Abstract

The mechanisms of optical losses in bismuth-doped silica glass (Bi:SiO2) and fibers were studied. It was found that in the fibers of this composition the up-conversion processes occur even at bismuth concentrations lower than 0.02 at.%. Bi:SiO2 core holey fiber drawn under oxidizing conditions was investigated. The absorption spectrum of this fiber has no bands of the bismuth infrared active center. Annealing of this fiber under reducing conditions leads to the formation of the IR absorption bands of the bismuth active center (BAC) and to the simultaneous growth of background losses. Under the realized annealing conditions (argon atmosphere, Tmax = 1100°C, duration 30 min) the BAC concentration reaches its maximum and begins to decrease in the process of excessive Bi reduction, while the background losses only increase. It was shown that the cause of these background losses is the absorption of light by nanoparticles of metallic bismuth formed in bismuth-doped glasses as a result of reduction of a part of the bismuth ions to Bi0 and their following aggregation. The growth of background losses occurs owing to the increase of the concentration and the size of the metallic bismuth nanoparticles.

©2012 Optical Society of America

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  64. S. V. Firstov, I. A. Bufetov, V. F. Khopin, A. V. Shubin, A. M. Smirnov, L. D. Iskhakova, N. N. Vechkanov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “2 W bismuth doped fiber lasers in the wavelength range 1300–1500 nm and variation of Bi-doped fiber parameters with core composition,” Laser Phys. Lett. 6(9), 665–670 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  65. E. M. Dianov, A. V. Shubin, M. A. Melkumov, O. I. Medvedkov, and I. A. Bufetov, “High-power cw bismuth-fiber lasers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(8), 1749–1755 (2007).
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2012 (2)

N. Zhang, J. Qiu, G. Dong, Z. Yang, Q. Zhang, and M. Peng, “Broadband tunable near-infrared emission of Bi-doped composite germanosilicate glasses,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(7), 3154–3159 (2012).
[Crossref]

D. Velasco-Arias, I. Zumeta-Dube, D. Diaz, P. Santiago-Jacinto, V.-F. Ruiz-Ruiz, S.-E. Castillo-Blum, and L. Rendon, “Stabilization of strong quantum confined colloidal bismuth nanoparticles, one-pot synthesized at room conditions,” J. Phys. Chem. C 116(27), 14717–14727 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (7)

S. V. Firstov, A. V. Shubin, V. F. Khopin, M. A. Mel'kumov, I. A. Bufetov, O. I. Medvedkov, A. N. Gur'yanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Bismuth-doped germanosilicate fibre laser with 20-W output power at 1460 nm,” Quantum Electron. 41(7), 581–583 (2011).
[Crossref]

I. A. Bufetov, M. A. Melkumov, S. V. Firstov, A. V. Shubin, S. L. Semenov, V. V. Vel’miskin, A. E. Levchenko, E. G. Firstova, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical gain and laser generation in bismuth-doped silica fibers free of other dopants,” Opt. Lett. 36(2), 166–168 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. A. Melkumov, I. A. Bufetov, A. V. Shubin, S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Laser diode pumped bismuth-doped optical fiber amplifier for 1430 nm band,” Opt. Lett. 36(13), 2408–2410 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. S. Zlenko, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, A. N. Denisov, L. D. Iskhakova, M. S. Mayorova, O. I. Medvedkov, S. L. Semenov, S. A. Vasiliev, and E. M. Dianov, “Furnace chemical vapor deposition bismuth-doped silica-core holey fiber,” Opt. Lett. 36(13), 2599–2601 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, I. A. Bufetov, E. G. Firstova, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Combined excitation-emission spectroscopy of bismuth active centers in optical fibers,” Opt. Express 19(20), 19551–19561 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. V. Kir'yanov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, Yu. O. Barmenkov, and E. M. Dianov, “Nonsaturable absorption in alumino-silicate bismuth-doped fibers,” J. Appl. Phys. 109, 023113 (2011).

