surface plasmons in a two-dimensional silver array,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 21(24), 4719–4723 (2011).
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Mawst, L. J.

G. Liu, H. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. H. Park, L. J. Mawst, and N. Tansu, “Selective area epitaxy of ultra-high density InGaN quantum dots by diblock copolymer lithography,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6(1), 342 (2011).
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T. F. Kuech and L. J. Mawst, “Nanofabrication of III–V semiconductors employing diblock copolymer lithography,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43(18), 183001 (2010).
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J. S. Biteen, N. S. Lewis, H. A. Atwater, H. Mertens, and A. Polman, “Spectral tuning of plasmon-enhanced silicon quantum dot luminescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(13), 131109 (2006).
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B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, J.-S. Mun, M.-K. Kwon, T.-Y. Park, J.-S. Kim, C.-C. Byeon, J. Lee, and S.-J. Park, “Enhancement of the external quantum efficiency of a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode by localized surface plasmons,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 20(16), 3100–3104 (2008).
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Nam, D.

B. Dutt, D. S. Sukhdeo, D. Nam, B. M. Vulovic, Ze Yuan, and K. C. Saraswat, “Roadmap to an efficient germanium-on-silicon laser: strain vs. n-type doping,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 2002–2009 (2012).
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K. Okamoto, I. Niki, A. Shvartser, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and A. Scherer, “Surface-plasmon-enhanced light emitters based on InGaN quantum wells,” Nat. Mater. 3(9), 601–605 (2004).
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J. S. Biteen, D. Pacifici, N. S. Lewis, and H. A. Atwater, “Enhanced radiative emission rate and quantum efficiency in coupled silicon nanocrystal-nanostructured gold emitters,” Nano Lett. 5(9), 1768–1773 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pai, Y. H.

G. R. Lin, Y. H. Pai, C. T. Lin, and C. C. Chen, “Comparison on the electroluminescence of Si-rich SiNx and SiOx based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(26), 263514 (2010).
[Crossref]

Park, J. H.

G. Liu, H. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. H. Park, L. J. Mawst, and N. Tansu, “Selective area epitaxy of ultra-high density InGaN quantum dots by diblock copolymer lithography,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6(1), 342 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Park, N.-M.

K.-H. Kim, J.-H. Shin, N.-M. Park, C. Huh, T.-Y. Kim, K.-S. Cho, J. C. Hong, and G. Y. Sung, “Enhancement of light extraction from a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode containing a rugged surface pattern,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191120 (2006).
[Crossref]

B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, S.-J. Park, N.-M. Park, and G. Y. Sung, “Ni/Au contact to silicon quantum dot light-emitting diodes for the enhancement of carrier injection and light extraction efficiency,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(6), 063509 (2006).
[Crossref]

N.-M. Park, C.-J. Choi, T.-Y. Seong, and S.-J. Park, “Quantum confinement in amorphous silicon quantum dots embedded in silicon nitride,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86(7), 1355–1357 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Park, S.-J.

B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, J.-S. Mun, M.-K. Kwon, T.-Y. Park, J.-S. Kim, C.-C. Byeon, J. Lee, and S.-J. Park, “Enhancement of the external quantum efficiency of a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode by localized surface plasmons,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 20(16), 3100–3104 (2008).
[Crossref]

B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, S.-J. Park, N.-M. Park, and G. Y. Sung, “Ni/Au contact to silicon quantum dot light-emitting diodes for the enhancement of carrier injection and light extraction efficiency,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(6), 063509 (2006).
[Crossref]

N.-M. Park, C.-J. Choi, T.-Y. Seong, and S.-J. Park, “Quantum confinement in amorphous silicon quantum dots embedded in silicon nitride,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86(7), 1355–1357 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, J.-S. Mun, M.-K. Kwon, T.-Y. Park, J.-S. Kim, C.-C. Byeon, J. Lee, and S.-J. Park, “Enhancement of the external quantum efficiency of a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode by localized surface plasmons,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 20(16), 3100–3104 (2008).
[Crossref]

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A. Marconi, A. Anopchenko, G. Pucker, and L. Pavesi, “Power efficiency estimation of silicon nanocrystals based light emitting devices in alternating current regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(20), 201103 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. Wang, J. Huang, Z. Yuan, A. Anopchenko, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX film. II. Defect states electroluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083505 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Wang, M. Xie, L. Ferraioli, Z. Yuan, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX films. I. Room temperature band tail states photoluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083504 (2008).
[Crossref]

Pillai, S.

