Abstract

Typically, transition edge sensors resolve photon number of up to 10 or 20 photons, depending on the wavelength and TES design. We extend that dynamic range up to 1000 photons, while maintaining sub-shot noise detection process uncertainty of the number of detected photons and beyond that show a monotonic response up to ≈ 6 · 106 photons in a single light pulse. This mode of operation, which heats the sensor far beyond its transition edge into the normal conductive regime, offers a technique for connecting single-photon-counting measurements to radiant-power measurements at picowatt levels. Connecting these two usually incompatible operating regimes in a single detector offers significant potential for directly tying photon counting measurements to conventional cryogenic radiometric standards. In addition, our measurements highlight the advantages of a photon-number state source over a coherent pulse source as a tool for characterizing such a detector.

© 2012 Optical Society of America

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  26. A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, and S. W. Nam, “Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency,” Opt. Express 16, 3032–3040 (2008).
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  27. B. Cabrera, R. M. Clarke, P. Colling, A. J. Miller, S. Nam, and R. W. Romani, “Detection of single infrared, optical, and ultraviolet photons using superconducting transition edge sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 735–737 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  28. A. G. Kozorezov, J. K. Wigmore, D. Martin, P. Verhoeve, and A. Peacock, “Electron energy down-conversion in thin superconducting films,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 094513 (2007).
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  29. A. Lamas-Linares, T. Gerrits, N. A. Tomlin, A. Lita, B. Calkins, J. Beyer, R. Mirin, and S. W. Nam, “Transition edge sensors with low timing jitter at 1550 nm,” CLEO conference2012 http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=QELS-2012-QTu3E.1
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  32. G. Brida, L. Ciavarella, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, A. Migdall, M. G. Mingolla, M. G. A. Paris, F. Piacentini, and S. V. Polyakov, “Ancilla-assisted calibration of a measuring apparatus”, Phys. Rev. Lett.,  108, 253601 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  33. K. D. Irwin and G. C. Hilton, “Transition-edge sensors,” Cryogenic Particle Detection, Top. Appl. Phys. 99, 63–152 (2005).
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    [Crossref]
  35. E. Figueroa-Feliciano, B. Cabrera, A. Miller, S. Powell, T. Saab, and A. Walker, “Optimal filter analysis of energy-dependent pulse shapes and its application to TES detectors,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 444, 453–456 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  36. D. Fixsen, S. Moseley, B. Cabrera, and E. Figueroa-Feliciano, “Pulse estimation in nonlinear detectors with nonstationary noise,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 520, 555–558 (2004).
    [Crossref]
  37. Z. H. Levine, T. Gerrits, A. L. Migdall, D. V. Samarov, B. Calkins, A. E. Lita, and S. W. Nam, “An algorithm for finding clusters with a known distribution and its application to photon-number resolution using a superconducting transition-edge sensor,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 29, 2066–2073 (2012).
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  38. T. Gerrits, M. J. Stevens, B. Baek, B. Calkins, A. Lita, S. Glancy, E. Knill, S. W. Nam, R. P. Mirin, R. H. Hadfield, R. S. Bennink, W. P. Grice, S. Dorenbos, T. Zijlstra, T. Klapwijk, and V. Zwiller, “Generation of degenerate, factorizable, pulsed squeezed light at telecom wavelengths,” Opt. Express 19, 24434–24447 (2011).
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2012 (2)

G. Brida, L. Ciavarella, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, A. Migdall, M. G. Mingolla, M. G. A. Paris, F. Piacentini, and S. V. Polyakov, “Ancilla-assisted calibration of a measuring apparatus”, Phys. Rev. Lett.,  108, 253601 (2012).
[Crossref]

Z. H. Levine, T. Gerrits, A. L. Migdall, D. V. Samarov, B. Calkins, A. E. Lita, and S. W. Nam, “An algorithm for finding clusters with a known distribution and its application to photon-number resolution using a superconducting transition-edge sensor,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 29, 2066–2073 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (5)

2010 (5)

S. I. Woods, S. M. Carr, A. C. Carter, T. M. Jung, and R. U. Datla, “Calibration of ultra-low infrared power at NIST,” SPIE Proc. 7742, 77421P (2010).
[Crossref]

R. Klein, R. Thornagel, and G. Ulm, “From single photons to milliwatt radiant power-electron storage rings as radiation sources with a high dynamic range,” Metrologia 47, R33–R40 (2010).
[Crossref]

T. Gerrits, S. Glancy, T. S. Clement, B. Calkins, A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, A. L. Migdall, S. W. Nam, R. P. Mirin, and E. Knill, “Generation of optical coherent-state superpositions by number-resolved photon subtraction from the squeezed vacuum,” Phys. Rev. A 82, 031802 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. A. Krainak, G. Yanga, W. Lu, and X. Sun,“Photon-counting detectors for space-based applications” Detectors and Imaging Devices: Infrared, Focal Plane, SPIE Proc.  7780, 77801J (2010).

