Abstract

Adaptive optics (AO) ophthalmoscopes with small fields of view have limited clinical utility. We propose to address this problem in reflective instruments by incorporating a viewfinder pupil relay designed by considering pupil and image centering and conjugation. Diverting light from an existing pupil optical relay to the viewfinder relay allows switching field of view size. Design methods that meet all four centering and conjugation conditions using either a single concave mirror or with two concave mirrors forming an off-axis afocal telescope are presented. Two different methods for calculating the focal length and orientation of the concave mirrors in the afocal viewfinder relay are introduced. Finally, a 2.2 × viewfinder mode is demonstrated in an AO scanning light ophthalmoscope.

© 2012 OSA

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References

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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. A. Dubra, Y. Sulai, J. L. Norris, R. F. Cooper, A. M. Dubis, D. R. Williams, and J. Carroll, “Non-invasive imaging of the human rod photoreceptor mosaic using a confocal adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscope,” Biomed. Opt. Express 2(7), 1864–1876 (2011).
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  17. A. Dubra and Y. Sulai, “Reflective afocal broadband adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscope,” Biomed. Opt. Express 2(6), 1757–1768 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. A. Gómez-Vieyra, A. Dubra, D. Malacara-Hernández, and D. R. Williams, “First-order design of off-axis reflective ophthalmic adaptive optics systems using afocal telescopes,” Opt. Express 17(21), 18906–18919 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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  20. ANSI, “American National Standard for safe use of lasers in research, development or testing (ANSI z136.8-2012),” (The Laser Institute of America, 2012).
  21. A. Dubra and Z. Harvey, “Registration of 2d images from fast scanning ophthalmic instruments,” in The 4th International Workshop on Biomedical Image Registration (2010)
  22. P. Bedggood, M. Daaboul, R. Ashman, G. Smith, and A. Metha, “Characteristics of the human isoplanatic patch and implications for adaptive optics retinal imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024008 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]

2012 (2)

P. Bedggood and A. Metha, “Variability in bleach kinetics and amount of photopigment between individual foveal cones,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(7), 3673–3681 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. Felberer, J.-S. Kroisamer, C. K. Hitzenberger, and M. Pircher, “Lens based adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope,” Opt. Express 20(16), 17297–17310 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (6)

2009 (1)

2008 (2)

T. Yamaguchi, N. Nakazawa, K. Bessho, Y. Kitaguchi, N. Maeda, T. Fujikado, and T. Mihashi, “Adaptive optics fundus camera using a liquid crystal phase modulator,” Opt. Rev. 15(3), 173–180 (2008).
[Crossref]

P. Bedggood, M. Daaboul, R. Ashman, G. Smith, and A. Metha, “Characteristics of the human isoplanatic patch and implications for adaptive optics retinal imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024008 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (2)

2006 (2)

2005 (1)

2004 (1)

2002 (1)

1997 (1)

1933 (1)

W. S. Stiles and B. H. Crawford, “The luminous efficiency of rays entering the eye pupil at different points,” Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B 112(778), 428–450 (1933).
[Crossref]

Artal, P.

Ashman, R.

P. Bedggood, M. Daaboul, R. Ashman, G. Smith, and A. Metha, “Characteristics of the human isoplanatic patch and implications for adaptive optics retinal imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024008 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Audo, I.

I. Audo, M. El Sanharawi, C. Vignal-Clermont, A. Villa, A. Morin, J. Conrath, D. Fompeydie, J. A. Sahel, K. Gocho-Nakashima, O. Goureau, and M. Paques, “Foveal damage in habitual poppers users,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 703–708 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Baraas, R. C.

Bedggood, P.

P. Bedggood and A. Metha, “Variability in bleach kinetics and amount of photopigment between individual foveal cones,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(7), 3673–3681 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Bedggood, M. Daaboul, R. Ashman, G. Smith, and A. Metha, “Characteristics of the human isoplanatic patch and implications for adaptive optics retinal imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024008 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bessho, K.