S. Pillai, K. R. Catchpole, T. Trupke, and M. A. Green, “Surface plasmon enhanced silicon solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(9), 093105 (2007).
[Crossref]

Polman, A.

J. S. Biteen, N. S. Lewis, H. A. Atwater, H. Mertens, and A. Polman, “Spectral tuning of plasmon-enhanced silicon quantum dot luminescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(13), 131109 (2006).
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Pucker, G.

A. Marconi, A. Anopchenko, G. Pucker, and L. Pavesi, “Power efficiency estimation of silicon nanocrystals based light emitting devices in alternating current regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(20), 201103 (2011).
[Crossref]

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D. Li, F. Wang, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Electrically tunable electroluminescence from SiNx-based light-emitting devices,” Opt. Express 20(16), 17359–17366 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “The coupling between localized surface plasmons and excitons via Purcell effect,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7(1), 669 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Enhancement of light-extraction efficiency of SiNx light emitting devices through a rough Ag island film,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(3), 031113 (2012).
[Crossref]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Enhancement of orange-yellow electroluminescence extraction from SiNx light-emitting devices by silver nanostructures,” Opt. Express. in progress.

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Ren, C.

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Rohatgi, A.

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B. Dutt, D. S. Sukhdeo, D. Nam, B. M. Vulovic, Ze Yuan, and K. C. Saraswat, “Roadmap to an efficient germanium-on-silicon laser: strain vs. n-type doping,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 2002–2009 (2012).
[Crossref]

Scherer, A.

K. Okamoto, I. Niki, A. Shvartser, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and A. Scherer, “Surface-plasmon-enhanced light emitters based on InGaN quantum wells,” Nat. Mater. 3(9), 601–605 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Seong, T.-Y.

N.-M. Park, C.-J. Choi, T.-Y. Seong, and S.-J. Park, “Quantum confinement in amorphous silicon quantum dots embedded in silicon nitride,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86(7), 1355–1357 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Shin, J.-H.

K.-H. Kim, J.-H. Shin, N.-M. Park, C. Huh, T.-Y. Kim, K.-S. Cho, J. C. Hong, and G. Y. Sung, “Enhancement of light extraction from a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode containing a rugged surface pattern,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191120 (2006).
[Crossref]

Shvartser, A.

K. Okamoto, I. Niki, A. Shvartser, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and A. Scherer, “Surface-plasmon-enhanced light emitters based on InGaN quantum wells,” Nat. Mater. 3(9), 601–605 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Song, R.

X.-H. Li, R. Song, Y.-K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency and radiation patterns of III-nitride light-emitting diodes with colloidal microlens arrays with various aspect ratios,” IEEE Photon. J. 3(3), 489–499 (2011).
[Crossref]

Stein, H. J.

H. J. Stein, “Thermally annealed silicon nitride films: Electrical characteristics and radiation effects,” J. Appl. Phys. 57(6), 2040–2047 (1985).
[Crossref]

Sukhdeo, D. S.

B. Dutt, D. S. Sukhdeo, D. Nam, B. M. Vulovic, Ze Yuan, and K. C. Saraswat, “Roadmap to an efficient germanium-on-silicon laser: strain vs. n-type doping,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 2002–2009 (2012).
[Crossref]

Sun, H.

Sun, S.

Sun, X.

Sung, G. Y.

C. Huh, K.-H. Kim, B. K. Kim, W. Kim, H. Ko, C.-J. Choi, and G. Y. Sung, “Enhancement in light emission efficiency of a silicon nanocrystal light-emitting diode by multiple-luminescent structures,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 22(44), 5058–5062 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, S.-J. Park, N.-M. Park, and G. Y. Sung, “Ni/Au contact to silicon quantum dot light-emitting diodes for the enhancement of carrier injection and light extraction efficiency,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(6), 063509 (2006).
[Crossref]

K.-H. Kim, J.-H. Shin, N.-M. Park, C. Huh, T.-Y. Kim, K.-S. Cho, J. C. Hong, and G. Y. Sung, “Enhancement of light extraction from a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode containing a rugged surface pattern,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191120 (2006).
[Crossref]

Tansu, N.

