Macroscopic broadband optical escalator with force-loaded transformation optics

Dongliang Gao; Cheng-Wei Qiu; Lei Gao; Tiejun Cui; Shuang Zhang

doi:10.1364/OE.21.000796

Macroscopic broadband optical escalator with force-loaded transformation optics

Dongliang Gao, Cheng-Wei Qiu, Lei Gao, Tiejun Cui, and Shuang Zhang

Optics Express
Vol. 21,
Issue 1,
pp. 796-803
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.000796

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Dongliang Gao, Cheng-Wei Qiu, Lei Gao, Tiejun Cui, and Shuang Zhang, "Macroscopic broadband optical escalator with force-loaded transformation optics," Opt. Express 21, 796-803 (2013)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Physical Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Optical systems (120.4820)
- Anisotropic optical materials (160.1190)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: November 12, 2012
- Revised Manuscript: December 21, 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: December 24, 2012
- Published: January 8, 2013

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Transformation optics enables one to guide and control light at will using metamaterials. However the designed device is deterministic and not flexible for different objects. Based on force-loaded transformation optics we propose a force-induced transformational device, which can realize dynamic escalator metamorphosing continuously between optical elevator and invisibility cloak. This escalator can visually lift up and down the perceived height of a plane fixed in space by controlling the forces loaded in different directions. Or conversely, the escalator can physically lift up and down a plane while visually maintaining the same height to an outside observer. One can quickly adjust this device to the required demand without changing the background index, while the usual transformation cloak will be detectable due to the lateral shift from mismatched background. The schematic is self-adaptive, multi-functional, and free of metamaterial or nanofabrication. Our work opens a new perspective in controlling light dynamically and continuously, empowering unprecedented applications in military cloak, optic communication, holographic imaging, and phase-involved microtechnique.

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References

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|
Author
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Publication