K. Tsujino, D. Fukuda, G. Fujii, S. Inoue, M. Fujiwara, M. Takeoka, and M. Sasaki, “Sub-shot-noise-limit discrimination of on-off keyed coherent signals via a quantum receiver with a superconducting transition edge sensor,” Opt. Express 18, 8107–8114 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (5)

N. Namekata, S. Adachi, and S. Inoue, “1.5 GHz single-photon detection at telecommunication wavelengths using sinusoidally gated ingaas/inp avalanche photodiode,” Opt. Express 17, 6275–6282 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. H. Hadfield, “Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications,” Nat. Photonics 3, 696–705 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. R. Beaumont, J. Y. Cheung, C. J. Chunnilall, J. Ireland, and M. G. White, “Providing reference standards and metrology for the few photon-photon counting community,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 183–187 (2009).
[Crossref]

G. Brida, M. Chekhova, M. Genovese, M. L. Rastello, and I. Ruo-Berchera, “Absolute calibration of analog detectors using stimulated parametric down conversion,” J. Mod. Optic. 56, 401–404 (2009).
[Crossref]

P. Buzhan, B. Dolgoshein, A. Ilyin, V. Kaplin, S. Klemin, R. Mirzoyan, E. Popova, and M. Teshima, “The crosstalk problem in sipms and their use as light sensors for imaging atmospheric cherenkov telescopes,”Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 131–134 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (3)

2007 (3)

A. G. Kozorezov, J. K. Wigmore, D. Martin, P. Verhoeve, and A. Peacock, “Electron energy down-conversion in thin superconducting films,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 094513 (2007).
[Crossref]

E. Reiger, S. Dorenbos, V. Zwiller, A. Korneev, G. Chulkova, I. Milostnaya, O. Minaeva, G. Gol’tsman, J. Kitaygorsky, D. Pan, W. Sysz, A. Jukna, and R. Sobolewski, “Spectroscopy with nanostructured superconducting single photon detectors,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. Journal of 13, 934 –943 (2007).
[Crossref]

H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-db channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Photonics 1, 343–348 (2007).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

K. D. Irwin and G. C. Hilton, “Transition-edge sensors,” Cryogenic Particle Detection, Top. Appl. Phys. 99, 63–152 (2005).

2004 (3)

D. Fixsen, S. Moseley, B. Cabrera, and E. Figueroa-Feliciano, “Pulse estimation in nonlinear detectors with nonstationary noise,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 520, 555–558 (2004).
[Crossref]

P. Walther, J. W. Pan, M. Aspelmeyer, R. Ursin, S. Gasparoni, and A. Zeilinger, “De Broglie wavelength of a non-local four-photon state,” Nature 429, 158–161 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. W. Mitchell, J. S. Lundeen, and A. M. Steinberg, “Super-resolving phase measurements with a multiphoton entangled state,” Nature 429, 161–164 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

A. J. Miller, S. W. Nam, J. M. Martinis, and A. V. Sergienko, “Demonstration of a low-noise near-infrared photon counter with multiphoton discrimination,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 791–793 (2003).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

J. A. Chervenak, E. N. Grossman, C. D. Reintsema, K. D. Irwin, S. H. Moseley, and C. A. Allen, “Sub-picowatt precision radiometry using superconducting transition edge sensor bolometers,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.,  11, 593–596 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (2)

G. P. Eppeldauer and D. C. Lynch, “Opto-mechanical and electronic mesign of a tunnel-trap Si radiometer,” J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stan. 105, 813–828 (2000).
[Crossref]

E. Figueroa-Feliciano, B. Cabrera, A. Miller, S. Powell, T. Saab, and A. Walker, “Optimal filter analysis of energy-dependent pulse shapes and its application to TES detectors,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 444, 453–456 (2000).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

B. Cabrera, R. M. Clarke, P. Colling, A. J. Miller, S. Nam, and R. W. Romani, “Detection of single infrared, optical, and ultraviolet photons using superconducting transition edge sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 735–737 (1998).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

K. D. Irwin, “An application of electrothermal feedback for high resolution cryogenic particle detection,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 1998–2000 (1995).
[Crossref]

1991 (2)

G. Eppeldauer and J. E. Hardis, “Fourteen-decade photocurrent measurements with large-area silicon photodiodes at room temperature,” Appl. Opt. 30, 3091–3099 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. R. Tapster, S. F. Seward, and J. G. Rarity, “Sub-shot-noise measurement of modulated absorption using parametric down-conversion,” Phys. Rev. A 44, 3266–3269 (1991).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1987 (1)

A. Garg and N.D. Mermin, “Detector inefficiencies in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment,” Phys. Rev. D 35, 3831–3835 (1987).
[Crossref]

1961 (1)

R. J. McIntyre, “Theory of microplasma instability in silicon,” J. Appl. Phys. 32, 983–995 (1961).
[Crossref]

Adachi, S.

Allen, C. A.

J. A. Chervenak, E. N. Grossman, C. D. Reintsema, K. D. Irwin, S. H. Moseley, and C. A. Allen, “Sub-picowatt precision radiometry using superconducting transition edge sensor bolometers,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.,  11, 593–596 (2001).
[Crossref]

Amemiya, K.

Aspelmeyer, M.

P. Walther, J. W. Pan, M. Aspelmeyer, R. Ursin, S. Gasparoni, and A. Zeilinger, “De Broglie wavelength of a non-local four-photon state,” Nature 429, 158–161 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Baek, B.