H. Zhao, J. Zhang, G. Liu, and N. Tansu, “Surface plasmon dispersion engineering via double-metallic Au/Ag layers for III-nitride based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151115 (2011).
[Crossref]

X.-H. Li, R. Song, Y.-K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency and radiation patterns of III-nitride light-emitting diodes with colloidal microlens arrays with various aspect ratios,” IEEE Photon. J. 3(3), 489–499 (2011).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, H. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. H. Park, L. J. Mawst, and N. Tansu, “Selective area epitaxy of ultra-high density InGaN quantum dots by diblock copolymer lithography,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6(1), 342 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, R. A. Arif, H. Tong, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency enhancement of InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with polydimethylsiloxane concave microstructures,” Opt. Express 17(16), 13747–13757 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y.-K. Ee, R. A. Arif, N. Tansu, P. Kumnorkaew, and J. F. Gilchrist, “Enhancement of light extraction efficiency of InGaN quantum wells light emitting diodes using SiO2/polystyrene microlens arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(22), 221107 (2007).
[Crossref]

Tong, H.

Trupke, T.

S. Pillai, K. R. Catchpole, T. Trupke, and M. A. Green, “Surface plasmon enhanced silicon solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(9), 093105 (2007).
[Crossref]

Tsai, L.-H.

C.-H. Cheng, C.-L. Wu, C.-C. Chen, L.-H. Tsai, Y.-H. Lin, and G.-R. Lin, “Si-rich SixC1-x light-emitting diodes with buried Si quantum dots,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 1762–1775 (2012).
[Crossref]

Tung, R. T.

R. T. Tung, “Electron transport at metal-semiconductor interfaces: General theory,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 45(23), 13509–13523 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vulovic, B. M.

B. Dutt, D. S. Sukhdeo, D. Nam, B. M. Vulovic, Ze Yuan, and K. C. Saraswat, “Roadmap to an efficient germanium-on-silicon laser: strain vs. n-type doping,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 2002–2009 (2012).
[Crossref]

Walters, R. J.

R. J. Walters, G. I. Bourianoff, and H. A. Atwater, “Field-effect electroluminescence in silicon nanocrystals,” Nat. Mater. 4(2), 143–146 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Wang, F.

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Enhancement of light-extraction efficiency of SiNx light emitting devices through a rough Ag island film,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(3), 031113 (2012).
[Crossref]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “The coupling between localized surface plasmons and excitons via Purcell effect,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7(1), 669 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Li, F. Wang, C. Ren, and D. Yang, “Improved electroluminescence from silicon nitride light emitting devices by localized surface plasmons,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(6), 872–877 (2012).
[Crossref]

F. Wang, M. Wang, D. Li, and D. Yang, “Localized surface plasmon resonance enhanced photoluminescence from SiNx with different N/Si ratios,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(10), 1437–1448 (2012).
[Crossref]

D. Li, F. Wang, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Electrically tunable electroluminescence from SiNx-based light-emitting devices,” Opt. Express 20(16), 17359–17366 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Enhancement of orange-yellow electroluminescence extraction from SiNx light-emitting devices by silver nanostructures,” Opt. Express. in progress.

Wang, M.

F. Wang, M. Wang, D. Li, and D. Yang, “Localized surface plasmon resonance enhanced photoluminescence from SiNx with different N/Si ratios,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(10), 1437–1448 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. Wang, M. Xie, L. Ferraioli, Z. Yuan, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX films. I. Room temperature band tail states photoluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083504 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Wang, J. Huang, Z. Yuan, A. Anopchenko, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX film. II. Defect states electroluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083505 (2008).
[Crossref]

Wong, J. I.

Wu, C.-L.

C.-H. Cheng, C.-L. Wu, C.-C. Chen, L.-H. Tsai, Y.-H. Lin, and G.-R. Lin, “Si-rich SixC1-x light-emitting diodes with buried Si quantum dots,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 1762–1775 (2012).
[Crossref]

Xie, M.

M. Wang, M. Xie, L. Ferraioli, Z. Yuan, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX films. I. Room temperature band tail states photoluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083504 (2008).
[Crossref]

Xu, J.

Xu, L.

Xu, W.

Yang, D.