J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, “Controlling electromagnetic fields,” Science 312(5781), 1780–1782 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
U. Leonhardt, “Optical conformal mapping,” Science 312(5781), 1777–1780 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
X. Chen, Y. Luo, J. Zhang, K. Jiang, J. B. Pendry, and S. Zhang, “Macroscopic invisibility cloaking of visible light,” Nat Commun 2, 176 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
R. Liu, C. Ji, J. J. Mock, J. Y. Chin, T. J. Cui, and D. R. Smith, “Broadband ground-plane cloak,” Science 323(5912), 366–369 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
L. H. Gabrielli, J. Cardenas, C. B. Poitras, and M. Lipson, “Silicon nanostructure cloak operating at optical frequencies,” Nat. Photonics 3(8), 461–463 (2009).
[Crossref]
H. F. Ma and T. J. Cui, “Three-dimensional broadband ground-plane cloak made of metamaterials,” Nat Commun 1(3), 1–6 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Optical cloaking with metamaterials,” Nat. Photonics 1(4), 224–227 (2007).
[Crossref]
J. Valentine, J. Li, T. Zentgraf, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “An optical cloak made of dielectrics,” Nat. Mater. 8(7), 568–571 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Tretyakov, P. Alitalo, O. Luukkonen, and C. Simovski, “Broadband electromagnetic cloaking of long cylindrical objects,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(10), 103905 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. Schurig, J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F. Starr, and D. R. Smith, “Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies,” Science 314(5801), 977–980 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. Edwards, A. Alù, M. G. Silveirinha, and N. Engheta, “Experimental verification of plasmonic cloaking at microwave frequencies with metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(15), 153901 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. Ergin, N. Stenger, P. Brenner, J. B. Pendry, and M. Wegener, “Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths,” Science 328(5976), 337–339 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
I. I. Smolyaninov, V. N. Smolyaninova, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Anisotropic metamaterials emulated by tapered waveguides: application to optical cloaking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102(21), 213901 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Gharghi, C. Gladden, T. Zentgraf, Y. Liu, X. Yin, J. Valentine, and X. Zhang, “A carpet cloak for visible light,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 2825–2828 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Rahm, S. A. Cummer, D. Schurig, J. B. Pendry, and D. R. Smith, “Optical design of reflectionless complex media by finite embedded coordinate transformations,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(6), 063903 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Zhang, S. Xiao, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Surface plasmon wave adapter designed with transformation optics,” ACS Nano 5(6), 4359–4364 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Han, Y. Xiong, D. Genov, Z. Liu, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “Ray Optics at a Deep-Subwavelength Scale: A transformation optics approach,” Nano Lett. 8(12), 4243–4247 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. V. Kildishev and V. M. Shalaev, “Engineering space for light via transformation optics,” Opt. Lett. 33(1), 43–45 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
W. X. Jiang, T. J. Cui, Q. Cheng, J. Y. Chin, X. M. Yang, R. Liu, and D. R. Smith, “Design of arbitrarily shaped concentrators based on conformally optical transformation of nonuniform rational b-spline surfaces,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(26), 264101 (2008).
[Crossref]
X. Xu, B. Peng, D. Li, J. Zhang, L. M. Wong, Q. Zhang, S. Wang, and Q. Xiong, “Flexible visible-infrared metamaterials and their applications in highly sensitive chemical and biological sensing,” Nano Lett. 11(8), 3232–3238 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
I. M. Pryce, K. Aydin, Y. A. Kelaita, R. M. Briggs, and H. A. Atwater, “Highly strained compliant optical metamaterials with large frequency tunability,” Nano Lett. 10(10), 4222–4227 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
N. Liu, T. Weiss, M. Mesch, L. Langguth, U. Eigenthaler, M. Hirscher, C. Sönnichsen, and H. Giessen, “Planar metamaterial analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency for plasmonic sensing,” Nano Lett. 10(4), 1103–1107 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
I. I. Smolyaninov, Y. J. Hung, and C. C. Davis, “Two-dimensional metamaterial structure exhibiting reduced visibility at 500 nm,” Opt. Lett. 33(12), 1342–1344 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Q. Cheng, K. Wu, and G. P. Wang, “All dielectric macroscopic cloaks for hiding objects and creating illusions at visible frequencies,” Opt. Express 19(23), 23240–23248 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
W. Yan, M. Yan, and M. Qiu, “Manipulation of light with α transformation media,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 28(6), 1058–1066 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Luo, J. Zhang, H. Chen, L. Ran, B. Wu, and J. A. Kong, “A rigorous analysis of plane-transformed invisibility cloaks,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 57(12), 3926–3933 (2009).
[Crossref]
T. C. Han and C. W. Qiu, “Isotropic nonmagnetic flat cloaks degenerated from homogeneous anisotropic trapeziform cloaks,” Opt. Express 18(12), 13038–13043 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. Zhang, Y. Luo, X. Liu, and G. Barbastathis, “Macroscopic invisibility cloak for visible light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106(3), 033901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Z. Zhu and T. G. Brown, “Stress-induced birefringence in microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 28(23), 2306–2308 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
B. Zhang, T. Chan, and B. I. Wu, “Lateral shift makes a ground-plane cloak detectable,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104(23), 233903 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Li and J. B. Pendry, “Hiding under the carpet: a new strategy for cloaking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(20), 203901 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Supplementary materials: http://www.ece.nus.edu.sg/stfpage/eleqc/suppl_info.ppt

2011 (7)

X. Chen, Y. Luo, J. Zhang, K. Jiang, J. B. Pendry, and S. Zhang, “Macroscopic invisibility cloaking of visible light,” Nat Commun 2, 176 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Gharghi, C. Gladden, T. Zentgraf, Y. Liu, X. Yin, J. Valentine, and X. Zhang, “A carpet cloak for visible light,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 2825–2828 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Xu, B. Peng, D. Li, J. Zhang, L. M. Wong, Q. Zhang, S. Wang, and Q. Xiong, “Flexible visible-infrared metamaterials and their applications in highly sensitive chemical and biological sensing,” Nano Lett. 11(8), 3232–3238 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Zhang, Y. Luo, X. Liu, and G. Barbastathis, “Macroscopic invisibility cloak for visible light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106(3), 033901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Zhang, S. Xiao, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Surface plasmon wave adapter designed with transformation optics,” ACS Nano 5(6), 4359–4364 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Yan, M. Yan, and M. Qiu, “Manipulation of light with α transformation media,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 28(6), 1058–1066 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Cheng, K. Wu, and G. P. Wang, “All dielectric macroscopic cloaks for hiding objects and creating illusions at visible frequencies,” Opt. Express 19(23), 23240–23248 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (6)

