Generation of square or hexagonal 16-QAM signals using a dual-drive IQ modulator driven by binary signals

Shuangyi Yan; Xuan Weng; Yuliang Gao; Chao Lu; Alan Pak Tao Lau; Yu Ji; Lei Liu; Xiaogeng Xu

doi:10.1364/OE.20.029023

Generation of square or hexagonal 16-QAM signals using a dual-drive IQ modulator driven by binary signals

Shuangyi Yan, Xuan Weng, Yuliang Gao, Chao Lu, Alan Pak Tao Lau, Yu Ji, Lei Liu, and Xiaogeng Xu

Optics Express
Vol. 20,
Issue 27,
pp. 29023-29034
(2012)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.029023

Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Shuangyi Yan, Xuan Weng, Yuliang Gao, Chao Lu, Alan Pak Tao Lau, Yu Ji, Lei Liu, and Xiaogeng Xu, "Generation of square or hexagonal 16-QAM signals using a dual-drive IQ modulator driven by binary signals," Opt. Express 20, 29023-29034 (2012)

Export Citation
- BibTex
- Endnote (RIS)
- HTML
- Plain Text
Get PDF (2007 KB)
Set citation alerts
Save article

Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Fiber optics communications (060.2330)
- Modulation (060.4080)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: August 17, 2012
- Revised Manuscript: November 28, 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: December 3, 2012
- Published: December 14, 2012

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

We propose a simple square or hexagonal 16-QAM signal generation technique using a commercially available dual-drive IQ modulator driven by four binary electrical signals with properly designed amplitudes. We analytically derive the required driving signal amplitudes for square and hexagonal 16-QAM and characterize its implementation penalty. Polarization-multiplexed (PM)-16-QAM signals at 28 Gbuad are experimentally demonstrated and stable performance is achieved with simple bias control.

Full Article | PDF Article

OSA Recommended Articles

40-Gbaud 16-QAM transmitter using tandem IQ modulators with binary driving electronic signals

Guo-Wei Lu, Mats Sköld, Pontus Johannisson, Jian Zhao, Martin Sjödin, Henrik Sunnerud, Mathias Westlund, Andrew Ellis, and Peter A. Andrekson
Opt. Express 18(22) 23062-23069 (2010)

Optical transmitter for 320-Gb/s PDM-RZ-16QAM generation using electrical binary drive signals

Hyeon Yeong Choi, Takehiro Tsuritani, and Itsuro Morita
Opt. Express 20(27) 28772-28778 (2012)

Flexible high-order QAM transmitter using tandem IQ modulators for generating 16/32/36/64-QAM with balanced complexity in electronics and optics

Guo-Wei Lu, Takahide Sakamoto, and Tetsuya Kawanishi
Opt. Express 21(5) 6213-6223 (2013)