Beaumont, A. R.

A. R. Beaumont, J. Y. Cheung, C. J. Chunnilall, J. Ireland, and M. G. White, “Providing reference standards and metrology for the few photon-photon counting community,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 183–187 (2009).
[Crossref]

Bennink, R. S.

Brida, G.

G. Brida, L. Ciavarella, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, A. Migdall, M. G. Mingolla, M. G. A. Paris, F. Piacentini, and S. V. Polyakov, “Ancilla-assisted calibration of a measuring apparatus”, Phys. Rev. Lett.,  108, 253601 (2012).
[Crossref]

G. Brida, M. Chekhova, M. Genovese, M. L. Rastello, and I. Ruo-Berchera, “Absolute calibration of analog detectors using stimulated parametric down conversion,” J. Mod. Optic. 56, 401–404 (2009).
[Crossref]

Buzhan, P.

P. Buzhan, B. Dolgoshein, A. Ilyin, V. Kaplin, S. Klemin, R. Mirzoyan, E. Popova, and M. Teshima, “The crosstalk problem in sipms and their use as light sensors for imaging atmospheric cherenkov telescopes,”Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 131–134 (2009).
[Crossref]

Cabrera, B.

D. Fixsen, S. Moseley, B. Cabrera, and E. Figueroa-Feliciano, “Pulse estimation in nonlinear detectors with nonstationary noise,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 520, 555–558 (2004).
[Crossref]

E. Figueroa-Feliciano, B. Cabrera, A. Miller, S. Powell, T. Saab, and A. Walker, “Optimal filter analysis of energy-dependent pulse shapes and its application to TES detectors,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 444, 453–456 (2000).
[Crossref]

B. Cabrera, R. M. Clarke, P. Colling, A. J. Miller, S. Nam, and R. W. Romani, “Detection of single infrared, optical, and ultraviolet photons using superconducting transition edge sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 735–737 (1998).
[Crossref]

Calkins, B.

Carr, S. M.

S. I. Woods, S. M. Carr, A. C. Carter, T. M. Jung, and R. U. Datla, “Calibration of ultra-low infrared power at NIST,” SPIE Proc. 7742, 77421P (2010).
[Crossref]

Carter, A. C.

S. I. Woods, S. M. Carr, A. C. Carter, T. M. Jung, and R. U. Datla, “Calibration of ultra-low infrared power at NIST,” SPIE Proc. 7742, 77421P (2010).
[Crossref]

Chekhova, M.

G. Brida, M. Chekhova, M. Genovese, M. L. Rastello, and I. Ruo-Berchera, “Absolute calibration of analog detectors using stimulated parametric down conversion,” J. Mod. Optic. 56, 401–404 (2009).
[Crossref]

Chervenak, J. A.

J. A. Chervenak, E. N. Grossman, C. D. Reintsema, K. D. Irwin, S. H. Moseley, and C. A. Allen, “Sub-picowatt precision radiometry using superconducting transition edge sensor bolometers,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.,  11, 593–596 (2001).
[Crossref]

Cheung, J. Y.

J. Y. Cheung, C. J. Chunnilall, G. Porrovecchio, M. Smid, and E. Theocharous, “Low optical power reference detector implemented in the validation of two independent techniques for calibrating photon-counting detectors,” Opt. Express 19, 20347–20363 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. R. Beaumont, J. Y. Cheung, C. J. Chunnilall, J. Ireland, and M. G. White, “Providing reference standards and metrology for the few photon-photon counting community,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 183–187 (2009).
[Crossref]

Chulkova, G.

E. Reiger, S. Dorenbos, V. Zwiller, A. Korneev, G. Chulkova, I. Milostnaya, O. Minaeva, G. Gol’tsman, J. Kitaygorsky, D. Pan, W. Sysz, A. Jukna, and R. Sobolewski, “Spectroscopy with nanostructured superconducting single photon detectors,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. Journal of 13, 934 –943 (2007).
[Crossref]

Chunnilall, C. J.

J. Y. Cheung, C. J. Chunnilall, G. Porrovecchio, M. Smid, and E. Theocharous, “Low optical power reference detector implemented in the validation of two independent techniques for calibrating photon-counting detectors,” Opt. Express 19, 20347–20363 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. R. Beaumont, J. Y. Cheung, C. J. Chunnilall, J. Ireland, and M. G. White, “Providing reference standards and metrology for the few photon-photon counting community,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 183–187 (2009).
[Crossref]

Ciavarella, L.

G. Brida, L. Ciavarella, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, A. Migdall, M. G. Mingolla, M. G. A. Paris, F. Piacentini, and S. V. Polyakov, “Ancilla-assisted calibration of a measuring apparatus”, Phys. Rev. Lett.,  108, 253601 (2012).
[Crossref]

Clarke, R. M.

B. Cabrera, R. M. Clarke, P. Colling, A. J. Miller, S. Nam, and R. W. Romani, “Detection of single infrared, optical, and ultraviolet photons using superconducting transition edge sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 735–737 (1998).
[Crossref]

Clement, T. S.

