Bichromatic optical switch of diffractive light from a BCT photonic crystal based on an azo component-doped HPDLC

Ming Shian Li; Andy Ying-Guey Fuh; Jui-Hsiang Liu; Shing-Trong Wu

doi:10.1364/OE.20.025545

Bichromatic optical switch of diffractive light from a BCT photonic crystal based on an azo component-doped HPDLC

Ming Shian Li, Andy Ying-Guey Fuh, Jui-Hsiang Liu, and Shing-Trong Wu

Optics Express
Vol. 20,
Issue 23,
pp. 25545-25553
(2012)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.025545

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Ming Shian Li, Andy Ying-Guey Fuh, Jui-Hsiang Liu, and Shing-Trong Wu, "Bichromatic optical switch of diffractive light from a BCT photonic crystal based on an azo component-doped HPDLC," Opt. Express 20, 25545-25553 (2012)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Optical Devices
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Photonic crystals (050.5298)
- Liquid crystals (160.3710)
- Polymers (160.5470)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: September 5, 2012
- Revised Manuscript: October 11, 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: October 19, 2012
- Published: October 25, 2012

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

This study demonstrates all optical switches between the four diffractive light levels of a body-centered tetragonal photonic crystal. The sample is based on holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals that are fabricated using a two-beam interference with multiple exposures. The switching mechanism bases on the effective index modulation of the PC that contains a liquid crystal/azo-dye mixture could be controlled by two pumping laser beams. The switching time between the blue-laser-pumped and the blue-and-green-laser-pumped levels is fast. The study also discusses the switching time of the various levels.

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References

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Publication

H. C. Lin, C. W. Chu, M. S. Li, and A. Y.-G. Fuh, “Biphotonic-induced reorientation inversion in azo-dye-doped liquid crystal films,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13118–13125 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-19-14-13118 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. Klysubun and G. Indebetouw, “Transient and steady state photorefractive responses in dye-doped nematic liquid crystal cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 91(3), 897–903 (2002), http://jap.aip.org/resource/1/japiau/v91/i3/p897_s1 .
[Crossref]
A. Urbas, J. Klosterman, V. P. Tondiglia, L. V. Natarajan, R. L. Sutherland, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, and T. J. Bunning, “Optically switchable Bragg Reflectors,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 16(16), 1453–1456 (2004), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200400206/abstract .
[Crossref]
Y. J. Liu, Y. B. Zheng, J. Shi, H. Huang, T. R. Walker, and T. J. Huang, “Optically switchable gratings based on azo-dye-doped, polymer-dispersed liquid crystals,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2351–2353 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-34-15-2351 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]
V. K. S. Hsiao and W.-T. Chang, “Optically switchable, polarization-independent holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) gratings,” Appl. Phys. B 100(3), 539–546 (2010), http://www.springerlink.com/content/p667258l0573t158/ .
[Crossref]
L. De Sio, S. Serak, N. Tabiryan, S. Ferjani, A. Veltri, and C. Umeton, “Composite Holographic gratings containing light-responsive liquid crystals for visible bichromatic switching,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 22(21), 2316–2319 (2010), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200903838/abstract .
[Crossref] [PubMed]
A. Y.-G. Fuh and K. T. Cheng, “Partially erasable photoalignment layer formed in dye-doped liquid crystal films,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45(11), 8778–8781 (2006), http://jjap.jsap.jp/link?JJAP/45/8778/ .
[Crossref]
O. Yaroshchuk and Y. Reznikov, “Photoalignment of liquid crystals: basics and current trends,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(2), 286–300 (2011), http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2012/JM/C1JM13485J .
[Crossref]
M. Shian Li, A. Y.-G. Fuh, and S. T. Wu, “Optical switch of diffractive light from a BCT photonic crystal based on HPDLC doped with azo component,” Opt. Lett. 36(19), 3864–3866 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-36-19-3864 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. Y. Huang, Y. S. Chen, H. C. Jau, M. S. Li, J. H. Liu, P. C. Yang, and A. Y.-G. Fuh, “Biphotonic effect-induced phase transition in dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystals and their applications,” Opt. Commun. 283(9), 1726–1731 (2010), http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030401809013558 .
[Crossref]
D. Statman and I. Jánossy, “Study of photoisomerization of azo dyes in liquid crystals,” J. Chem. Phys. 118(7), 3222–3232 (2003), http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v118/i7/p3222_s1 .
[Crossref]
C. M. Stuart, R. R. Frontiera, and R. A. Mathies, “Excited-state structure and dynamics of cis- and trans-azobenzene from resonance raman intensity analysis,” J. Phys. Chem. A 111(48), 12072–12080 (2007), http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp0751460 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]
O. Tsutsumi, A. Kanazawa, T. Shiono, T. Ikeda, and L.-S. Park, “Photoinduced phase transition of nematic liquid crystals with donor-acceptor azobenzenes: mechanism of the thermal recovery of the nematic phase,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1(18), 4219–4224 (1999), http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/1999/CP/a905172d .
[Crossref]
U. A. Hrozhyk, S. V. Serak, N. V. Tabiryan, L. Hoke, D. M. Steeves, and B. R. Kimball, “Azobenzene liquid crystalline materials for efficient optical switching with pulsed and/or continuous wave laser beams,” Opt. Express 18(8), 8697–8704 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-18-8-8697 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. H. Liu, Y. L. Chou, R. Balamurugan, K. H. Tien, W. T. Chuang, and M. Z. Wu, “Optical properties of chiral nematic side-chain copolymers bearing cholesteryl and azobenzene building blocks,” J Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 49, 770–780 (2011), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pola.24490/abstract .
T. Ochiai and J. Sánchez-Dehesa, “Superprism effect in opal-based photonic crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 64(24), 245113 (2001), http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v64/i24/e245113 .
[Crossref]
R. B. Wehrspohn and J. Üpping, “3D photonic crystals for photon management in solar cells,” J. Opt. 14(2), 024003 (2012), http://iopscience.iop.org/2040-8986/14/2/024003 .
[Crossref]
A. Y.-G. Fuh, M. S. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Transverse wave propagation in photonic crystal based on holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13428–13435 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-19-14-13428 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]
C. H. Legge and G. R. Mitchell, “Photo-induced phase transitions in azobenzene-doped liquid crystals,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 25(3), 492–499 (1992), http://iopscience.iop.org/0022-3727/25/3/024 .
[Crossref]
Y. Norikane, Y. Hirai, and M. Yoshida, “Photoinduced isothermal phase transitions of liquid-crystalline macrocyclic azobenzenes,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47(6), 1770–1772 (2011), http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/CC/C0CC04052E .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (1)