References

View by:
Article Order
|
Year
|
Author
|
Publication

E. Ip, A. P. T. Lau, D. J. F. Barros, and J. M. Kahn, “Coherent detection in optical fiber systems,” Opt. Express 16(2), 753–791 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Birk, P. Gerard, R. Curto, L. Nelson, X. Zhou, P. Magill, T. J. Schmidt, C. Malouin, B. Zhang, E. Ibragimov, S. Khatana, M. Glavanovic, R. Lofland, R. Marcoccia, G. Nicholl, M. Nowell, and F. Forghieri, “Field trial of a real-time, single wavelength, coherent 100 Gbit/s PM-QPSK channel upgrade of an installed 1800km link,” in Proceedings Optical Fiber Communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC) 2010, Paper PDPD1.
P. J. Winzer, A. H. Gnauck, C. R. Doerr, M. Magarini, and L. L. Buhl, “Spectrally efficient long-haul optical networking using 112-Gb/s polarization-multiplexed 16-QAM,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 547–556 (2010).
[Crossref]
V. A. J. Sleiffer, M. S. Alfiad, D. van den Borne, M. Kuschnerov, V. Veljanovski, M. Hirano, Y. Yamamoto, T. Sasaki, S. L. Jansen, T. Wuth, and H. de Waardt, “10×224-Gb/s POLMUX-16QAM Transmission Over 656 km of Large-Aeff PSCF With a Spectral Efficiency of 5.6 b/s/Hz,” IEEE Photonic Tech. L. 23(20), 1427–1429 (2011).
[Crossref]
A. H. Gnauck, P. J. Winzer, S. Chandrasekhar, X. Liu, B. Zhu, and D. W. Peckham, “10×224-Gb/s WDM transmission of 28-Gbaud PDM 16-QAM on a 50-GHz grid over 1,200 km of fiber,” in Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), Collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, 2010 Conference on (OFC/NFOEC) (2010), Paper PDPB8.
K. Schuh, F. Buchali, D. Roesener, E. Lach, O. Bertran Pardo, J. Renaudier, G. Charlet, H. Mardoyan, and P. Tran, “15.4 Tb/s transmission over 2400 km using polarization multiplexed 32-Gbaud 16-QAM modulation and coherent detection comprising digital signal processing,” in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper We.8.B.4.
X. Zhou and J. Yu, “200-Gb/s PDM-16-QAM generation using a new synthesizing method,” in 35th European Conference on Optical Communication,2009. ECOC ’09 (IEEE, 2009), Paper 10.3.5.
G.-W. Lu, M. Sköld, P. Johannisson, J. Zhao, M. Sjödin, H. Sunnerud, M. Westlund, A. Ellis, and P. A. Andrekson, “40-Gbaud 16-QAM transmitter using tandem IQ modulators with binary driving electronic signals,” Opt. Express 18(22), 23062–23069 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Chiba, T. Sakamoto, T. Kawanishi, K. Higuma, M. Sudo, and J. Ichikawa, “16-level quadrature amplitude modulation by monolithic quad-parallel mach-zehnder optical modulator,” Electron. Lett. 46(3), 220–228 (2010).
[Crossref]
G. W. Lu, T. Sakamoto, A. Chiba, T. Kawanishi, T. Miyazaki, K. Higuma, M. Sudo, and J. Ichikawa, “16-QAM Transmitter using Monolithically Integrated Quad Mach-Zehnder IQ Modulator,” in Proc. European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC) (2010), Paper Mo.1.F.3.
A. H. Gnauck, P. J. Winzer, S. Chandrasekhar, X. Liu, B. Zhu, and D. W. Peckham, “Spectrally Efficient Long-Haul WDM Transmission Using 224-Gb/s Polarization-Multiplexed 16-QAM,” J. Lightwave Technol. 29(4), 373–377 (2011).
[Crossref]
C. R. Doerr, L. Zhang, P. Winzer, and A. H. Gnauck, “28-Gbaud InP Square or Hexagonal 16-QAM Modulator,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (2011), Paper OMU2.
S. Yan, D. Wang, Y. Gao, C. Lu, A. P. T. Lau, L. Liu, and X. Xu, “Generation of square or hexagonal 16-QAM signals using a single dual drive IQ modulator driven by binary signals,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC/NFOEC), 2012 and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (2012), Paper OW3H.3.
J. Forney, R. Gallager, G. Lang, F. Longstaff, and S. Qureshi, “Efficient modulation for band-limited channels,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 2(5), 632–647 (1984).
[Crossref]
S. J. Savory, “Digital coherent optical receivers: Algorithms and subsystems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top Quant. 16(5), 1164–1179 (2010).
[Crossref]
Y. Gao, A. P. T. Lau, S. Yan, and C. Lu, “Low-complexity and phase noise tolerant carrier phase estimation for dual-polarization 16-QAM systems,” Opt. Express 19(22), 21717–21729 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. S. Alfiad, M. Kuschnerov, S. L. Jansen, T. Wuth, D. van den Borne, and H. de Waardt, “11×224-Gb/s POLMUX-RZ-16QAM Transmission Over 670 km of SSMF With 50-GHz Channel Spacing,” IEEE Photonic Tech. L. 22(15), 1150–1152 (2010).
[Crossref]

2011 (3)

V. A. J. Sleiffer, M. S. Alfiad, D. van den Borne, M. Kuschnerov, V. Veljanovski, M. Hirano, Y. Yamamoto, T. Sasaki, S. L. Jansen, T. Wuth, and H. de Waardt, “10×224-Gb/s POLMUX-16QAM Transmission Over 656 km of Large-Aeff PSCF With a Spectral Efficiency of 5.6 b/s/Hz,” IEEE Photonic Tech. L. 23(20), 1427–1429 (2011).
[Crossref]

A. H. Gnauck, P. J. Winzer, S. Chandrasekhar, X. Liu, B. Zhu, and D. W. Peckham, “Spectrally Efficient Long-Haul WDM Transmission Using 224-Gb/s Polarization-Multiplexed 16-QAM,” J. Lightwave Technol. 29(4), 373–377 (2011).
[Crossref]

Y. Gao, A. P. T. Lau, S. Yan, and C. Lu, “Low-complexity and phase noise tolerant carrier phase estimation for dual-polarization 16-QAM systems,” Opt. Express 19(22), 21717–21729 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (5)