A. A. Malinin, A. S. Zlenko, U. G. Akhmetshin, and S. L. Semjonov, “Furnace chemical vapor deposition (FCVD) method for special optical fibers fabrication,” Proc. SPIE 7934, 793418, 793418-7 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (3)

V. V. Dvoyrin, A. V. Kir'yanov, V. M. Mashinsky, O. I. Medvedkov, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Absorption, gain, and laser action in bismuth-doped aluminosilicate optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46(2), 182–190 (2010).
[Crossref]

I. A. Bufetov, S. L. Semenov, V. V. Vel'miskin, S. V. Firstov, G. A. Bufetova, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical properties of active bismuth centres in silica fibres containing no other dopants,” Quantum Electron. 40(7), 639–641 (2010).
[Crossref]

Y. Qiu, J. Wang, and Y. Jin, “Up-converion in bismuth doped fibers,” Proc. SPIE 7658, 76581T, 76581T-5 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (4)

S. Khonthon, S. Morimoto, Y. Arai, and Y. Ohishi, “Redox equilibrium and NIR luminescence of Bi2O3-containing glasses,” Opt. Mater. 31(8), 1262–1268 (2009).
[Crossref]

I. A. Bufetov and E. M. Dianov, “Bi-doped fiber lasers,” Laser Phys. Lett. 6(7), 487–504 (2009).
[Crossref]

S. V. Firstov, I. A. Bufetov, V. F. Khopin, A. V. Shubin, A. M. Smirnov, L. D. Iskhakova, N. N. Vechkanov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “2 W bismuth doped fiber lasers in the wavelength range 1300–1500 nm and variation of Bi-doped fiber parameters with core composition,” Laser Phys. Lett. 6(9), 665–670 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. Peng, C. Zollfrank, and L. Wondraczek, “Origin of broad NIR photoluminescence in bismuthate glass and Bi-doped glasses at room temperature,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21(28), 285106 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (9)

V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, and E. M. Dianov, “Efficient bismuth-doped fiber lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(9), 834–840 (2008).
[Crossref]

E. M. Dianov, “Bi-doped optical fibers: a new active medium for NIR lasers and amplifiers,” Proc. SPIE 6890, 68900H (2008).
[Crossref]

V. V. Dvoyrin, O. I. Medvedkov, V. M. Mashinsky, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical amplification in 1430-1495 nm range and laser action in Bi-doped fibers,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16971–16976 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. P. Kalita, S. Yoo, and J. Sahu, “Bismuth doped fiber laser and study of unsaturable loss and pump induced absorption in laser performance,” Opt. Express 16(25), 21032–21038 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. M. Dianov, S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, A. N. Guryanov, and I. A. Bufetov, “Bi-doped fibre lasers and amplifiers emitting in a spectral region of 1.3 μm,” Quantum Electron. 38(7), 615–617 (2008).
[Crossref]

L. I. Bulatov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, E. M. Dianov, A. P. Suhorukov, A. A. Umnikov, and A. N. Guryanov, “Absorption and scattering in bismuth-doped optical fibers,” Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci., Physics 72(1), 98–102 (2008).
[Crossref]

Y. Qiu and Y. Shen, “Investigation on the spectral characteristics of bismuth doped silica fibers,” Opt. Mater. 31(2), 223–228 (2008).
[Crossref]

V. G. Truong, L. Bigot, A. Lerouge, M. Douay, and I. Razdobreev, “Study of thermal stability and luminescence quenching properties of bismuth-doped silicate glasses for fiber laser applications,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 041908 (2008).