R. B. Wehrspohn and J. Üpping, “3D photonic crystals for photon management in solar cells,” J. Opt. 14(2), 024003 (2012), http://iopscience.iop.org/2040-8986/14/2/024003 .
[Crossref]

2011 (5)

Y. Norikane, Y. Hirai, and M. Yoshida, “Photoinduced isothermal phase transitions of liquid-crystalline macrocyclic azobenzenes,” Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 47(6), 1770–1772 (2011), http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/CC/C0CC04052E .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. C. Lin, C. W. Chu, M. S. Li, and A. Y.-G. Fuh, “Biphotonic-induced reorientation inversion in azo-dye-doped liquid crystal films,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13118–13125 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-19-14-13118 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Y.-G. Fuh, M. S. Li, and S. T. Wu, “Transverse wave propagation in photonic crystal based on holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal,” Opt. Express 19(14), 13428–13435 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-19-14-13428 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Shian Li, A. Y.-G. Fuh, and S. T. Wu, “Optical switch of diffractive light from a BCT photonic crystal based on HPDLC doped with azo component,” Opt. Lett. 36(19), 3864–3866 (2011), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-36-19-3864 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

O. Yaroshchuk and Y. Reznikov, “Photoalignment of liquid crystals: basics and current trends,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(2), 286–300 (2011), http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2012/JM/C1JM13485J .
[Crossref]

2010 (4)

S. Y. Huang, Y. S. Chen, H. C. Jau, M. S. Li, J. H. Liu, P. C. Yang, and A. Y.-G. Fuh, “Biphotonic effect-induced phase transition in dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystals and their applications,” Opt. Commun. 283(9), 1726–1731 (2010), http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030401809013558 .
[Crossref]

V. K. S. Hsiao and W.-T. Chang, “Optically switchable, polarization-independent holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) gratings,” Appl. Phys. B 100(3), 539–546 (2010), http://www.springerlink.com/content/p667258l0573t158/ .
[Crossref]

L. De Sio, S. Serak, N. Tabiryan, S. Ferjani, A. Veltri, and C. Umeton, “Composite Holographic gratings containing light-responsive liquid crystals for visible bichromatic switching,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 22(21), 2316–2319 (2010), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200903838/abstract .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

U. A. Hrozhyk, S. V. Serak, N. V. Tabiryan, L. Hoke, D. M. Steeves, and B. R. Kimball, “Azobenzene liquid crystalline materials for efficient optical switching with pulsed and/or continuous wave laser beams,” Opt. Express 18(8), 8697–8704 (2010), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-18-8-8697 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (1)