P. J. Winzer, A. H. Gnauck, C. R. Doerr, M. Magarini, and L. L. Buhl, “Spectrally efficient long-haul optical networking using 112-Gb/s polarization-multiplexed 16-QAM,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(4), 547–556 (2010).
[Crossref]

G.-W. Lu, M. Sköld, P. Johannisson, J. Zhao, M. Sjödin, H. Sunnerud, M. Westlund, A. Ellis, and P. A. Andrekson, “40-Gbaud 16-QAM transmitter using tandem IQ modulators with binary driving electronic signals,” Opt. Express 18(22), 23062–23069 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Chiba, T. Sakamoto, T. Kawanishi, K. Higuma, M. Sudo, and J. Ichikawa, “16-level quadrature amplitude modulation by monolithic quad-parallel mach-zehnder optical modulator,” Electron. Lett. 46(3), 220–228 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. J. Savory, “Digital coherent optical receivers: Algorithms and subsystems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top Quant. 16(5), 1164–1179 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. S. Alfiad, M. Kuschnerov, S. L. Jansen, T. Wuth, D. van den Borne, and H. de Waardt, “11×224-Gb/s POLMUX-RZ-16QAM Transmission Over 670 km of SSMF With 50-GHz Channel Spacing,” IEEE Photonic Tech. L. 22(15), 1150–1152 (2010).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

E. Ip, A. P. T. Lau, D. J. F. Barros, and J. M. Kahn, “Coherent detection in optical fiber systems,” Opt. Express 16(2), 753–791 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1984 (1)

J. Forney, R. Gallager, G. Lang, F. Longstaff, and S. Qureshi, “Efficient modulation for band-limited channels,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 2(5), 632–647 (1984).
[Crossref]

Alfiad, M. S.

Andrekson, P. A.

Barros, D. J. F.

E. Ip, A. P. T. Lau, D. J. F. Barros, and J. M. Kahn, “Coherent detection in optical fiber systems,” Opt. Express 16(2), 753–791 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Buhl, L. L.

Chandrasekhar, S.

Chiba, A.

de Waardt, H.

Doerr, C. R.

Ellis, A.

Forney, J.

J. Forney, R. Gallager, G. Lang, F. Longstaff, and S. Qureshi, “Efficient modulation for band-limited channels,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 2(5), 632–647 (1984).
[Crossref]

Gallager, R.

J. Forney, R. Gallager, G. Lang, F. Longstaff, and S. Qureshi, “Efficient modulation for band-limited channels,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 2(5), 632–647 (1984).
[Crossref]

Gao, Y.

Gnauck, A. H.

Higuma, K.

Hirano, M.

Ichikawa, J.

Ip, E.

E. Ip, A. P. T. Lau, D. J. F. Barros, and J. M. Kahn, “Coherent detection in optical fiber systems,” Opt. Express 16(2), 753–791 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jansen, S. L.

Johannisson, P.

Kahn, J. M.

E. Ip, A. P. T. Lau, D. J. F. Barros, and J. M. Kahn, “Coherent detection in optical fiber systems,” Opt. Express 16(2), 753–791 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kawanishi, T.

Kuschnerov, M.

Lang, G.

J. Forney, R. Gallager, G. Lang, F. Longstaff, and S. Qureshi, “Efficient modulation for band-limited channels,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 2(5), 632–647 (1984).
[Crossref]

Lau, A. P. T.

E. Ip, A. P. T. Lau, D. J. F. Barros, and J. M. Kahn, “Coherent detection in optical fiber systems,” Opt. Express 16(2), 753–791 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liu, X.

Longstaff, F.

J. Forney, R. Gallager, G. Lang, F. Longstaff, and S. Qureshi, “Efficient modulation for band-limited channels,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 2(5), 632–647 (1984).
[Crossref]

Lu, C.

Lu, G.-W.

Magarini, M.

Peckham, D. W.

Qureshi, S.

J. Forney, R. Gallager, G. Lang, F. Longstaff, and S. Qureshi, “Efficient modulation for band-limited channels,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 2(5), 632–647 (1984).
[Crossref]

Sakamoto, T.

Sasaki, T.

Savory, S. J.

S. J. Savory, “Digital coherent optical receivers: Algorithms and subsystems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top Quant. 16(5), 1164–1179 (2010).
[Crossref]

Sjödin, M.

Sköld, M.

Sleiffer, V. A. J.

Sudo, M.

Sunnerud, H.

van den Borne, D.

Veljanovski, V.

Westlund, M.

Winzer, P. J.

Wuth, T.

Yamamoto, Y.

Yan, S.

Zhao, J.