T. Gerrits, S. Glancy, T. S. Clement, B. Calkins, A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, A. L. Migdall, S. W. Nam, R. P. Mirin, and E. Knill, “Generation of optical coherent-state superpositions by number-resolved photon subtraction from the squeezed vacuum,” Phys. Rev. A 82, 031802 (2010).
[Crossref]

Colling, P.

B. Cabrera, R. M. Clarke, P. Colling, A. J. Miller, S. Nam, and R. W. Romani, “Detection of single infrared, optical, and ultraviolet photons using superconducting transition edge sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 735–737 (1998).
[Crossref]

Datla, R. U.

S. I. Woods, S. M. Carr, A. C. Carter, T. M. Jung, and R. U. Datla, “Calibration of ultra-low infrared power at NIST,” SPIE Proc. 7742, 77421P (2010).
[Crossref]

Degiovanni, I. P.

G. Brida, L. Ciavarella, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, A. Migdall, M. G. Mingolla, M. G. A. Paris, F. Piacentini, and S. V. Polyakov, “Ancilla-assisted calibration of a measuring apparatus”, Phys. Rev. Lett.,  108, 253601 (2012).
[Crossref]

Dixon, A. R.

Dolgoshein, B.

P. Buzhan, B. Dolgoshein, A. Ilyin, V. Kaplin, S. Klemin, R. Mirzoyan, E. Popova, and M. Teshima, “The crosstalk problem in sipms and their use as light sensors for imaging atmospheric cherenkov telescopes,”Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 131–134 (2009).
[Crossref]

Dorenbos, S.

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G. Brida, L. Ciavarella, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, A. Migdall, M. G. Mingolla, M. G. A. Paris, F. Piacentini, and S. V. Polyakov, “Ancilla-assisted calibration of a measuring apparatus”, Phys. Rev. Lett.,  108, 253601 (2012).
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T. Gerrits, S. Glancy, T. S. Clement, B. Calkins, A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, A. L. Migdall, S. W. Nam, R. P. Mirin, and E. Knill, “Generation of optical coherent-state superpositions by number-resolved photon subtraction from the squeezed vacuum,” Phys. Rev. A 82, 031802 (2010).
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Miller, A.

E. Figueroa-Feliciano, B. Cabrera, A. Miller, S. Powell, T. Saab, and A. Walker, “Optimal filter analysis of energy-dependent pulse shapes and its application to TES detectors,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 444, 453–456 (2000).
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Miller, A. J.

A. J. Miller, A. E. Lita, B. Calkins, I. Vayshenker, S. M. Gruber, and S. W. Nam, “Compact cryogenic self-aligning fiber-to-detector coupling with losses below one percent,” Opt. Express 19, 9102–9110 (2011).
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T. Gerrits, S. Glancy, T. S. Clement, B. Calkins, A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, A. L. Migdall, S. W. Nam, R. P. Mirin, and E. Knill, “Generation of optical coherent-state superpositions by number-resolved photon subtraction from the squeezed vacuum,” Phys. Rev. A 82, 031802 (2010).
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A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, and S. W. Nam, “Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency,” Opt. Express 16, 3032–3040 (2008).
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A. J. Miller, S. W. Nam, J. M. Martinis, and A. V. Sergienko, “Demonstration of a low-noise near-infrared photon counter with multiphoton discrimination,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 791–793 (2003).
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B. Cabrera, R. M. Clarke, P. Colling, A. J. Miller, S. Nam, and R. W. Romani, “Detection of single infrared, optical, and ultraviolet photons using superconducting transition edge sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 735–737 (1998).
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E. Reiger, S. Dorenbos, V. Zwiller, A. Korneev, G. Chulkova, I. Milostnaya, O. Minaeva, G. Gol’tsman, J. Kitaygorsky, D. Pan, W. Sysz, A. Jukna, and R. Sobolewski, “Spectroscopy with nanostructured superconducting single photon detectors,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. Journal of 13, 934 –943 (2007).
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E. Reiger, S. Dorenbos, V. Zwiller, A. Korneev, G. Chulkova, I. Milostnaya, O. Minaeva, G. Gol’tsman, J. Kitaygorsky, D. Pan, W. Sysz, A. Jukna, and R. Sobolewski, “Spectroscopy with nanostructured superconducting single photon detectors,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. Journal of 13, 934 –943 (2007).
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G. Brida, L. Ciavarella, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, A. Migdall, M. G. Mingolla, M. G. A. Paris, F. Piacentini, and S. V. Polyakov, “Ancilla-assisted calibration of a measuring apparatus”, Phys. Rev. Lett.,  108, 253601 (2012).
[Crossref]

Mirin, R. P.

T. Gerrits, M. J. Stevens, B. Baek, B. Calkins, A. Lita, S. Glancy, E. Knill, S. W. Nam, R. P. Mirin, R. H. Hadfield, R. S. Bennink, W. P. Grice, S. Dorenbos, T. Zijlstra, T. Klapwijk, and V. Zwiller, “Generation of degenerate, factorizable, pulsed squeezed light at telecom wavelengths,” Opt. Express 19, 24434–24447 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Gerrits, S. Glancy, T. S. Clement, B. Calkins, A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, A. L. Migdall, S. W. Nam, R. P. Mirin, and E. Knill, “Generation of optical coherent-state superpositions by number-resolved photon subtraction from the squeezed vacuum,” Phys. Rev. A 82, 031802 (2010).
[Crossref]

Mirzoyan, R.