T. C. Han and C. W. Qiu, “Isotropic nonmagnetic flat cloaks degenerated from homogeneous anisotropic trapeziform cloaks,” Opt. Express 18(12), 13038–13043 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Zhang, T. Chan, and B. I. Wu, “Lateral shift makes a ground-plane cloak detectable,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104(23), 233903 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. M. Pryce, K. Aydin, Y. A. Kelaita, R. M. Briggs, and H. A. Atwater, “Highly strained compliant optical metamaterials with large frequency tunability,” Nano Lett. 10(10), 4222–4227 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. Liu, T. Weiss, M. Mesch, L. Langguth, U. Eigenthaler, M. Hirscher, C. Sönnichsen, and H. Giessen, “Planar metamaterial analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency for plasmonic sensing,” Nano Lett. 10(4), 1103–1107 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Ergin, N. Stenger, P. Brenner, J. B. Pendry, and M. Wegener, “Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths,” Science 328(5976), 337–339 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. F. Ma and T. J. Cui, “Three-dimensional broadband ground-plane cloak made of metamaterials,” Nat Commun 1(3), 1–6 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (7)

J. Valentine, J. Li, T. Zentgraf, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “An optical cloak made of dielectrics,” Nat. Mater. 8(7), 568–571 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Tretyakov, P. Alitalo, O. Luukkonen, and C. Simovski, “Broadband electromagnetic cloaking of long cylindrical objects,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(10), 103905 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Liu, C. Ji, J. J. Mock, J. Y. Chin, T. J. Cui, and D. R. Smith, “Broadband ground-plane cloak,” Science 323(5912), 366–369 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. H. Gabrielli, J. Cardenas, C. B. Poitras, and M. Lipson, “Silicon nanostructure cloak operating at optical frequencies,” Nat. Photonics 3(8), 461–463 (2009).
[Crossref]

I. I. Smolyaninov, V. N. Smolyaninova, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Anisotropic metamaterials emulated by tapered waveguides: application to optical cloaking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102(21), 213901 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Luo, J. Zhang, H. Chen, L. Ran, B. Wu, and J. A. Kong, “A rigorous analysis of plane-transformed invisibility cloaks,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 57(12), 3926–3933 (2009).
[Crossref]

B. Edwards, A. Alù, M. G. Silveirinha, and N. Engheta, “Experimental verification of plasmonic cloaking at microwave frequencies with metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(15), 153901 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (6)

J. Li and J. B. Pendry, “Hiding under the carpet: a new strategy for cloaking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(20), 203901 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Han, Y. Xiong, D. Genov, Z. Liu, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “Ray Optics at a Deep-Subwavelength Scale: A transformation optics approach,” Nano Lett. 8(12), 4243–4247 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. X. Jiang, T. J. Cui, Q. Cheng, J. Y. Chin, X. M. Yang, R. Liu, and D. R. Smith, “Design of arbitrarily shaped concentrators based on conformally optical transformation of nonuniform rational b-spline surfaces,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(26), 264101 (2008).
[Crossref]

A. V. Kildishev and V. M. Shalaev, “Engineering space for light via transformation optics,” Opt. Lett. 33(1), 43–45 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. I. Smolyaninov, Y. J. Hung, and C. C. Davis, “Two-dimensional metamaterial structure exhibiting reduced visibility at 500 nm,” Opt. Lett. 33(12), 1342–1344 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Rahm, S. A. Cummer, D. Schurig, J. B. Pendry, and D. R. Smith, “Optical design of reflectionless complex media by finite embedded coordinate transformations,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(6), 063903 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (1)

W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Optical cloaking with metamaterials,” Nat. Photonics 1(4), 224–227 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (3)

D. Schurig, J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F. Starr, and D. R. Smith, “Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies,” Science 314(5801), 977–980 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, “Controlling electromagnetic fields,” Science 312(5781), 1780–1782 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

U. Leonhardt, “Optical conformal mapping,” Science 312(5781), 1777–1780 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

Z. Zhu and T. G. Brown, “Stress-induced birefringence in microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 28(23), 2306–2308 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Alitalo, P.

S. Tretyakov, P. Alitalo, O. Luukkonen, and C. Simovski, “Broadband electromagnetic cloaking of long cylindrical objects,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(10), 103905 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Alù, A.

Atwater, H. A.