Zhu, B.

Electron. Lett. (1)

IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. (1)

J. Forney, R. Gallager, G. Lang, F. Longstaff, and S. Qureshi, “Efficient modulation for band-limited channels,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. 2(5), 632–647 (1984).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Sel. Top Quant. (1)

S. J. Savory, “Digital coherent optical receivers: Algorithms and subsystems,” IEEE J. Sel. Top Quant. 16(5), 1164–1179 (2010).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photonic Tech. L. (2)

J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

Opt. Express (3)

E. Ip, A. P. T. Lau, D. J. F. Barros, and J. M. Kahn, “Coherent detection in optical fiber systems,” Opt. Express 16(2), 753–791 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (7)

A. H. Gnauck, P. J. Winzer, S. Chandrasekhar, X. Liu, B. Zhu, and D. W. Peckham, “10×224-Gb/s WDM transmission of 28-Gbaud PDM 16-QAM on a 50-GHz grid over 1,200 km of fiber,” in Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), Collocated National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, 2010 Conference on (OFC/NFOEC) (2010), Paper PDPB8.

K. Schuh, F. Buchali, D. Roesener, E. Lach, O. Bertran Pardo, J. Renaudier, G. Charlet, H. Mardoyan, and P. Tran, “15.4 Tb/s transmission over 2400 km using polarization multiplexed 32-Gbaud 16-QAM modulation and coherent detection comprising digital signal processing,” in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications, OSA Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2011), paper We.8.B.4.

X. Zhou and J. Yu, “200-Gb/s PDM-16-QAM generation using a new synthesizing method,” in 35th European Conference on Optical Communication,2009. ECOC ’09 (IEEE, 2009), Paper 10.3.5.

M. Birk, P. Gerard, R. Curto, L. Nelson, X. Zhou, P. Magill, T. J. Schmidt, C. Malouin, B. Zhang, E. Ibragimov, S. Khatana, M. Glavanovic, R. Lofland, R. Marcoccia, G. Nicholl, M. Nowell, and F. Forghieri, “Field trial of a real-time, single wavelength, coherent 100 Gbit/s PM-QPSK channel upgrade of an installed 1800km link,” in Proceedings Optical Fiber Communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC/NFOEC) 2010, Paper PDPD1.

G. W. Lu, T. Sakamoto, A. Chiba, T. Kawanishi, T. Miyazaki, K. Higuma, M. Sudo, and J. Ichikawa, “16-QAM Transmitter using Monolithically Integrated Quad Mach-Zehnder IQ Modulator,” in Proc. European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication (ECOC) (2010), Paper Mo.1.F.3.

C. R. Doerr, L. Zhang, P. Winzer, and A. H. Gnauck, “28-Gbaud InP Square or Hexagonal 16-QAM Modulator,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (2011), Paper OMU2.

S. Yan, D. Wang, Y. Gao, C. Lu, A. P. T. Lau, L. Liu, and X. Xu, “Generation of square or hexagonal 16-QAM signals using a single dual drive IQ modulator driven by binary signals,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC/NFOEC), 2012 and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (2012), Paper OW3H.3.

Cited By

OSA participates in Crossref's Cited-By Linking service. Citing articles from OSA journals and other participating publishers are listed here.

Alert me when this article is cited.

Click here to see a list of articles that cite this paper

Fig. 1 Operating principle of the proposed 16-QAM transmitter using dual-drive IQ modulator driven by binary signals.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2 Constellation points generated by a dual-drive MZM with different driving amplitudes. By appropriately designing the driving amplitudes

V_{H}

and

V_{L}

, one can generated 4 signal points A,B,C and D that falls on the same line and equi-distant from each other i.e. essentially a 4-APSK signal.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3 Power of the residual carrier

P_{c}

and power penalty introduced by the residual carrier for various driving signal amplitudes

V_{H}

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4 Simulated back-to-back transmissions results for PM-16QAM signals with variable driving signal amplitudes. Inset: Corresponding optical spectra (vertically displaced for visual clarity).