P. Buzhan, B. Dolgoshein, A. Ilyin, V. Kaplin, S. Klemin, R. Mirzoyan, E. Popova, and M. Teshima, “The crosstalk problem in sipms and their use as light sensors for imaging atmospheric cherenkov telescopes,”Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 131–134 (2009).
[Crossref]

Mitchell, M. W.

M. W. Mitchell, J. S. Lundeen, and A. M. Steinberg, “Super-resolving phase measurements with a multiphoton entangled state,” Nature 429, 161–164 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moseley, S.

D. Fixsen, S. Moseley, B. Cabrera, and E. Figueroa-Feliciano, “Pulse estimation in nonlinear detectors with nonstationary noise,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 520, 555–558 (2004).
[Crossref]

Moseley, S. H.

J. A. Chervenak, E. N. Grossman, C. D. Reintsema, K. D. Irwin, S. H. Moseley, and C. A. Allen, “Sub-picowatt precision radiometry using superconducting transition edge sensor bolometers,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.,  11, 593–596 (2001).
[Crossref]

Mountford, J.

Nam, S.

B. Cabrera, R. M. Clarke, P. Colling, A. J. Miller, S. Nam, and R. W. Romani, “Detection of single infrared, optical, and ultraviolet photons using superconducting transition edge sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 735–737 (1998).
[Crossref]

Nam, S. W.

Z. H. Levine, T. Gerrits, A. L. Migdall, D. V. Samarov, B. Calkins, A. E. Lita, and S. W. Nam, “An algorithm for finding clusters with a known distribution and its application to photon-number resolution using a superconducting transition-edge sensor,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 29, 2066–2073 (2012).
[Crossref]

T. Gerrits, M. J. Stevens, B. Baek, B. Calkins, A. Lita, S. Glancy, E. Knill, S. W. Nam, R. P. Mirin, R. H. Hadfield, R. S. Bennink, W. P. Grice, S. Dorenbos, T. Zijlstra, T. Klapwijk, and V. Zwiller, “Generation of degenerate, factorizable, pulsed squeezed light at telecom wavelengths,” Opt. Express 19, 24434–24447 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. J. Miller, A. E. Lita, B. Calkins, I. Vayshenker, S. M. Gruber, and S. W. Nam, “Compact cryogenic self-aligning fiber-to-detector coupling with losses below one percent,” Opt. Express 19, 9102–9110 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Gerrits, S. Glancy, T. S. Clement, B. Calkins, A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, A. L. Migdall, S. W. Nam, R. P. Mirin, and E. Knill, “Generation of optical coherent-state superpositions by number-resolved photon subtraction from the squeezed vacuum,” Phys. Rev. A 82, 031802 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, and S. W. Nam, “Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency,” Opt. Express 16, 3032–3040 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-db channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Photonics 1, 343–348 (2007).
[Crossref]

A. J. Miller, S. W. Nam, J. M. Martinis, and A. V. Sergienko, “Demonstration of a low-noise near-infrared photon counter with multiphoton discrimination,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 791–793 (2003).
[Crossref]

Namekata, N.

Numata, T.

Pan, D.

E. Reiger, S. Dorenbos, V. Zwiller, A. Korneev, G. Chulkova, I. Milostnaya, O. Minaeva, G. Gol’tsman, J. Kitaygorsky, D. Pan, W. Sysz, A. Jukna, and R. Sobolewski, “Spectroscopy with nanostructured superconducting single photon detectors,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. Journal of 13, 934 –943 (2007).
[Crossref]

Pan, J. W.

P. Walther, J. W. Pan, M. Aspelmeyer, R. Ursin, S. Gasparoni, and A. Zeilinger, “De Broglie wavelength of a non-local four-photon state,” Nature 429, 158–161 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Paris, M. G. A.

G. Brida, L. Ciavarella, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, A. Migdall, M. G. Mingolla, M. G. A. Paris, F. Piacentini, and S. V. Polyakov, “Ancilla-assisted calibration of a measuring apparatus”, Phys. Rev. Lett.,  108, 253601 (2012).
[Crossref]

Peacock, A.

A. G. Kozorezov, J. K. Wigmore, D. Martin, P. Verhoeve, and A. Peacock, “Electron energy down-conversion in thin superconducting films,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 094513 (2007).
[Crossref]

Piacentini, F.

G. Brida, L. Ciavarella, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, A. Migdall, M. G. Mingolla, M. G. A. Paris, F. Piacentini, and S. V. Polyakov, “Ancilla-assisted calibration of a measuring apparatus”, Phys. Rev. Lett.,  108, 253601 (2012).
[Crossref]

Polyakov, S. V.

G. Brida, L. Ciavarella, I. P. Degiovanni, M. Genovese, A. Migdall, M. G. Mingolla, M. G. A. Paris, F. Piacentini, and S. V. Polyakov, “Ancilla-assisted calibration of a measuring apparatus”, Phys. Rev. Lett.,  108, 253601 (2012).
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M. D. Eisaman, J. Fan, A. Migdall, and S. V. Polyakov, “Invited review article: Single-photon sources and detectors,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 071101 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Popova, E.