D. Li, F. Wang, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Electrically tunable electroluminescence from SiNx-based light-emitting devices,” Opt. Express 20(16), 17359–17366 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Li, F. Wang, C. Ren, and D. Yang, “Improved electroluminescence from silicon nitride light emitting devices by localized surface plasmons,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(6), 872–877 (2012).
[Crossref]

F. Wang, M. Wang, D. Li, and D. Yang, “Localized surface plasmon resonance enhanced photoluminescence from SiNx with different N/Si ratios,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(10), 1437–1448 (2012).
[Crossref]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “The coupling between localized surface plasmons and excitons via Purcell effect,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7(1), 669 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Enhancement of light-extraction efficiency of SiNx light emitting devices through a rough Ag island film,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(3), 031113 (2012).
[Crossref]

D. Li, J. Huang, and D. Yang, “Enhanced electroluminescence of silicon-rich silicon nitride light-emitting devices by NH3 plasma and annealing treatment,” Physica E 41(6), 920–922 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. Wang, M. Xie, L. Ferraioli, Z. Yuan, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX films. I. Room temperature band tail states photoluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083504 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Wang, J. Huang, Z. Yuan, A. Anopchenko, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX film. II. Defect states electroluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083505 (2008).
[Crossref]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Enhancement of orange-yellow electroluminescence extraction from SiNx light-emitting devices by silver nanostructures,” Opt. Express. in progress.

Yang, M.

Yu, S. F.

Yuan, Z.

M. Wang, J. Huang, Z. Yuan, A. Anopchenko, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX film. II. Defect states electroluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083505 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Wang, M. Xie, L. Ferraioli, Z. Yuan, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX films. I. Room temperature band tail states photoluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083504 (2008).
[Crossref]

Ze Yuan,

B. Dutt, D. S. Sukhdeo, D. Nam, B. M. Vulovic, Ze Yuan, and K. C. Saraswat, “Roadmap to an efficient germanium-on-silicon laser: strain vs. n-type doping,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 2002–2009 (2012).
[Crossref]

Zhang, J.

H. Zhao, J. Zhang, G. Liu, and N. Tansu, “Surface plasmon dispersion engineering via double-metallic Au/Ag layers for III-nitride based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151115 (2011).
[Crossref]

G. Liu, H. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. H. Park, L. J. Mawst, and N. Tansu, “Selective area epitaxy of ultra-high density InGaN quantum dots by diblock copolymer lithography,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6(1), 342 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhao, H.

G. Liu, H. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. H. Park, L. J. Mawst, and N. Tansu, “Selective area epitaxy of ultra-high density InGaN quantum dots by diblock copolymer lithography,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6(1), 342 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Zhao, J. Zhang, G. Liu, and N. Tansu, “Surface plasmon dispersion engineering via double-metallic Au/Ag layers for III-nitride based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151115 (2011).
[Crossref]

Zhmakin, A. I.

A. I. Zhmakin, “Enhancement of light extraction from light emitting diodes,” Phys. Rep. 498(4–5), 189–241 (2011).
[Crossref]

Zhuang, L.

Adv. Funct. Mater. (1)

C.-H. Lu, C.-C. Lan, Y.-L. Lai, Y.-L. Li, and C.-P. Liu, “Enhancement of green emission from InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells via coupling to surface plasmons in a two-dimensional silver array,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 21(24), 4719–4723 (2011).
[Crossref]

Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) (2)

B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, J.-S. Mun, M.-K. Kwon, T.-Y. Park, J.-S. Kim, C.-C. Byeon, J. Lee, and S.-J. Park, “Enhancement of the external quantum efficiency of a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode by localized surface plasmons,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 20(16), 3100–3104 (2008).
[Crossref]

C. Huh, K.-H. Kim, B. K. Kim, W. Kim, H. Ko, C.-J. Choi, and G. Y. Sung, “Enhancement in light emission efficiency of a silicon nanocrystal light-emitting diode by multiple-luminescent structures,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 22(44), 5058–5062 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Opt. (1)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (9)

B.-H. Kim, C.-H. Cho, S.-J. Park, N.-M. Park, and G. Y. Sung, “Ni/Au contact to silicon quantum dot light-emitting diodes for the enhancement of carrier injection and light extraction efficiency,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(6), 063509 (2006).
[Crossref]

K.-H. Kim, J.-H. Shin, N.-M. Park, C. Huh, T.-Y. Kim, K.-S. Cho, J. C. Hong, and G. Y. Sung, “Enhancement of light extraction from a silicon quantum dot light-emitting diode containing a rugged surface pattern,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(19), 191120 (2006).
[Crossref]