Y. J. Liu, Y. B. Zheng, J. Shi, H. Huang, T. R. Walker, and T. J. Huang, “Optically switchable gratings based on azo-dye-doped, polymer-dispersed liquid crystals,” Opt. Lett. 34(15), 2351–2353 (2009), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-34-15-2351 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (1)

C. M. Stuart, R. R. Frontiera, and R. A. Mathies, “Excited-state structure and dynamics of cis- and trans-azobenzene from resonance raman intensity analysis,” J. Phys. Chem. A 111(48), 12072–12080 (2007), http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp0751460 .
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (1)

A. Y.-G. Fuh and K. T. Cheng, “Partially erasable photoalignment layer formed in dye-doped liquid crystal films,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45(11), 8778–8781 (2006), http://jjap.jsap.jp/link?JJAP/45/8778/ .
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

A. Urbas, J. Klosterman, V. P. Tondiglia, L. V. Natarajan, R. L. Sutherland, O. Tsutsumi, T. Ikeda, and T. J. Bunning, “Optically switchable Bragg Reflectors,” Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) 16(16), 1453–1456 (2004), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.200400206/abstract .
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

D. Statman and I. Jánossy, “Study of photoisomerization of azo dyes in liquid crystals,” J. Chem. Phys. 118(7), 3222–3232 (2003), http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v118/i7/p3222_s1 .
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

P. Klysubun and G. Indebetouw, “Transient and steady state photorefractive responses in dye-doped nematic liquid crystal cells,” J. Appl. Phys. 91(3), 897–903 (2002), http://jap.aip.org/resource/1/japiau/v91/i3/p897_s1 .
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

T. Ochiai and J. Sánchez-Dehesa, “Superprism effect in opal-based photonic crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 64(24), 245113 (2001), http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v64/i24/e245113 .
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

O. Tsutsumi, A. Kanazawa, T. Shiono, T. Ikeda, and L.-S. Park, “Photoinduced phase transition of nematic liquid crystals with donor-acceptor azobenzenes: mechanism of the thermal recovery of the nematic phase,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1(18), 4219–4224 (1999), http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/1999/CP/a905172d .
[Crossref]

1992 (1)

C. H. Legge and G. R. Mitchell, “Photo-induced phase transitions in azobenzene-doped liquid crystals,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 25(3), 492–499 (1992), http://iopscience.iop.org/0022-3727/25/3/024 .
[Crossref]

Bunning, T. J.

Chang, W.-T.

Chen, Y. S.

Cheng, K. T.

Chu, C. W.

De Sio, L.

Ferjani, S.

Frontiera, R. R.

Fuh, A. Y.-G.

Hirai, Y.

Hoke, L.

Hrozhyk, U. A.

Hsiao, V. K. S.

Huang, H.

Huang, S. Y.

Huang, T. J.

Ikeda, T.

Indebetouw, G.

Jánossy, I.

Jau, H. C.

Kanazawa, A.

Kimball, B. R.

Klosterman, J.

Klysubun, P.

Legge, C. H.

Li, M. S.

Lin, H. C.

Liu, J. H.

Liu, Y. J.

Mathies, R. A.

Mitchell, G. R.

Natarajan, L. V.

Norikane, Y.

Ochiai, T.

T. Ochiai and J. Sánchez-Dehesa, “Superprism effect in opal-based photonic crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 64(24), 245113 (2001), http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v64/i24/e245113 .
[Crossref]

Park, L.-S.

Reznikov, Y.

Sánchez-Dehesa, J.

T. Ochiai and J. Sánchez-Dehesa, “Superprism effect in opal-based photonic crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 64(24), 245113 (2001), http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v64/i24/e245113 .
[Crossref]

Serak, S.

Serak, S. V.

Shi, J.

Shian Li, M.

Shiono, T.

Statman, D.

Steeves, D. M.

Stuart, C. M.

Sutherland, R. L.

Tabiryan, N.

Tabiryan, N. V.

Tondiglia, V. P.

Tsutsumi, O.

Umeton, C.

Üpping, J.

R. B. Wehrspohn and J. Üpping, “3D photonic crystals for photon management in solar cells,” J. Opt. 14(2), 024003 (2012), http://iopscience.iop.org/2040-8986/14/2/024003 .
[Crossref]

Urbas, A.

Veltri, A.

Walker, T. R.

Wehrspohn, R. B.