S. Zhou, N. Jiang, B. Zhu, H. Yang, S. Ye, G. Lakshminarayana, J. Hao, and J. Qiu, “Multifunctional bismuth-doped nanoporous silica glass: from blue-green, orange, red, and white light sources to ultra-broadband infrared amplifiers,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 18(9), 1407–1413 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (4)

E. Haro-Poniatowski, M. Jimenez de Castro, J. M. Fernandez Navarro, J. F. Morhange, and C. Ricolleau, “Melting and solidification of Bi nanoparticles in a germanate glass,” Nanotechnology 18(31), 315703 (2007).
[Crossref]

I. Razdobreev, L. Bigot, V. Pureur, A. Favre, G. Bouwmans, and M. Douay, “Efficient all-fiber bismuth-doped laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(3), 031103 (2007).
[Crossref]

A. B. Rulkov, A. A. Ferin, S. V. Popov, J. R. Taylor, I. Razdobreev, L. Bigot, and G. Bouwmans, “Narrow-line, 1178nm CW bismuth-doped fiber laser with 6.4W output for direct frequency doubling,” Opt. Express 15(9), 5473–5476 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. M. Dianov, A. V. Shubin, M. A. Melkumov, O. I. Medvedkov, and I. A. Bufetov, “High-power cw bismuth-fiber lasers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(8), 1749–1755 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

O. Sanz, E. Haro-Poniatowski, J. Gonzalo, and J. M. Fernandez Navarro, “Influence of the melting conditions of heavy metal oxide glasses containing bismuth oxide on their optical absorption,” J. Non-Cryst. Sol. 352, 761–768 (2006).

2005 (2)

E. M. Dianov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, A. A. Umnikov, M. V. Yashkov, and A. N. Gur’yanov, “CW bismuth fibre laser,” Quantum Electron. 35(12), 1083–1084 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. W. Wang, B. H. Hong, and K. S. Kim, “Size control of semimetal bismuth nanoparticles and the UV-visible and IR absorption spectra,” J. Phys. Chem. B 109(15), 7067–7072 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

N. P. Stepanov and V. M. Grabov, “Effect of electron-plasmon and plasmon-phonon interactions on relaxation in crystals of Bi and Bi1−xSbx alloys,” Phys. Solid State 45(9), 1613–1616 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (3)

N. P. Stepanov and V. M. Grabov, “Optical effects caused by coincidence between the energies of the plasma oscillations and the band-to-band transition in bismuth crystals doped with an acceptor impurity,” Opt. Spectrosc. 92(5), 710–714 (2002).
[Crossref]

N. P. Stepanov and V. M. Grabov, “Electron-plasmon interaction in acceptor-doped bismuth crystals,” Semiconductors 36(9), 971–974 (2002).
[Crossref]

S. Onari, M. Miura, and K. Matsuishi, “Raman spectroscopic studies on bismuth nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation technique,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 197–198, 615–618 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

J. Fang, K. L. Stokes, J. A. Wiemann, W. L. Zhou, J. Dai, F. Chen, and C. J. O'Connor, “Microemulsion-processed bismuth nanoparticles,” Mater. Sci. Engineer. B 83(1-3), 254–257 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

M. Pollnau, D. R. Gamelin, S. R. Luthi, H. U. Gudel, and M. P. Hehlen, “Power dependence of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide and transition-metal-ion systems,” Phys. Rev. B 61(5), 3337–3346 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

E. Haro-Poniatowski, M. Jouanne, J. F. Morhange, M. Kanehisa, R. Serna, and C. N. Afonso, “Size effects investigated by Raman spectroscopy in Bi nanocrystals,” Phys. Rev. B 60(14), 10080–10085 (1999).
[Crossref]

1996 (1)

M. Gutierrez and A. Henglein, “Nanometer-sized Bi particles in aqueous solution: absorption spectrum and some chemical properties,” J. Phys. Chem. 100(18), 7656–7661 (1996).
[Crossref]

1995 (2)

S. Y. Park, R. A. Weeks, and R. Zuhr, “Optical absorption by colloidal precipitates in bismuth-implanted fused silica: annealing behavior,” J. Appl. Phys. 77(12), 6100–6107 (1995).
[Crossref]