P. Buzhan, B. Dolgoshein, A. Ilyin, V. Kaplin, S. Klemin, R. Mirzoyan, E. Popova, and M. Teshima, “The crosstalk problem in sipms and their use as light sensors for imaging atmospheric cherenkov telescopes,”Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 131–134 (2009).
[Crossref]

Porrovecchio, G.

Powell, S.

E. Figueroa-Feliciano, B. Cabrera, A. Miller, S. Powell, T. Saab, and A. Walker, “Optimal filter analysis of energy-dependent pulse shapes and its application to TES detectors,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 444, 453–456 (2000).
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G. Brida, M. Chekhova, M. Genovese, M. L. Rastello, and I. Ruo-Berchera, “Absolute calibration of analog detectors using stimulated parametric down conversion,” J. Mod. Optic. 56, 401–404 (2009).
[Crossref]

Reiger, E.

E. Reiger, S. Dorenbos, V. Zwiller, A. Korneev, G. Chulkova, I. Milostnaya, O. Minaeva, G. Gol’tsman, J. Kitaygorsky, D. Pan, W. Sysz, A. Jukna, and R. Sobolewski, “Spectroscopy with nanostructured superconducting single photon detectors,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. Journal of 13, 934 –943 (2007).
[Crossref]

Reintsema, C. D.

J. A. Chervenak, E. N. Grossman, C. D. Reintsema, K. D. Irwin, S. H. Moseley, and C. A. Allen, “Sub-picowatt precision radiometry using superconducting transition edge sensor bolometers,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.,  11, 593–596 (2001).
[Crossref]

Romani, R. W.

B. Cabrera, R. M. Clarke, P. Colling, A. J. Miller, S. Nam, and R. W. Romani, “Detection of single infrared, optical, and ultraviolet photons using superconducting transition edge sensors,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 735–737 (1998).
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G. Brida, M. Chekhova, M. Genovese, M. L. Rastello, and I. Ruo-Berchera, “Absolute calibration of analog detectors using stimulated parametric down conversion,” J. Mod. Optic. 56, 401–404 (2009).
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E. Figueroa-Feliciano, B. Cabrera, A. Miller, S. Powell, T. Saab, and A. Walker, “Optimal filter analysis of energy-dependent pulse shapes and its application to TES detectors,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 444, 453–456 (2000).
[Crossref]

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Sasaki, M.

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A. J. Miller, S. W. Nam, J. M. Martinis, and A. V. Sergienko, “Demonstration of a low-noise near-infrared photon counter with multiphoton discrimination,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 791–793 (2003).
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M. W. Mitchell, J. S. Lundeen, and A. M. Steinberg, “Super-resolving phase measurements with a multiphoton entangled state,” Nature 429, 161–164 (2004).
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M. A. Krainak, G. Yanga, W. Lu, and X. Sun,“Photon-counting detectors for space-based applications” Detectors and Imaging Devices: Infrared, Focal Plane, SPIE Proc.  7780, 77801J (2010).

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E. Reiger, S. Dorenbos, V. Zwiller, A. Korneev, G. Chulkova, I. Milostnaya, O. Minaeva, G. Gol’tsman, J. Kitaygorsky, D. Pan, W. Sysz, A. Jukna, and R. Sobolewski, “Spectroscopy with nanostructured superconducting single photon detectors,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. Journal of 13, 934 –943 (2007).
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H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-db channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Photonics 1, 343–348 (2007).
[Crossref]

Tamaki, K.

H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-db channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Photonics 1, 343–348 (2007).
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P. R. Tapster, S. F. Seward, and J. G. Rarity, “Sub-shot-noise measurement of modulated absorption using parametric down-conversion,” Phys. Rev. A 44, 3266–3269 (1991).
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P. Buzhan, B. Dolgoshein, A. Ilyin, V. Kaplin, S. Klemin, R. Mirzoyan, E. Popova, and M. Teshima, “The crosstalk problem in sipms and their use as light sensors for imaging atmospheric cherenkov telescopes,”Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 131–134 (2009).
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A. G. Kozorezov, J. K. Wigmore, D. Martin, P. Verhoeve, and A. Peacock, “Electron energy down-conversion in thin superconducting films,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 094513 (2007).
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E. Figueroa-Feliciano, B. Cabrera, A. Miller, S. Powell, T. Saab, and A. Walker, “Optimal filter analysis of energy-dependent pulse shapes and its application to TES detectors,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 444, 453–456 (2000).
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P. Walther, J. W. Pan, M. Aspelmeyer, R. Ursin, S. Gasparoni, and A. Zeilinger, “De Broglie wavelength of a non-local four-photon state,” Nature 429, 158–161 (2004).
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A. R. Beaumont, J. Y. Cheung, C. J. Chunnilall, J. Ireland, and M. G. White, “Providing reference standards and metrology for the few photon-photon counting community,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 183–187 (2009).
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A. G. Kozorezov, J. K. Wigmore, D. Martin, P. Verhoeve, and A. Peacock, “Electron energy down-conversion in thin superconducting films,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 094513 (2007).
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S. I. Woods, S. M. Carr, A. C. Carter, T. M. Jung, and R. U. Datla, “Calibration of ultra-low infrared power at NIST,” SPIE Proc. 7742, 77421P (2010).
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H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-db channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Photonics 1, 343–348 (2007).
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M. A. Krainak, G. Yanga, W. Lu, and X. Sun,“Photon-counting detectors for space-based applications” Detectors and Imaging Devices: Infrared, Focal Plane, SPIE Proc.  7780, 77801J (2010).