T. Yamaguchi, N. Nakazawa, K. Bessho, Y. Kitaguchi, N. Maeda, T. Fujikado, and T. Mihashi, “Adaptive optics fundus camera using a liquid crystal phase modulator,” Opt. Rev. 15(3), 173–180 (2008).
[Crossref]

Burns, S. A.

Campbell, M. C. W.

Carroll, J.

Cense, B.

Conrath, J.

I. Audo, M. El Sanharawi, C. Vignal-Clermont, A. Villa, A. Morin, J. Conrath, D. Fompeydie, J. A. Sahel, K. Gocho-Nakashima, O. Goureau, and M. Paques, “Foveal damage in habitual poppers users,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 703–708 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cooper, R. F.

Crawford, B. H.

W. S. Stiles and B. H. Crawford, “The luminous efficiency of rays entering the eye pupil at different points,” Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B 112(778), 428–450 (1933).
[Crossref]

Daaboul, M.

P. Bedggood, M. Daaboul, R. Ashman, G. Smith, and A. Metha, “Characteristics of the human isoplanatic patch and implications for adaptive optics retinal imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024008 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dees, E. W.

Delori, F. C.

Donnelly Iii, W.

Drexler, W.

Dubis, A. M.

Dubra, A.

El Sanharawi, M.

I. Audo, M. El Sanharawi, C. Vignal-Clermont, A. Villa, A. Morin, J. Conrath, D. Fompeydie, J. A. Sahel, K. Gocho-Nakashima, O. Goureau, and M. Paques, “Foveal damage in habitual poppers users,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 703–708 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Elsner, A. E.

Felberer, F.

Fercher, A. F.

Ferguson, D.

Fernández, E. J.

Fompeydie, D.

I. Audo, M. El Sanharawi, C. Vignal-Clermont, A. Villa, A. Morin, J. Conrath, D. Fompeydie, J. A. Sahel, K. Gocho-Nakashima, O. Goureau, and M. Paques, “Foveal damage in habitual poppers users,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 703–708 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fujikado, T.

T. Yamaguchi, N. Nakazawa, K. Bessho, Y. Kitaguchi, N. Maeda, T. Fujikado, and T. Mihashi, “Adaptive optics fundus camera using a liquid crystal phase modulator,” Opt. Rev. 15(3), 173–180 (2008).
[Crossref]

Gao, W.

Gocho-Nakashima, K.

I. Audo, M. El Sanharawi, C. Vignal-Clermont, A. Villa, A. Morin, J. Conrath, D. Fompeydie, J. A. Sahel, K. Gocho-Nakashima, O. Goureau, and M. Paques, “Foveal damage in habitual poppers users,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 703–708 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Gómez-Vieyra, A.

Goureau, O.

I. Audo, M. El Sanharawi, C. Vignal-Clermont, A. Villa, A. Morin, J. Conrath, D. Fompeydie, J. A. Sahel, K. Gocho-Nakashima, O. Goureau, and M. Paques, “Foveal damage in habitual poppers users,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 703–708 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hammer, D. X.

Harwerth, R. S.

K. M. Ivers, C. Li, N. Patel, N. Sredar, X. Luo, H. Queener, R. S. Harwerth, and J. Porter, “Reproducibility of measuring lamina cribrosa pore geometry in human and nonhuman primates with in vivo adaptive optics imaging,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52(8), 5473–5480 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Hebert, T. J.

Hermann, B.

Hitzenberger, C. K.

Ivers, K. M.

K. M. Ivers, C. Li, N. Patel, N. Sredar, X. Luo, H. Queener, R. S. Harwerth, and J. Porter, “Reproducibility of measuring lamina cribrosa pore geometry in human and nonhuman primates with in vivo adaptive optics imaging,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52(8), 5473–5480 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jones, S.

Jonnal, R. S.

Kitaguchi, Y.

T. Yamaguchi, N. Nakazawa, K. Bessho, Y. Kitaguchi, N. Maeda, T. Fujikado, and T. Mihashi, “Adaptive optics fundus camera using a liquid crystal phase modulator,” Opt. Rev. 15(3), 173–180 (2008).
[Crossref]

Kroisamer, J.-S.