Aydin, K.

Barbastathis, G.

B. Zhang, Y. Luo, X. Liu, and G. Barbastathis, “Macroscopic invisibility cloak for visible light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106(3), 033901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bartal, G.

J. Valentine, J. Li, T. Zentgraf, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “An optical cloak made of dielectrics,” Nat. Mater. 8(7), 568–571 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Brenner, P.

T. Ergin, N. Stenger, P. Brenner, J. B. Pendry, and M. Wegener, “Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths,” Science 328(5976), 337–339 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Briggs, R. M.

Brown, T. G.

Z. Zhu and T. G. Brown, “Stress-induced birefringence in microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 28(23), 2306–2308 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cai, W.

W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Optical cloaking with metamaterials,” Nat. Photonics 1(4), 224–227 (2007).
[Crossref]

Cardenas, J.

L. H. Gabrielli, J. Cardenas, C. B. Poitras, and M. Lipson, “Silicon nanostructure cloak operating at optical frequencies,” Nat. Photonics 3(8), 461–463 (2009).
[Crossref]

Chan, T.

B. Zhang, T. Chan, and B. I. Wu, “Lateral shift makes a ground-plane cloak detectable,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104(23), 233903 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, H.

Y. Luo, J. Zhang, H. Chen, L. Ran, B. Wu, and J. A. Kong, “A rigorous analysis of plane-transformed invisibility cloaks,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 57(12), 3926–3933 (2009).
[Crossref]

Chen, X.

X. Chen, Y. Luo, J. Zhang, K. Jiang, J. B. Pendry, and S. Zhang, “Macroscopic invisibility cloaking of visible light,” Nat Commun 2, 176 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cheng, Q.

Chettiar, U. K.

W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Optical cloaking with metamaterials,” Nat. Photonics 1(4), 224–227 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chin, J. Y.

R. Liu, C. Ji, J. J. Mock, J. Y. Chin, T. J. Cui, and D. R. Smith, “Broadband ground-plane cloak,” Science 323(5912), 366–369 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cui, T. J.

H. F. Ma and T. J. Cui, “Three-dimensional broadband ground-plane cloak made of metamaterials,” Nat Commun 1(3), 1–6 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. Liu, C. Ji, J. J. Mock, J. Y. Chin, T. J. Cui, and D. R. Smith, “Broadband ground-plane cloak,” Science 323(5912), 366–369 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cummer, S. A.

Davis, C. C.

I. I. Smolyaninov, Y. J. Hung, and C. C. Davis, “Two-dimensional metamaterial structure exhibiting reduced visibility at 500 nm,” Opt. Lett. 33(12), 1342–1344 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Edwards, B.

Eigenthaler, U.

Engheta, N.

Ergin, T.

T. Ergin, N. Stenger, P. Brenner, J. B. Pendry, and M. Wegener, “Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths,” Science 328(5976), 337–339 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gabrielli, L. H.

L. H. Gabrielli, J. Cardenas, C. B. Poitras, and M. Lipson, “Silicon nanostructure cloak operating at optical frequencies,” Nat. Photonics 3(8), 461–463 (2009).
[Crossref]

Genov, D.

Gharghi, M.

M. Gharghi, C. Gladden, T. Zentgraf, Y. Liu, X. Yin, J. Valentine, and X. Zhang, “A carpet cloak for visible light,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 2825–2828 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Giessen, H.

Gladden, C.

M. Gharghi, C. Gladden, T. Zentgraf, Y. Liu, X. Yin, J. Valentine, and X. Zhang, “A carpet cloak for visible light,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 2825–2828 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Han, S.

Han, T. C.

T. C. Han and C. W. Qiu, “Isotropic nonmagnetic flat cloaks degenerated from homogeneous anisotropic trapeziform cloaks,” Opt. Express 18(12), 13038–13043 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hirscher, M.

Hung, Y. J.

I. I. Smolyaninov, Y. J. Hung, and C. C. Davis, “Two-dimensional metamaterial structure exhibiting reduced visibility at 500 nm,” Opt. Lett. 33(12), 1342–1344 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ji, C.

R. Liu, C. Ji, J. J. Mock, J. Y. Chin, T. J. Cui, and D. R. Smith, “Broadband ground-plane cloak,” Science 323(5912), 366–369 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jiang, K.