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P. Walther, J. W. Pan, M. Aspelmeyer, R. Ursin, S. Gasparoni, and A. Zeilinger, “De Broglie wavelength of a non-local four-photon state,” Nature 429, 158–161 (2004).
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H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-db channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Photonics 1, 343–348 (2007).
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A. J. Miller, S. W. Nam, J. M. Martinis, and A. V. Sergienko, “Demonstration of a low-noise near-infrared photon counter with multiphoton discrimination,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 791–793 (2003).
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M. A. Krainak, G. Yanga, W. Lu, and X. Sun,“Photon-counting detectors for space-based applications” Detectors and Imaging Devices: Infrared, Focal Plane, SPIE Proc.  7780, 77801J (2010).

IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. Journal of (1)

E. Reiger, S. Dorenbos, V. Zwiller, A. Korneev, G. Chulkova, I. Milostnaya, O. Minaeva, G. Gol’tsman, J. Kitaygorsky, D. Pan, W. Sysz, A. Jukna, and R. Sobolewski, “Spectroscopy with nanostructured superconducting single photon detectors,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. Journal of 13, 934 –943 (2007).
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R. Klein, R. Thornagel, and G. Ulm, “From single photons to milliwatt radiant power-electron storage rings as radiation sources with a high dynamic range,” Metrologia 47, R33–R40 (2010).
[Crossref]

Nat. Photonics (2)

R. H. Hadfield, “Single-photon detectors for optical quantum information applications,” Nat. Photonics 3, 696–705 (2009).
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H. Takesue, S. W. Nam, Q. Zhang, R. H. Hadfield, T. Honjo, K. Tamaki, and Y. Yamamoto, “Quantum key distribution over a 40-db channel loss using superconducting single-photon detectors,” Nat. Photonics 1, 343–348 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nature (2)

P. Walther, J. W. Pan, M. Aspelmeyer, R. Ursin, S. Gasparoni, and A. Zeilinger, “De Broglie wavelength of a non-local four-photon state,” Nature 429, 158–161 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. W. Mitchell, J. S. Lundeen, and A. M. Steinberg, “Super-resolving phase measurements with a multiphoton entangled state,” Nature 429, 161–164 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A (4)

A. R. Beaumont, J. Y. Cheung, C. J. Chunnilall, J. Ireland, and M. G. White, “Providing reference standards and metrology for the few photon-photon counting community,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 183–187 (2009).
[Crossref]

P. Buzhan, B. Dolgoshein, A. Ilyin, V. Kaplin, S. Klemin, R. Mirzoyan, E. Popova, and M. Teshima, “The crosstalk problem in sipms and their use as light sensors for imaging atmospheric cherenkov telescopes,”Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 610, 131–134 (2009).
[Crossref]

E. Figueroa-Feliciano, B. Cabrera, A. Miller, S. Powell, T. Saab, and A. Walker, “Optimal filter analysis of energy-dependent pulse shapes and its application to TES detectors,” Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 444, 453–456 (2000).
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T. Gerrits, M. J. Stevens, B. Baek, B. Calkins, A. Lita, S. Glancy, E. Knill, S. W. Nam, R. P. Mirin, R. H. Hadfield, R. S. Bennink, W. P. Grice, S. Dorenbos, T. Zijlstra, T. Klapwijk, and V. Zwiller, “Generation of degenerate, factorizable, pulsed squeezed light at telecom wavelengths,” Opt. Express 19, 24434–24447 (2011).
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A. J. Miller, A. E. Lita, B. Calkins, I. Vayshenker, S. M. Gruber, and S. W. Nam, “Compact cryogenic self-aligning fiber-to-detector coupling with losses below one percent,” Opt. Express 19, 9102–9110 (2011).
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A. E. Lita, A. J. Miller, and S. W. Nam, “Counting near-infrared single-photons with 95% efficiency,” Opt. Express 16, 3032–3040 (2008).
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J. Y. Cheung, C. J. Chunnilall, G. Porrovecchio, M. Smid, and E. Theocharous, “Low optical power reference detector implemented in the validation of two independent techniques for calibrating photon-counting detectors,” Opt. Express 19, 20347–20363 (2011).
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A. R. Dixon, Z. L. Yuan, J. F. Dynes, A. W. Sharpe, and A. J. Shields, “Gigahertz decoy quantum key distribution with 1 Mbit/s secure key rate,” Opt. Express 16, 18790–18979 (2008).
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Phys. Rev. A (2)

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P. R. Tapster, S. F. Seward, and J. G. Rarity, “Sub-shot-noise measurement of modulated absorption using parametric down-conversion,” Phys. Rev. A 44, 3266–3269 (1991).
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Phys. Rev. B (1)