G. R. Lin, Y. H. Pai, C. T. Lin, and C. C. Chen, “Comparison on the electroluminescence of Si-rich SiNx and SiOx based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 96(26), 263514 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. S. Biteen, N. S. Lewis, H. A. Atwater, H. Mertens, and A. Polman, “Spectral tuning of plasmon-enhanced silicon quantum dot luminescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88(13), 131109 (2006).
[Crossref]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Enhancement of light-extraction efficiency of SiNx light emitting devices through a rough Ag island film,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 100(3), 031113 (2012).
[Crossref]

H. Zhao, J. Zhang, G. Liu, and N. Tansu, “Surface plasmon dispersion engineering via double-metallic Au/Ag layers for III-nitride based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151115 (2011).
[Crossref]

Y.-K. Ee, R. A. Arif, N. Tansu, P. Kumnorkaew, and J. F. Gilchrist, “Enhancement of light extraction efficiency of InGaN quantum wells light emitting diodes using SiO2/polystyrene microlens arrays,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(22), 221107 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Robertson and M. J. Powell, “Gap states in silicon-nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 44(4), 415–417 (1984).
[Crossref]

A. Marconi, A. Anopchenko, G. Pucker, and L. Pavesi, “Power efficiency estimation of silicon nanocrystals based light emitting devices in alternating current regime,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(20), 201103 (2011).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. J (2)

B. Dutt, D. S. Sukhdeo, D. Nam, B. M. Vulovic, Ze Yuan, and K. C. Saraswat, “Roadmap to an efficient germanium-on-silicon laser: strain vs. n-type doping,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 2002–2009 (2012).
[Crossref]

C.-H. Cheng, C.-L. Wu, C.-C. Chen, L.-H. Tsai, Y.-H. Lin, and G.-R. Lin, “Si-rich SixC1-x light-emitting diodes with buried Si quantum dots,” IEEE Photon. J 4(5), 1762–1775 (2012).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. J. (1)

X.-H. Li, R. Song, Y.-K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency and radiation patterns of III-nitride light-emitting diodes with colloidal microlens arrays with various aspect ratios,” IEEE Photon. J. 3(3), 489–499 (2011).
[Crossref]

J. Appl. Phys. (4)

M. Wang, M. Xie, L. Ferraioli, Z. Yuan, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX films. I. Room temperature band tail states photoluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083504 (2008).
[Crossref]

H. J. Stein, “Thermally annealed silicon nitride films: Electrical characteristics and radiation effects,” J. Appl. Phys. 57(6), 2040–2047 (1985).
[Crossref]

M. Wang, J. Huang, Z. Yuan, A. Anopchenko, D. Li, D. Yang, and L. Pavesi, “Light emission properties and mechanism of low-temperature prepared amorphous SiNX film. II. Defect states electroluminescence,” J. Appl. Phys. 104(8), 083505 (2008).
[Crossref]

S. Pillai, K. R. Catchpole, T. Trupke, and M. A. Green, “Surface plasmon enhanced silicon solar cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 101(9), 093105 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. (1)

T. F. Kuech and L. J. Mawst, “Nanofabrication of III–V semiconductors employing diblock copolymer lithography,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 43(18), 183001 (2010).
[Crossref]

Nano Lett. (1)

J. S. Biteen, D. Pacifici, N. S. Lewis, and H. A. Atwater, “Enhanced radiative emission rate and quantum efficiency in coupled silicon nanocrystal-nanostructured gold emitters,” Nano Lett. 5(9), 1768–1773 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nanoscale Res. Lett. (2)

G. Liu, H. Zhao, J. Zhang, J. H. Park, L. J. Mawst, and N. Tansu, “Selective area epitaxy of ultra-high density InGaN quantum dots by diblock copolymer lithography,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6(1), 342 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “The coupling between localized surface plasmons and excitons via Purcell effect,” Nanoscale Res. Lett. 7(1), 669 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Mater. (2)

R. J. Walters, G. I. Bourianoff, and H. A. Atwater, “Field-effect electroluminescence in silicon nanocrystals,” Nat. Mater. 4(2), 143–146 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Okamoto, I. Niki, A. Shvartser, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and A. Scherer, “Surface-plasmon-enhanced light emitters based on InGaN quantum wells,” Nat. Mater. 3(9), 601–605 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nature (1)