Z. Pan, S. H. Morgan, D. O. Henderson, S. Y. Park, R. A. Weeks, R. H. Magruder, and R. A. Zuhr, “Linear and nonlinear optical response of bismuth and antimony implanted fused silica: annealing effects,” Opt. Mater. 4(6), 675–684 (1995).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

P. Zhiwu, S. Qiang, and Z. Jiyu, “Luminescence of Bi3+ and the energy transfer from Bi3+ to R3+ (R= Eu, Dy, Sm, Tb) in alkaline-earth borates,” Solid State Commun. 86(6), 377–380 (1993).
[Crossref]

1988 (1)

A. L. Kartuzhanskii, B. T. Plachenov, I. V. Sokolova, and O. P. Studzinskii, “Spectroscopic study of the photolysis of bismuth (III) chlorides,” J. Appl. Spectrosc. 48(3), 308–311 (1988).
[Crossref]

1985 (1)

S. Takaoka and K. Murase, “Studies of far-infrared properties of thin bismuth films on BaF2 substrate,” J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 54(6), 2250–2256 (1985).
[Crossref]

1976 (2)

E. Gerlach, P. Grosse, M. Rautenberg, and W. Senske, “Dynamical conductivity and plasmon excitation in Bi,” Phys. Status Solidi 75(2), 553–558 (1976) (b).
[Crossref]

S. Radhakrishna and R. Setty, “Bismuth centers in alkali halides,” Phys. Rev. B 14(3), 969–976 (1976).
[Crossref]

1973 (2)

C. Pedrini, G. Boulon, and F. Gaume-Mahn, “Bi3+ and Pb2+ centres in alkaline-earth antimonate phosphors,” Phys. Status Solidi, A Appl. Res. 15(1), K15–K18 (1973).
[Crossref]

P. Zacharias, “Bestimmung optischer konstanten von wismut im energiebereich von 2 bis 40 eV aus elektronen-energieverlustmessungen,” Opt. Commun. 8(2), 142–144 (1973).
[Crossref]

1968 (1)

G. Blasse and A. Bril, “Investigation on Bi3+ activated phosphors,” J. Chem. Phys. 48(1), 217–222 (1968).
[Crossref]

1967 (1)

N. J. Bjerrum, C. R. Boston, and G. P. Smith, “Lower oxidation states of bismuth. Bi+ and [Bi5]3+ in molten salt solutions,” Inorg. Chem. 6(6), 1162–1172 (1967).
[Crossref]

1965 (1)

G. P. Smith, D. W. James, and C. R. Boston, “Optical spectra of Tl+, Pb2+, and Bi3+ in the molten lithium chloride-potassium chloride eutectic,” J. Chem. Phys. 42(6), 2249–2250 (1965).
[Crossref]

1964 (1)

A. J. Eve and D. N. Hume, “The Formation of the monoiodobismuth (III) ion,” Inorg. Chem. 3(2), 276–278 (1964).
[Crossref]

1960 (1)

A. Glasner and R. Reisfeld, “Absorption spectra of mercury, bismuth, and antimony halides in pressed alkali halide disks,” J. Chem. Phys. 32(3), 956–957 (1960).
[Crossref]

1958 (1)

W. S. Boyle, A. D. Brailsford, and J. K. Galt, “Dielectric anomalies and cyclotron absorption in the infrared: observations on bismuth,” Phys. Rev. 109(4), 1396–1398 (1958).
[Crossref]

1957 (2)

L. Newman and D. N. Hume, “A spectrophotometric study of the bismuth-chloride complexes,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79(17), 4576–4581 (1957).
[Crossref]

L. Newman and D. N. Hume, “A spectrophotometric study of the mixed ligand complexes of bismuth with chloride and bromide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79(17), 4581–4585 (1957).
[Crossref]

1953 (1)

C. Merritt JrH. M. Hershenson and L. B. Rogers, “Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth, lead, and thallium with hydrochloric acid,” Anal. Chem. 25(4), 572–577 (1953).

C. Merritt JrH. M. Hershenson and L. B. Rogers, “Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth, lead, and thallium with hydrochloric acid,” Anal. Chem. 25(4), 572–577 (1953).