X. Chen, Y. Luo, J. Zhang, K. Jiang, J. B. Pendry, and S. Zhang, “Macroscopic invisibility cloaking of visible light,” Nat Commun 2, 176 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jiang, W. X.

Justice, B. J.

Kelaita, Y. A.

Kildishev, A. V.

A. V. Kildishev and V. M. Shalaev, “Engineering space for light via transformation optics,” Opt. Lett. 33(1), 43–45 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Optical cloaking with metamaterials,” Nat. Photonics 1(4), 224–227 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kong, J. A.

Y. Luo, J. Zhang, H. Chen, L. Ran, B. Wu, and J. A. Kong, “A rigorous analysis of plane-transformed invisibility cloaks,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 57(12), 3926–3933 (2009).
[Crossref]

Langguth, L.

Leonhardt, U.

U. Leonhardt, “Optical conformal mapping,” Science 312(5781), 1777–1780 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Li, D.

Li, J.

J. Valentine, J. Li, T. Zentgraf, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “An optical cloak made of dielectrics,” Nat. Mater. 8(7), 568–571 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Li and J. B. Pendry, “Hiding under the carpet: a new strategy for cloaking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(20), 203901 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lipson, M.

L. H. Gabrielli, J. Cardenas, C. B. Poitras, and M. Lipson, “Silicon nanostructure cloak operating at optical frequencies,” Nat. Photonics 3(8), 461–463 (2009).
[Crossref]

Liu, N.

Liu, R.

R. Liu, C. Ji, J. J. Mock, J. Y. Chin, T. J. Cui, and D. R. Smith, “Broadband ground-plane cloak,” Science 323(5912), 366–369 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, X.

B. Zhang, Y. Luo, X. Liu, and G. Barbastathis, “Macroscopic invisibility cloak for visible light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106(3), 033901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, Y.

M. Gharghi, C. Gladden, T. Zentgraf, Y. Liu, X. Yin, J. Valentine, and X. Zhang, “A carpet cloak for visible light,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 2825–2828 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, Z.

Luo, Y.

X. Chen, Y. Luo, J. Zhang, K. Jiang, J. B. Pendry, and S. Zhang, “Macroscopic invisibility cloaking of visible light,” Nat Commun 2, 176 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Zhang, Y. Luo, X. Liu, and G. Barbastathis, “Macroscopic invisibility cloak for visible light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106(3), 033901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Luo, J. Zhang, H. Chen, L. Ran, B. Wu, and J. A. Kong, “A rigorous analysis of plane-transformed invisibility cloaks,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 57(12), 3926–3933 (2009).
[Crossref]

Luukkonen, O.

S. Tretyakov, P. Alitalo, O. Luukkonen, and C. Simovski, “Broadband electromagnetic cloaking of long cylindrical objects,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(10), 103905 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ma, H. F.

H. F. Ma and T. J. Cui, “Three-dimensional broadband ground-plane cloak made of metamaterials,” Nat Commun 1(3), 1–6 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mesch, M.

Mock, J. J.

R. Liu, C. Ji, J. J. Mock, J. Y. Chin, T. J. Cui, and D. R. Smith, “Broadband ground-plane cloak,” Science 323(5912), 366–369 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mortensen, N. A.

J. Zhang, S. Xiao, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Surface plasmon wave adapter designed with transformation optics,” ACS Nano 5(6), 4359–4364 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pendry, J. B.

X. Chen, Y. Luo, J. Zhang, K. Jiang, J. B. Pendry, and S. Zhang, “Macroscopic invisibility cloaking of visible light,” Nat Commun 2, 176 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Ergin, N. Stenger, P. Brenner, J. B. Pendry, and M. Wegener, “Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths,” Science 328(5976), 337–339 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Li and J. B. Pendry, “Hiding under the carpet: a new strategy for cloaking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(20), 203901 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, “Controlling electromagnetic fields,” Science 312(5781), 1780–1782 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Peng, B.

Poitras, C. B.

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T. C. Han and C. W. Qiu, “Isotropic nonmagnetic flat cloaks degenerated from homogeneous anisotropic trapeziform cloaks,” Opt. Express 18(12), 13038–13043 (2010).
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W. Yan, M. Yan, and M. Qiu, “Manipulation of light with α transformation media,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 28(6), 1058–1066 (2011).
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Rahm, M.