W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature 424(6950), 824–830 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (8)

Y. Liu, J. Xu, H. Sun, S. Sun, W. Xu, L. Xu, and K. Chen, “Depth-dependent anti-reflection and enhancement of luminescence from Si quantum dots-based multilayer on nano-patterned Si substrates,” Opt. Express 19(4), 3347–3352 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Li, F. Wang, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Electrically tunable electroluminescence from SiNx-based light-emitting devices,” Opt. Express 20(16), 17359–17366 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, R. A. Arif, H. Tong, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency enhancement of InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with polydimethylsiloxane concave microstructures,” Opt. Express 17(16), 13747–13757 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Wang, D. Li, D. Yang, and D. Que, “Enhancement of orange-yellow electroluminescence extraction from SiNx light-emitting devices by silver nanostructures,” Opt. Express. in progress.

Z. H. Cen, T. P. Chen, Z. Liu, Y. Liu, L. Ding, M. Yang, J. I. Wong, S. F. Yu, and W. P. Goh, “Electrically tunable white-color electroluminescence from Si-implanted silicon nitride thin film,” Opt. Express 18(19), 20439–20444 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Zhuang, D. Marpaung, M. Burla, W. Beeker, A. Leinse, and C. Roeloffzen, “Low-loss, high-index-contrast Si₃N₄/SiO₂ optical waveguides for optical delay lines in microwave photonics signal processing,” Opt. Express 19(23), 23162–23170 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G.-R. Lin, C.-J. Lin, and C.-K. Lin, “Enhanced Fowler-Nordheim tunneling effect in nanocrystallite Si based LED with interfacial Si nano-pyramids,” Opt. Express 15(5), 2555–2563 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Creazzo, B. Redding, E. Marchena, J. Murakowski, and D. W. Prather, “Pulsed pumping of silicon nanocrystal light emitting devices,” Opt. Express 18(11), 10924–10930 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (1)

Opt. Mater. Express (2)

Phys. Rep. (1)

A. I. Zhmakin, “Enhancement of light extraction from light emitting diodes,” Phys. Rep. 498(4–5), 189–241 (2011).
[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter (1)

R. T. Tung, “Electron transport at metal-semiconductor interfaces: General theory,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 45(23), 13509–13523 (1992).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

N.-M. Park, C.-J. Choi, T.-Y. Seong, and S.-J. Park, “Quantum confinement in amorphous silicon quantum dots embedded in silicon nitride,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 86(7), 1355–1357 (2001).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Physica E (1)

D. Li, J. Huang, and D. Yang, “Enhanced electroluminescence of silicon-rich silicon nitride light-emitting devices by NH3 plasma and annealing treatment,” Physica E 41(6), 920–922 (2009).
[Crossref]

Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. (1)

G. Aberle, “Surface passivation of crystalline silicon solar cells: a review,” Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 8(5), 473–487 (2000).
[Crossref]

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Figures (8)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Fabrication process diagrams of the SiNx-based LEDs.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2

(a)-(d) SEM images and (e)-(h) the size distributions of Ag nanostructures with sputtering time (a) and (e) 20 s, (b) and (f) 40 s, (c) and (g) 60 s, and (d) and (h) 80 s.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Extinction spectra of Ag nanostructures with different sputtering time.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4

EL spectra of SiNx-based LEDs for (a) Ag0, (c) Ag40, and (e) Ag80 measured at different injected current. Their Gauss fittings are also provided on the right side, (b) for Ag0, (d) for Ag40, and (f) for Ag80.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5

Integrated EL intensity of the devices with different sputtering times of Ag nanostructures layer vs. the input power.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6

(a) Enhancement factor of the integrated PL intensity for Ag20-Ag80 comparing to Ag0, (b) EL and PL enhancement factor for Ag40, and (c) The surface coverage of Ag nanostructures (left axis) and the average distance between Ag nanostructures (right axis) for Ag20-Ag80 with the model for this calculation inset.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7

AFM images of ITO for (a) Ag0, (b) Ag40, and (c) Ag80.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8

Current density (J) vs. applied voltage (V) plot for Ag0-Ag80 with the values of J for Ag0, Ag60, and Ag80 multiplied by 10 times.

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Equations (1)

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η s =π [ r/(d+2r) ] 2

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