Li, C.

K. M. Ivers, C. Li, N. Patel, N. Sredar, X. Luo, H. Queener, R. S. Harwerth, and J. Porter, “Reproducibility of measuring lamina cribrosa pore geometry in human and nonhuman primates with in vivo adaptive optics imaging,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52(8), 5473–5480 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liang, J.

Luo, X.

K. M. Ivers, C. Li, N. Patel, N. Sredar, X. Luo, H. Queener, R. S. Harwerth, and J. Porter, “Reproducibility of measuring lamina cribrosa pore geometry in human and nonhuman primates with in vivo adaptive optics imaging,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52(8), 5473–5480 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Maeda, N.

T. Yamaguchi, N. Nakazawa, K. Bessho, Y. Kitaguchi, N. Maeda, T. Fujikado, and T. Mihashi, “Adaptive optics fundus camera using a liquid crystal phase modulator,” Opt. Rev. 15(3), 173–180 (2008).
[Crossref]

Malacara-Hernández, D.

Metha, A.

P. Bedggood and A. Metha, “Variability in bleach kinetics and amount of photopigment between individual foveal cones,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(7), 3673–3681 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Bedggood, M. Daaboul, R. Ashman, G. Smith, and A. Metha, “Characteristics of the human isoplanatic patch and implications for adaptive optics retinal imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024008 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mihashi, T.

T. Yamaguchi, N. Nakazawa, K. Bessho, Y. Kitaguchi, N. Maeda, T. Fujikado, and T. Mihashi, “Adaptive optics fundus camera using a liquid crystal phase modulator,” Opt. Rev. 15(3), 173–180 (2008).
[Crossref]

Miller, D. T.

Morin, A.

I. Audo, M. El Sanharawi, C. Vignal-Clermont, A. Villa, A. Morin, J. Conrath, D. Fompeydie, J. A. Sahel, K. Gocho-Nakashima, O. Goureau, and M. Paques, “Foveal damage in habitual poppers users,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 703–708 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nakazawa, N.

T. Yamaguchi, N. Nakazawa, K. Bessho, Y. Kitaguchi, N. Maeda, T. Fujikado, and T. Mihashi, “Adaptive optics fundus camera using a liquid crystal phase modulator,” Opt. Rev. 15(3), 173–180 (2008).
[Crossref]

Norris, J. L.

Olivier, S.

Paques, M.

I. Audo, M. El Sanharawi, C. Vignal-Clermont, A. Villa, A. Morin, J. Conrath, D. Fompeydie, J. A. Sahel, K. Gocho-Nakashima, O. Goureau, and M. Paques, “Foveal damage in habitual poppers users,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 703–708 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Patel, N.

K. M. Ivers, C. Li, N. Patel, N. Sredar, X. Luo, H. Queener, R. S. Harwerth, and J. Porter, “Reproducibility of measuring lamina cribrosa pore geometry in human and nonhuman primates with in vivo adaptive optics imaging,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52(8), 5473–5480 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Pavaskar, A.

Pircher, M.

Poonja, S.

Porter, J.

K. M. Ivers, C. Li, N. Patel, N. Sredar, X. Luo, H. Queener, R. S. Harwerth, and J. Porter, “Reproducibility of measuring lamina cribrosa pore geometry in human and nonhuman primates with in vivo adaptive optics imaging,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52(8), 5473–5480 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Prieto, P. M.

Queener, H.

K. M. Ivers, C. Li, N. Patel, N. Sredar, X. Luo, H. Queener, R. S. Harwerth, and J. Porter, “Reproducibility of measuring lamina cribrosa pore geometry in human and nonhuman primates with in vivo adaptive optics imaging,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52(8), 5473–5480 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Roorda, F. Romero-Borja, W. Donnelly Iii, H. Queener, T. J. Hebert, and M. C. W. Campbell, “Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy,” Opt. Express 10(9), 405–412 (2002).
[PubMed]

Rha, J.

Rha, J. T.

Romero-Borja, F.