A. G. Kozorezov, J. K. Wigmore, D. Martin, P. Verhoeve, and A. Peacock, “Electron energy down-conversion in thin superconducting films,” Phys. Rev. B 75, 094513 (2007).
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S. I. Woods, S. M. Carr, A. C. Carter, T. M. Jung, and R. U. Datla, “Calibration of ultra-low infrared power at NIST,” SPIE Proc. 7742, 77421P (2010).
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Other (1)

A. Lamas-Linares, T. Gerrits, N. A. Tomlin, A. Lita, B. Calkins, J. Beyer, R. Mirin, and S. W. Nam, “Transition edge sensors with low timing jitter at 1550 nm,” CLEO conference2012 http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=QELS-2012-QTu3E.1

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Figures (3)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) TES output signal time response (blue line) and fit (red line) after illumination with a coherent laser pulse with N̄ = 4.8 · 106 photons. (b) Thermal relaxation time (TRT) of the TES (crosses), as a function of mean input photon number. The numerical integration of Eq. (2) for each input mean photon number: model with cumulative heating (solid line), model with no cumulative heating (dashed line).

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) Standard deviations of photon-number determinations as a function of input mean photon number. Total measured uncertainty, as determined by the matched filter analysis (red stars). Uncertainty associated with detection process, i.e. read-out plus detector, as determined by the matched filter analysis (red squares) or the fitting routine (black squares). Fit uncertainty representing a 1σ confidence interval determined from each fit to an individual response (black crosses). Input state shot noise (blue dashed line). (b)–(e). Families of raw response curves for four different input mean photon numbers N ̄ as labeled.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 (a) Simulation of photon-number statistics for different input states. The red bars show the anticipated TES photon number response when illuminating the TES with an NF = 1, 20, and 80 Fock states. The black bars show the TES response when illuminating with a coherent state with N̄ = 1, 20, and 80. (b) Data for a heralded photon state from parametric down-conversion (PDC).

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Equations (16)

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σ F ( η ) = N F η ( 1 − η ) ,
C e ( T e ) d T e d t = − κ e − p ( T e 5 − T p 5 ) + P J + η γ δ ( t ) P γ C p ( T p ) d T p d t = − κ p − b ( T p 4 − T b 4 ) + κ e − p ( T e 5 − T p 5 ) + ( 1 − η γ ) δ ( t ) P γ ,
η γ E p = ∫ T c T e ( 0 ) C e d T = ∫ T c T e ( 0 ) 𝒞 e ⋅ V ⋅ T d T ,
( 1 − η γ ) E p = ∫ T b T p ( 0 ) C p d T = ∫ T b T p ( 0 ) 𝒞 p ⋅ V ⋅ T 3 d T ,
σ N ¯ = [ ∂ ℰ ¯ P ∂ N ] − 1 ⋅ σ ℰ P ,
σ N ¯ 2 = ( N ¯ + σ d 2 ) ,
p k = μ k k ! e − μ ,
G k ( x ) = 1 σ x 2 π exp [ − ( x − ℰ ( k ) ) 2 2 σ x 2 ] ,
G ∑ ( x , k ) = 1 σ x 2 π ∑ k = 0 ∞ μ k k ! e − μ exp [ − ( x − ℰ ( k ) ) 2 2 σ x 2 ] .
σ ε 2 = ∫ − ∞ + ∞ [ x − ℰ ¯ ] 2 G ∑ ( x , k ) d x ,
σ ℰ 2 = e − μ ∑ k = 0 ∞ μ k k ! [ ( ℰ ( k ) − μ 2 ) + σ x 2 ] ,
ℰ ¯ = ∑ k = 0 k = ∞ p k ℰ ( k ) = e − μ ∑ k = 0 k = ∞ μ k k ! ℰ ( k ) .
σ N 2 = | ∂ ℰ ¯ ∂ μ | − 2 ⋅ σ ℰ 2 ∂ ℰ ¯ ∂ μ = e − μ ∑ k = 0 ∞ μ k − 1 k ! ℰ ( k ) [ k − μ ] .
σ N 2 = ∑ k = 0 ∞ μ k k ! [ ( ℰ ( k ) − μ ) 2 + σ x 2 ] e − μ [ ∑ k = 0 ∞ μ k − 1 k ! ℰ ( k ) [ k − μ ] ] 2 .
lim μ → 0 σ N 2 = ∑ k = 0 ∞ μ k k ! [ ( ( k − ε ) − μ ) 2 + σ x 2 ] e − μ [ ∑ k = 0 ∞ μ k − 1 k ! ( k − ε ) [ k − μ ] ] 2 = ε 2 + μ + σ x 2 1 > μ + σ x 2 ,
lim μ → ∞ σ N 2 = ∑ k = 0 ∞ μ k k ! [ ( C − μ ) 2 + σ x 2 ] e − μ [ ∑ k = 0 ∞ μ k − 1 k ! C [ k − μ ] ] 2 = ( C − μ ) 2 + σ x 2 e − μ [ ∑ k = 0 ∞ μ k − 1 k ! C [ k − μ ] ] 2 → ∞ ,

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