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5 Operating principle of the proposed Hexagonal 16-QAM transmitter using dual-drive IQ modulator driven by binary signals.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 6 Constellation points generated by a dual-drive MZM biasing at

v_{b} = - π / 6

. By appropriately designing the driving amplitudes

V_{H}

and

V_{L}

, one can generated 4 signal points A,B,C and D that form a parallelogram.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 7 Experimental setup for the proposed 16-QAM signal generation technique. De-correlated 28Gb/s binary data streams with different amplitudes are used to drive the dual-drive IQ modulator. PD: photo-detector; PBS: polarization beam splitter; PBC: polarization beam combiner; polarization division multiplexing; VOA: variable optical attenuator; ECL: external cavity laser.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 8 Eye diagram (a) and optical spectra (b) with/without interlever of 28 Gbaud 16-QAM signals

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 9 Received signal distributions for the 28 Gbaud 16-QAM signal.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 10 Back-to-back BER vs. OSNR using the proposed square 16-QAM generation technique driven by two binary signals with different amplitudes. The OSNR is measured in 0.1 nm bandwidth.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 11 (a) Received signal distribution using the proposed hexagonal 16-QAM generation technique; (b) corresponding optical spectrum.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Equations (8)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

\frac{E_{o u t} (t)}{E_{i n} (t)} = \frac{1}{2} (e^{j (\frac{v_{1}}{V_{π}} π + \frac{v_{b}}{2})} + e^{- j (\frac{v_{2}}{V_{π}} π + \frac{v_{b}}{2})}),

ϕ_{H} = \frac{V_{H}}{2 V_{π}} π and ϕ_{L} = \frac{V_{L}}{2 V_{π}} π .

\begin{matrix} \frac{E_{o u t} (t)}{E_{i n} (t)} = \frac{1}{2} (e^{j (\frac{\pm V_{H} π}{2 V_{π}} + \frac{π}{2})} + e^{- j (\frac{\pm V_{L} π}{2 V_{π}} + \frac{π}{2})}) = \frac{j}{2} (e^{j \frac{\pm V_{H} π}{2 V_{π}}} - e^{- j \frac{\pm V_{L} π}{2 V_{π}}}) \\ = - \sin \frac{\pm V_{H} \pm V_{L}}{4 V_{π} / π} \cos \frac{\pm V_{H} \mp V_{L}}{4 V_{π} / π} - j \sin \frac{V_{H} + V_{L}}{4 V_{π} / π} \sin \frac{V_{H} - V_{L}}{4 V_{π} / π} \\ = - \sin \frac{\pm ϕ_{H} \pm ϕ_{L}}{2} \cos \frac{\pm ϕ_{H} \mp ϕ_{L}}{2} - j \sin \frac{ϕ_{H} + ϕ_{L}}{2} \sin \frac{ϕ_{H} - ϕ_{L}}{2} . \end{matrix}

I_{o f f s e t} = | \cos ϕ_{L} - \cos ϕ_{H} | = \sin \frac{V_{H} + V_{L}}{4 V_{π} / π} \sin \frac{V_{H} - V_{L}}{4 V_{π} / π} .

V_{π}

2 \sin (\frac{V_{L}}{2 V_{π}} π) = \sin (\frac{V_{H}}{2 V_{π}} π) .

P_{c} = I_{O f f s e t}^{2} + Q_{O f f s e t}^{2} = 2 \sin^{2} (\frac{V_{H} + V_{L}}{4 V_{π} / π}) \sin^{2} (\frac{V_{H} - V_{L}}{4 V_{π} / π}) .

\sin (\frac{V_{H}}{2 V_{π}} π) = \sqrt{3} \sin (\frac{V_{L}}{2 V_{π}} π) .

Abstract

References

2011 (3)

2010 (5)

2008 (1)

1984 (1)

Alfiad, M. S.

Andrekson, P. A.

Barros, D. J. F.

Buhl, L. L.

Chandrasekhar, S.

Chiba, A.

de Waardt, H.

Doerr, C. R.

Ellis, A.

Forney, J.

Gallager, R.

Gao, Y.

Gnauck, A. H.

Higuma, K.

Hirano, M.

Ichikawa, J.

Ip, E.

Jansen, S. L.

Johannisson, P.

Kahn, J. M.

Kawanishi, T.

Kuschnerov, M.

Lang, G.

Lau, A. P. T.

Liu, X.

Longstaff, F.

Lu, C.

Lu, G.-W.

Magarini, M.

Peckham, D. W.

Qureshi, S.

Sakamoto, T.

Sasaki, T.

Savory, S. J.

Sjödin, M.

Sköld, M.

Sleiffer, V. A. J.

Sudo, M.

Sunnerud, H.

van den Borne, D.

Veljanovski, V.

Westlund, M.

Winzer, P. J.

Wuth, T.

Yamamoto, Y.

Yan, S.

Zhao, J.

Zhu, B.

Electron. Lett. (1)

IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm. (1)

IEEE J. Sel. Top Quant. (1)

IEEE Photonic Tech. L. (2)

J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

Opt. Express (3)

Other (7)

Cited By

Figures (11)

Equations (8)

Metrics

Login or Create Account