Roorda, A.

Sahel, J. A.

I. Audo, M. El Sanharawi, C. Vignal-Clermont, A. Villa, A. Morin, J. Conrath, D. Fompeydie, J. A. Sahel, K. Gocho-Nakashima, O. Goureau, and M. Paques, “Foveal damage in habitual poppers users,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 703–708 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sattmann, H.

Sliney, D. H.

Smith, G.

P. Bedggood, M. Daaboul, R. Ashman, G. Smith, and A. Metha, “Characteristics of the human isoplanatic patch and implications for adaptive optics retinal imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024008 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sredar, N.

K. M. Ivers, C. Li, N. Patel, N. Sredar, X. Luo, H. Queener, R. S. Harwerth, and J. Porter, “Reproducibility of measuring lamina cribrosa pore geometry in human and nonhuman primates with in vivo adaptive optics imaging,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52(8), 5473–5480 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Stiles, W. S.

W. S. Stiles and B. H. Crawford, “The luminous efficiency of rays entering the eye pupil at different points,” Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B 112(778), 428–450 (1933).
[Crossref]

Sulai, Y.

Tumbar, R.

Unterhuber, A.

Vignal-Clermont, C.

I. Audo, M. El Sanharawi, C. Vignal-Clermont, A. Villa, A. Morin, J. Conrath, D. Fompeydie, J. A. Sahel, K. Gocho-Nakashima, O. Goureau, and M. Paques, “Foveal damage in habitual poppers users,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 703–708 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Villa, A.

I. Audo, M. El Sanharawi, C. Vignal-Clermont, A. Villa, A. Morin, J. Conrath, D. Fompeydie, J. A. Sahel, K. Gocho-Nakashima, O. Goureau, and M. Paques, “Foveal damage in habitual poppers users,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 703–708 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Webb, R. H.

Werner, J. S.

Williams, D. R.

Yamaguchi, T.

T. Yamaguchi, N. Nakazawa, K. Bessho, Y. Kitaguchi, N. Maeda, T. Fujikado, and T. Mihashi, “Adaptive optics fundus camera using a liquid crystal phase modulator,” Opt. Rev. 15(3), 173–180 (2008).
[Crossref]

Zawadzki, R. J.

Zhang, Y.

Arch. Ophthalmol. (1)

I. Audo, M. El Sanharawi, C. Vignal-Clermont, A. Villa, A. Morin, J. Conrath, D. Fompeydie, J. A. Sahel, K. Gocho-Nakashima, O. Goureau, and M. Paques, “Foveal damage in habitual poppers users,” Arch. Ophthalmol. 129(6), 703–708 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Biomed. Opt. Express (4)

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (2)

P. Bedggood and A. Metha, “Variability in bleach kinetics and amount of photopigment between individual foveal cones,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 53(7), 3673–3681 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. M. Ivers, C. Li, N. Patel, N. Sredar, X. Luo, H. Queener, R. S. Harwerth, and J. Porter, “Reproducibility of measuring lamina cribrosa pore geometry in human and nonhuman primates with in vivo adaptive optics imaging,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52(8), 5473–5480 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Biomed. Opt. (1)

P. Bedggood, M. Daaboul, R. Ashman, G. Smith, and A. Metha, “Characteristics of the human isoplanatic patch and implications for adaptive optics retinal imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(2), 024008 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (3)

Opt. Express (5)

Opt. Lett. (2)

Opt. Rev. (1)

T. Yamaguchi, N. Nakazawa, K. Bessho, Y. Kitaguchi, N. Maeda, T. Fujikado, and T. Mihashi, “Adaptive optics fundus camera using a liquid crystal phase modulator,” Opt. Rev. 15(3), 173–180 (2008).
[Crossref]

Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B (1)

W. S. Stiles and B. H. Crawford, “The luminous efficiency of rays entering the eye pupil at different points,” Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B 112(778), 428–450 (1933).
[Crossref]

Other (3)

K. Nozato and K. Miyata, “Adaptive optics apparatus, adaptive optics method, and imaging apparatus,” US Patent 2011/0116044 A1 (May 19 2011).