Ran, L.

Y. Luo, J. Zhang, H. Chen, L. Ran, B. Wu, and J. A. Kong, “A rigorous analysis of plane-transformed invisibility cloaks,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 57(12), 3926–3933 (2009).
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J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, “Controlling electromagnetic fields,” Science 312(5781), 1780–1782 (2006).
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A. V. Kildishev and V. M. Shalaev, “Engineering space for light via transformation optics,” Opt. Lett. 33(1), 43–45 (2008).
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W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Optical cloaking with metamaterials,” Nat. Photonics 1(4), 224–227 (2007).
[Crossref]

Silveirinha, M. G.

Simovski, C.

S. Tretyakov, P. Alitalo, O. Luukkonen, and C. Simovski, “Broadband electromagnetic cloaking of long cylindrical objects,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(10), 103905 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Smith, D. R.

R. Liu, C. Ji, J. J. Mock, J. Y. Chin, T. J. Cui, and D. R. Smith, “Broadband ground-plane cloak,” Science 323(5912), 366–369 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, “Controlling electromagnetic fields,” Science 312(5781), 1780–1782 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Smolyaninov, I. I.

I. I. Smolyaninov, Y. J. Hung, and C. C. Davis, “Two-dimensional metamaterial structure exhibiting reduced visibility at 500 nm,” Opt. Lett. 33(12), 1342–1344 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Smolyaninova, V. N.

Sönnichsen, C.

Starr, A. F.

Stenger, N.

T. Ergin, N. Stenger, P. Brenner, J. B. Pendry, and M. Wegener, “Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths,” Science 328(5976), 337–339 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tretyakov, S.

S. Tretyakov, P. Alitalo, O. Luukkonen, and C. Simovski, “Broadband electromagnetic cloaking of long cylindrical objects,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(10), 103905 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Valentine, J.

M. Gharghi, C. Gladden, T. Zentgraf, Y. Liu, X. Yin, J. Valentine, and X. Zhang, “A carpet cloak for visible light,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 2825–2828 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Valentine, J. Li, T. Zentgraf, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “An optical cloak made of dielectrics,” Nat. Mater. 8(7), 568–571 (2009).
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Wang, S.

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T. Ergin, N. Stenger, P. Brenner, J. B. Pendry, and M. Wegener, “Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths,” Science 328(5976), 337–339 (2010).
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Y. Luo, J. Zhang, H. Chen, L. Ran, B. Wu, and J. A. Kong, “A rigorous analysis of plane-transformed invisibility cloaks,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 57(12), 3926–3933 (2009).
[Crossref]

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B. Zhang, T. Chan, and B. I. Wu, “Lateral shift makes a ground-plane cloak detectable,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104(23), 233903 (2010).
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J. Zhang, S. Xiao, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Surface plasmon wave adapter designed with transformation optics,” ACS Nano 5(6), 4359–4364 (2011).
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J. Zhang, S. Xiao, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Surface plasmon wave adapter designed with transformation optics,” ACS Nano 5(6), 4359–4364 (2011).
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W. Yan, M. Yan, and M. Qiu, “Manipulation of light with α transformation media,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 28(6), 1058–1066 (2011).
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W. Yan, M. Yan, and M. Qiu, “Manipulation of light with α transformation media,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 28(6), 1058–1066 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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M. Gharghi, C. Gladden, T. Zentgraf, Y. Liu, X. Yin, J. Valentine, and X. Zhang, “A carpet cloak for visible light,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 2825–2828 (2011).
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M. Gharghi, C. Gladden, T. Zentgraf, Y. Liu, X. Yin, J. Valentine, and X. Zhang, “A carpet cloak for visible light,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 2825–2828 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Valentine, J. Li, T. Zentgraf, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “An optical cloak made of dielectrics,” Nat. Mater. 8(7), 568–571 (2009).
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Zhang, B.