R. B. Wehrspohn and J. Üpping, “3D photonic crystals for photon management in solar cells,” J. Opt. 14(2), 024003 (2012), http://iopscience.iop.org/2040-8986/14/2/024003 .
[Crossref]

Wu, S. T.

Yang, P. C.

Yaroshchuk, O.

Yoshida, M.

Zheng, Y. B.

Adv. Mater. (Deerfield Beach Fla.) (2)

Appl. Phys. B (1)

Chem. Commun. (Camb.) (1)

J. Appl. Phys. (1)

J. Chem. Phys. (1)

J. Mater. Chem. (1)

J. Opt. (1)

R. B. Wehrspohn and J. Üpping, “3D photonic crystals for photon management in solar cells,” J. Opt. 14(2), 024003 (2012), http://iopscience.iop.org/2040-8986/14/2/024003 .
[Crossref]

J. Phys. Chem. A (1)

J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. (1)

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. (1)

Opt. Commun. (1)

Opt. Express (3)

Opt. Lett. (2)

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. (1)

Phys. Rev. B (1)

T. Ochiai and J. Sánchez-Dehesa, “Superprism effect in opal-based photonic crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 64(24), 245113 (2001), http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v64/i24/e245113 .
[Crossref]

Other (1)

J. H. Liu, Y. L. Chou, R. Balamurugan, K. H. Tien, W. T. Chuang, and M. Z. Wu, “Optical properties of chiral nematic side-chain copolymers bearing cholesteryl and azobenzene building blocks,” J Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 49, 770–780 (2011), http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pola.24490/abstract .

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Fig. 1 Simulated intensity profile of interference region, (b) top-view SEM image of HPDLC profile, and (c) far field view of the diffraction image of the BCT sample.

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Fig. 2 Simulated concentration of cis isomers versus the pumping intensity of a green laser beam with the pumping intensity of the blue laser beam being fixed at 100 mW/cm². The inset shows the concentration of cis isomer upon irradiation of single blue or green laser beams, respectively.

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Fig. 3 Experimental setup used to measure the optical switch properties of a HPDLC-based PC. D: detector; S: shutter; A: aperture; CF: color filter; BS: beam splitter.

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Fig. 4 Intensities of the diffraction beam when the samples were pumped by various laser beam combinations. The pumping conditions of non-exposure and exposure to green, blue and green, and blue laser beams are simplified into OFF, ON_G, ON_{B + G}, and ON_B for convenience.

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Fig. 5 Intensities of the diffraction beam as the samples transition between ON_{B + G} and ON_B.

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Fig. 6 Upstep and downstep of the levels. One of the curves represents a level up that corresponds to the increase from level 1 to level 4, whereas the other represents a level down that corresponds to the decrease from level 4 to level 1.

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Tables (1)

Table 1 Switching times between the OFF, ON_G, ON_B, and ON_{B + G} levels.

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Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

\frac{d N_{c i s}}{d t} = (1 - N_{c i s}) [σ_{B, t - c} φ_{B, t - c} \frac{I_{B}}{h ν} + σ_{G, t - c} φ_{G, t - c} \frac{I_{G}}{h ν^{'}}] - σ_{G, c - t} φ_{G, c - t} \frac{I_{G}}{h ν^{'}} N_{c i s} - \frac{N_{c i s}}{τ},

{(N_{c i s})}_{e q} = 1 - \frac{\frac{I_{G}^{T}}{I_{G}} + X_{T}}{1 + (1 + \frac{I_{B}}{I_{B}^{T}}) \frac{I_{G}^{T}}{I_{G}}},

\begin{array}{l} I_{G}^{T} = [^{(σ_{G, t - c} φ_{G, t - c} + σ_{G, c - t} φ_{G, c - t}) \frac{τ}{h ν^{'}}] - 1}, \\ I_{B}^{T} = [^{σ_{B, t - c} φ_{B, t - c} \frac{τ}{h ν}] - 1}, \\ X_{T} = \frac{σ_{G, c - t} φ_{G, c - t}}{σ_{G, t - c} φ_{G, t - c} + σ_{G, c - t} φ_{G, c - t}} . \end{array}

Final	Level 1 (ON_B)	Level 2 (ON_{B + G})	Level 3 (ON_G)	Level4 (OFF)
Initial	Level 1 (ON_B)	Level 2 (ON_{B + G})	Level 3 (ON_G)	Level4 (OFF)
Level 1 (ON_B)	X	<600μs	~14s	~29s
Level 2 (ON_{B + G})	<800μs	X	>40s	34s
Level 3 (ON_G)	200ms	60ms	X	27s
Level 4 (OFF)	120ms	150ms	>40s	X