Afonso, C. N.

E. Haro-Poniatowski, M. Jouanne, J. F. Morhange, M. Kanehisa, R. Serna, and C. N. Afonso, “Size effects investigated by Raman spectroscopy in Bi nanocrystals,” Phys. Rev. B 60(14), 10080–10085 (1999).
[Crossref]

Akhmetshin, U. G.

A. A. Malinin, A. S. Zlenko, U. G. Akhmetshin, and S. L. Semjonov, “Furnace chemical vapor deposition (FCVD) method for special optical fibers fabrication,” Proc. SPIE 7934, 793418, 793418-7 (2011).
[Crossref]

Arai, Y.

S. Khonthon, S. Morimoto, Y. Arai, and Y. Ohishi, “Redox equilibrium and NIR luminescence of Bi2O3-containing glasses,” Opt. Mater. 31(8), 1262–1268 (2009).
[Crossref]

Barmenkov, Yu. O.

A. V. Kir'yanov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, Yu. O. Barmenkov, and E. M. Dianov, “Nonsaturable absorption in alumino-silicate bismuth-doped fibers,” J. Appl. Phys. 109, 023113 (2011).

Bigot, L.

V. G. Truong, L. Bigot, A. Lerouge, M. Douay, and I. Razdobreev, “Study of thermal stability and luminescence quenching properties of bismuth-doped silicate glasses for fiber laser applications,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 041908 (2008).

A. B. Rulkov, A. A. Ferin, S. V. Popov, J. R. Taylor, I. Razdobreev, L. Bigot, and G. Bouwmans, “Narrow-line, 1178nm CW bismuth-doped fiber laser with 6.4W output for direct frequency doubling,” Opt. Express 15(9), 5473–5476 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. Razdobreev, L. Bigot, V. Pureur, A. Favre, G. Bouwmans, and M. Douay, “Efficient all-fiber bismuth-doped laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(3), 031103 (2007).
[Crossref]

Bjerrum, N. J.

N. J. Bjerrum, C. R. Boston, and G. P. Smith, “Lower oxidation states of bismuth. Bi+ and [Bi5]3+ in molten salt solutions,” Inorg. Chem. 6(6), 1162–1172 (1967).
[Crossref]

Blasse, G.

G. Blasse and A. Bril, “Investigation on Bi3+ activated phosphors,” J. Chem. Phys. 48(1), 217–222 (1968).
[Crossref]

Boston, C. R.

N. J. Bjerrum, C. R. Boston, and G. P. Smith, “Lower oxidation states of bismuth. Bi+ and [Bi5]3+ in molten salt solutions,” Inorg. Chem. 6(6), 1162–1172 (1967).
[Crossref]

G. P. Smith, D. W. James, and C. R. Boston, “Optical spectra of Tl+, Pb2+, and Bi3+ in the molten lithium chloride-potassium chloride eutectic,” J. Chem. Phys. 42(6), 2249–2250 (1965).
[Crossref]

Boulon, G.

C. Pedrini, G. Boulon, and F. Gaume-Mahn, “Bi3+ and Pb2+ centres in alkaline-earth antimonate phosphors,” Phys. Status Solidi, A Appl. Res. 15(1), K15–K18 (1973).
[Crossref]

Bouwmans, G.

Boyle, W. S.

W. S. Boyle, A. D. Brailsford, and J. K. Galt, “Dielectric anomalies and cyclotron absorption in the infrared: observations on bismuth,” Phys. Rev. 109(4), 1396–1398 (1958).
[Crossref]

Brailsford, A. D.

W. S. Boyle, A. D. Brailsford, and J. K. Galt, “Dielectric anomalies and cyclotron absorption in the infrared: observations on bismuth,” Phys. Rev. 109(4), 1396–1398 (1958).
[Crossref]

Bril, A.