B. Zhang, Y. Luo, X. Liu, and G. Barbastathis, “Macroscopic invisibility cloak for visible light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106(3), 033901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Zhang, T. Chan, and B. I. Wu, “Lateral shift makes a ground-plane cloak detectable,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104(23), 233903 (2010).
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X. Chen, Y. Luo, J. Zhang, K. Jiang, J. B. Pendry, and S. Zhang, “Macroscopic invisibility cloaking of visible light,” Nat Commun 2, 176 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Zhang, S. Xiao, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Surface plasmon wave adapter designed with transformation optics,” ACS Nano 5(6), 4359–4364 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Luo, J. Zhang, H. Chen, L. Ran, B. Wu, and J. A. Kong, “A rigorous analysis of plane-transformed invisibility cloaks,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 57(12), 3926–3933 (2009).
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Zhang, Q.

Zhang, S.

X. Chen, Y. Luo, J. Zhang, K. Jiang, J. B. Pendry, and S. Zhang, “Macroscopic invisibility cloaking of visible light,” Nat Commun 2, 176 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhang, X.

M. Gharghi, C. Gladden, T. Zentgraf, Y. Liu, X. Yin, J. Valentine, and X. Zhang, “A carpet cloak for visible light,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 2825–2828 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Valentine, J. Li, T. Zentgraf, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “An optical cloak made of dielectrics,” Nat. Mater. 8(7), 568–571 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zhu, Z.

Z. Zhu and T. G. Brown, “Stress-induced birefringence in microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 28(23), 2306–2308 (2003).
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ACS Nano (1)

J. Zhang, S. Xiao, M. Wubs, and N. A. Mortensen, “Surface plasmon wave adapter designed with transformation optics,” ACS Nano 5(6), 4359–4364 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (1)

IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. (1)

Y. Luo, J. Zhang, H. Chen, L. Ran, B. Wu, and J. A. Kong, “A rigorous analysis of plane-transformed invisibility cloaks,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 57(12), 3926–3933 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (1)

W. Yan, M. Yan, and M. Qiu, “Manipulation of light with α transformation media,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 28(6), 1058–1066 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nano Lett. (5)

M. Gharghi, C. Gladden, T. Zentgraf, Y. Liu, X. Yin, J. Valentine, and X. Zhang, “A carpet cloak for visible light,” Nano Lett. 11(7), 2825–2828 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat Commun (2)

X. Chen, Y. Luo, J. Zhang, K. Jiang, J. B. Pendry, and S. Zhang, “Macroscopic invisibility cloaking of visible light,” Nat Commun 2, 176 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. F. Ma and T. J. Cui, “Three-dimensional broadband ground-plane cloak made of metamaterials,” Nat Commun 1(3), 1–6 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Mater. (1)

J. Valentine, J. Li, T. Zentgraf, G. Bartal, and X. Zhang, “An optical cloak made of dielectrics,” Nat. Mater. 8(7), 568–571 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nat. Photonics (2)

W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Optical cloaking with metamaterials,” Nat. Photonics 1(4), 224–227 (2007).
[Crossref]

L. H. Gabrielli, J. Cardenas, C. B. Poitras, and M. Lipson, “Silicon nanostructure cloak operating at optical frequencies,” Nat. Photonics 3(8), 461–463 (2009).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (2)

T. C. Han and C. W. Qiu, “Isotropic nonmagnetic flat cloaks degenerated from homogeneous anisotropic trapeziform cloaks,” Opt. Express 18(12), 13038–13043 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (3)

Z. Zhu and T. G. Brown, “Stress-induced birefringence in microstructured optical fibers,” Opt. Lett. 28(23), 2306–2308 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. V. Kildishev and V. M. Shalaev, “Engineering space for light via transformation optics,” Opt. Lett. 33(1), 43–45 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. I. Smolyaninov, Y. J. Hung, and C. C. Davis, “Two-dimensional metamaterial structure exhibiting reduced visibility at 500 nm,” Opt. Lett. 33(12), 1342–1344 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (7)

B. Zhang, Y. Luo, X. Liu, and G. Barbastathis, “Macroscopic invisibility cloak for visible light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 106(3), 033901 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Zhang, T. Chan, and B. I. Wu, “Lateral shift makes a ground-plane cloak detectable,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 104(23), 233903 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Li and J. B. Pendry, “Hiding under the carpet: a new strategy for cloaking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 101(20), 203901 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Tretyakov, P. Alitalo, O. Luukkonen, and C. Simovski, “Broadband electromagnetic cloaking of long cylindrical objects,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 103(10), 103905 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Science (5)