ANSI, “American National Standard for safe use of lasers in research, development or testing (ANSI z136.8-2012),” (The Laser Institute of America, 2012).

A. Dubra and Z. Harvey, “Registration of 2d images from fast scanning ophthalmic instruments,” in The 4th International Workshop on Biomedical Image Registration (2010)

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Figures (5)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Pupil relay formed by a single concave mirror with focal length f. The mirror is a distance a from the entrance pupil, while the exit pupil is at a distance a f / (a - f). P0 and Pf are the initial and final vergences of the imaging beam.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Vectors used to describe the optical axis of an off-axis reflective afocal telescope formed by two concave mirrors (M1 and M2), projected on the x-y plane.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3

Focal lengths of the concave mirrors required to achieve a given viewfinder relay magnification Mθ calculated using the numerical approach described in section 2.2.1.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4

AOSLO diagram [17], illustrating how the change between the high-magnification and viewfinder mode was implemented. In the later, a spherical mirror (sph 6’) and a fold mirror are positioned using magnetic mounts. This arrangement bypasses the afocal telescope formed by spherical mirror 5 and 6.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5

AOSLO and fundus images of subjects JC_0832 (A-E) and JC_0007 (F-J). The left and central columns show 1.75° and 2.2 × 1.75° (viewfinder mode) FOV AOSLO images, respectively, of the fovea and the optic disc. The retinal location and extent of the AOSLO images are indicated on the fundus images (right) through the red contours. All scale bars are 1° across.

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Equations (11)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

P f = ( f−a )( P 0 ( f−a )+1 ) f 2 ,
a= M+1 P 0 − M 2 P f .
a= M θ  ( M 0 + M θ ) ( M θ ) 2   P 0 − M 0 2 P f .
f= a  M 0 M 0 + M θ ,
v 1 = f 1 [ 1,0,0 ], v 2 =−( f 1 + f 2 )[ cos( 2 I 1xy ),sin( 2 I 1xy ),0 ], v 3 = f 2 [ cos( 2 I 2z )cos( 2 I 2xy −2 I 1xy ),−cos( 2 I 2z )sin( 2 I 2xy −2 I 1xy ),sin( 2 I 2z ) ].
v ' 1 =f ' 1  [ 1,0,0 ], v ' 2 =−( f ' 1 +f ' 2 )[ cos( 2I ' 1xy )cos( 2I ' 1z ),sin( 2I ' 1xy )cos( 2I ' 1z ),sin( 2I ' 1z ) ], v ' 3 =f ' 2  [ cos( 2I ' 2z )cos( 2I ' 2xy −2I ' 1xy ),−cos( 2I ' 2z )sin( 2I ' 2xy −2I ' 1xy ),sin( 2I ' 2z ) ].
v 1 f 1 = v ' 1 f ' 1 , v 3 f 2 = v ' 3 f ' 2 , v 1 + v 2 + v 3 =v ' 1 +v ' 2 +v ' 3 .
           I ' 2z = I 2z ,     I ' 2xy −I ' 1xy = I 2xy − I 1xy , v ' 2 − v 1 ( 1− f ' 1 f 1 )= v 2 + v 3 ( 1− f ' 2 f 2 ).
M θ = f 2  f ' 1 f 1  f ' 2 .
I ' 2z = I 2z , I ' 2xy −I ' 1xy = I 2xy − I 1xy , f ' 2 ( 0.0037056−0.5I ' 1z 2 +I ' 1xy ( I ' 1z 2 −0.5 ) )−0.16123=0, f ' 2 ( 0.0055145+I ' 1xy ( I ' 1z 2 −0.5 ) )+3.0508=0, f ' 2 ( 0.064532−4.42I ' 1z 2 )−64.5323=0,
I ' 1xy     = 1.056º, I ' 1z   = 0.179º, I ' 2xy  = 2.456º, I ' 2z   = 1.85º, f ' 2    = 823.7 mm, f ' 1        = 2.2 f 1 f 2  f ' 2 = 996.7 mm.

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