G. Blasse and A. Bril, “Investigation on Bi3+ activated phosphors,” J. Chem. Phys. 48(1), 217–222 (1968).
[Crossref]

Bufetov, I. A.

S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, I. A. Bufetov, E. G. Firstova, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Combined excitation-emission spectroscopy of bismuth active centers in optical fibers,” Opt. Express 19(20), 19551–19561 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. A. Bufetov, M. A. Melkumov, S. V. Firstov, A. V. Shubin, S. L. Semenov, V. V. Vel’miskin, A. E. Levchenko, E. G. Firstova, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical gain and laser generation in bismuth-doped silica fibers free of other dopants,” Opt. Lett. 36(2), 166–168 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. V. Firstov, A. V. Shubin, V. F. Khopin, M. A. Mel'kumov, I. A. Bufetov, O. I. Medvedkov, A. N. Gur'yanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Bismuth-doped germanosilicate fibre laser with 20-W output power at 1460 nm,” Quantum Electron. 41(7), 581–583 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. A. Melkumov, I. A. Bufetov, A. V. Shubin, S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Laser diode pumped bismuth-doped optical fiber amplifier for 1430 nm band,” Opt. Lett. 36(13), 2408–2410 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. A. Bufetov, S. L. Semenov, V. V. Vel'miskin, S. V. Firstov, G. A. Bufetova, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical properties of active bismuth centres in silica fibres containing no other dopants,” Quantum Electron. 40(7), 639–641 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. V. Firstov, I. A. Bufetov, V. F. Khopin, A. V. Shubin, A. M. Smirnov, L. D. Iskhakova, N. N. Vechkanov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “2 W bismuth doped fiber lasers in the wavelength range 1300–1500 nm and variation of Bi-doped fiber parameters with core composition,” Laser Phys. Lett. 6(9), 665–670 (2009).
[Crossref]

I. A. Bufetov and E. M. Dianov, “Bi-doped fiber lasers,” Laser Phys. Lett. 6(7), 487–504 (2009).
[Crossref]

E. M. Dianov, S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, A. N. Guryanov, and I. A. Bufetov, “Bi-doped fibre lasers and amplifiers emitting in a spectral region of 1.3 μm,” Quantum Electron. 38(7), 615–617 (2008).
[Crossref]

E. M. Dianov, A. V. Shubin, M. A. Melkumov, O. I. Medvedkov, and I. A. Bufetov, “High-power cw bismuth-fiber lasers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(8), 1749–1755 (2007).
[Crossref]

Bufetova, G. A.

I. A. Bufetov, S. L. Semenov, V. V. Vel'miskin, S. V. Firstov, G. A. Bufetova, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical properties of active bismuth centres in silica fibres containing no other dopants,” Quantum Electron. 40(7), 639–641 (2010).
[Crossref]

Bulatov, L. I.

L. I. Bulatov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, E. M. Dianov, A. P. Suhorukov, A. A. Umnikov, and A. N. Guryanov, “Absorption and scattering in bismuth-doped optical fibers,” Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci., Physics 72(1), 98–102 (2008).
[Crossref]

Castillo-Blum, S.-E.

D. Velasco-Arias, I. Zumeta-Dube, D. Diaz, P. Santiago-Jacinto, V.-F. Ruiz-Ruiz, S.-E. Castillo-Blum, and L. Rendon, “Stabilization of strong quantum confined colloidal bismuth nanoparticles, one-pot synthesized at room conditions,” J. Phys. Chem. C 116(27), 14717–14727 (2012).
[Crossref]

Chen, F.

J. Fang, K. L. Stokes, J. A. Wiemann, W. L. Zhou, J. Dai, F. Chen, and C. J. O'Connor, “Microemulsion-processed bismuth nanoparticles,” Mater. Sci. Engineer. B 83(1-3), 254–257 (2001).
[Crossref]

Dai, J.