R. Liu, C. Ji, J. J. Mock, J. Y. Chin, T. J. Cui, and D. R. Smith, “Broadband ground-plane cloak,” Science 323(5912), 366–369 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. B. Pendry, D. Schurig, and D. R. Smith, “Controlling electromagnetic fields,” Science 312(5781), 1780–1782 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

U. Leonhardt, “Optical conformal mapping,” Science 312(5781), 1777–1780 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Ergin, N. Stenger, P. Brenner, J. B. Pendry, and M. Wegener, “Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths,” Science 328(5976), 337–339 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (1)

Supplementary materials: http://www.ece.nus.edu.sg/stfpage/eleqc/suppl_info.ppt

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Fig. 1

Illustration of tunable force-induced escalator by changing loaded forces. (a) An image of a flat plate, and force-loaded material loaded with forces along different directions. (b) The middle part keeps the same position after being covered by the escalator loaded with appropriate stresses along x and y directions. The observer will still see a image of a flat plate. (c) After adjusting the loaded stresses, the middle part is “pushed” below the original plane of the plate. (d) The middle part is “floating” above the plane. The movie shows the phase-preserved floating process, which is provided in supplementary information [32].

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Fig. 2

k-surface diagram of the escalator at lift-up states (a) and lift-down states (b). The black circles represent the background medium with equivalent position of mirror. The red and the blue ellipses represent the escalator at lift-up state (expanded space) and lift-down state (compressed space), respectively. $k_{b}$ , $k_{e}$ and $k_{c}$ are the wave vectors in background medium, expanded space and compressed space. The transmitted Poynting vector $S$ is along the normal of k surface.

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Fig. 3

The relations between lifted height and loaded forces. The color bar represents the amount of height that the image is lifted up (h>0) or lifted down (h<0). The positive (or negative) values of the forces mean the forces pulling (or pressing) the device.

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Fig. 4

Ray tracing of light passing through the force-loaded escalator and the equivalent mirror. a): $ϕ = 45 °$ _{, $n_{x} = 1.4$}, $n_{y} = 1.2$ , $n^{'} = 1.4$ _, H = 21mm, h = 3mm, the image is above the plane. b): $ϕ = 45 °$ , $n_{x} = 1.4$ , $n_{y} = 1.6$ _, $n^{'} = 1.4$ _, H = 21mm, h = 3mm, the image is below the plane. The light from the force-loaded escalator and the one from the reference mirror are identical in the view point of the observer.

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Fig. 5

Lights with 2.5 mm diameter are incident on three configurations. A: force-loaded escalator (green), B: equivalent mirror in background material with corresponding highness (red), C: reference mirror in background material at the high of escalator’s bottom (blue). The three configurations are 3 mm apart along the z axis. The other physical parameters are same as in the Fig. 4.

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Fig. 6

The interference patterns of the proposed escalator (a, b, c) and equivalent mirror (e, f, g) with respect to the reference mirror, respectively. The wavelengths of the light are 488nm, 561nm, and 650 nm, respectively. The other parameters are the same as those in Fig. 4a. The grey contour scale means the intensity of the interference.

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Equations (8)

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\begin{array}{l} x = x^{'} \\ y = \frac{H}{H - h} y^{'} + \frac{H}{h - H} h \\ z = z^{'} \end{array}

ε = μ = \frac{J \cdot J^{T}}{\det (J)} = (\begin{matrix} \frac{H-h}{H} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{H}{H-h} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{H-h}{H} \end{matrix})

ε_{x - y} = (\begin{matrix} \frac{H - h}{H} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{H}{H - h} \end{matrix}), μ_{z} = \frac{H - h}{H}

ε_{x - y} = (\begin{matrix} {(\frac{H - h}{H})}^{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{matrix})

\begin{array}{l} n_{x} = n_{0} + C_{x} σ_{x} + C_{y} σ_{y} \\ n_{y} = n_{0} + C_{x} σ_{y} + C_{y} σ_{x} \end{array}

h = - \frac{C σ H}{n^{'}}

\frac{k_{x}^{2}}{ε_{y}} + \frac{k_{y}^{2}}{ε_{x}} = ω^{2} μ

S = \frac{H_{0}^{2} k_{x}}{2 ω ε_{y}} {\vec{e}}_{x} + \frac{H_{0}^{2} k_{y}}{2 ω ε_{x}} {\vec{e}}_{y}