J. Fang, K. L. Stokes, J. A. Wiemann, W. L. Zhou, J. Dai, F. Chen, and C. J. O'Connor, “Microemulsion-processed bismuth nanoparticles,” Mater. Sci. Engineer. B 83(1-3), 254–257 (2001).
[Crossref]

Denisov, A. N.

Dianov, E. M.

A. S. Zlenko, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, A. N. Denisov, L. D. Iskhakova, M. S. Mayorova, O. I. Medvedkov, S. L. Semenov, S. A. Vasiliev, and E. M. Dianov, “Furnace chemical vapor deposition bismuth-doped silica-core holey fiber,” Opt. Lett. 36(13), 2599–2601 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. V. Kir'yanov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, Yu. O. Barmenkov, and E. M. Dianov, “Nonsaturable absorption in alumino-silicate bismuth-doped fibers,” J. Appl. Phys. 109, 023113 (2011).

M. A. Melkumov, I. A. Bufetov, A. V. Shubin, S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Laser diode pumped bismuth-doped optical fiber amplifier for 1430 nm band,” Opt. Lett. 36(13), 2408–2410 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. V. Firstov, A. V. Shubin, V. F. Khopin, M. A. Mel'kumov, I. A. Bufetov, O. I. Medvedkov, A. N. Gur'yanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Bismuth-doped germanosilicate fibre laser with 20-W output power at 1460 nm,” Quantum Electron. 41(7), 581–583 (2011).
[Crossref]

S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, I. A. Bufetov, E. G. Firstova, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Combined excitation-emission spectroscopy of bismuth active centers in optical fibers,” Opt. Express 19(20), 19551–19561 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

I. A. Bufetov, M. A. Melkumov, S. V. Firstov, A. V. Shubin, S. L. Semenov, V. V. Vel’miskin, A. E. Levchenko, E. G. Firstova, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical gain and laser generation in bismuth-doped silica fibers free of other dopants,” Opt. Lett. 36(2), 166–168 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. V. Dvoyrin, A. V. Kir'yanov, V. M. Mashinsky, O. I. Medvedkov, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Absorption, gain, and laser action in bismuth-doped aluminosilicate optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46(2), 182–190 (2010).
[Crossref]

I. A. Bufetov, S. L. Semenov, V. V. Vel'miskin, S. V. Firstov, G. A. Bufetova, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical properties of active bismuth centres in silica fibres containing no other dopants,” Quantum Electron. 40(7), 639–641 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. V. Firstov, I. A. Bufetov, V. F. Khopin, A. V. Shubin, A. M. Smirnov, L. D. Iskhakova, N. N. Vechkanov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “2 W bismuth doped fiber lasers in the wavelength range 1300–1500 nm and variation of Bi-doped fiber parameters with core composition,” Laser Phys. Lett. 6(9), 665–670 (2009).
[Crossref]

I. A. Bufetov and E. M. Dianov, “Bi-doped fiber lasers,” Laser Phys. Lett. 6(7), 487–504 (2009).
[Crossref]

V. V. Dvoyrin, O. I. Medvedkov, V. M. Mashinsky, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical amplification in 1430-1495 nm range and laser action in Bi-doped fibers,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16971–16976 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. I. Bulatov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, E. M. Dianov, A. P. Suhorukov, A. A. Umnikov, and A. N. Guryanov, “Absorption and scattering in bismuth-doped optical fibers,” Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci., Physics 72(1), 98–102 (2008).
[Crossref]

V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, and E. M. Dianov, “Efficient bismuth-doped fiber lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(9), 834–840 (2008).
[Crossref]

E. M. Dianov, “Bi-doped optical fibers: a new active medium for NIR lasers and amplifiers,” Proc. SPIE 6890, 68900H (2008).
[Crossref]

E. M. Dianov, S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, A. N. Guryanov, and I. A. Bufetov, “Bi-doped fibre lasers and amplifiers emitting in a spectral region of 1.3 μm,” Quantum Electron. 38(7), 615–617 (2008).
[Crossref]

E. M. Dianov, A. V. Shubin, M. A. Melkumov, O. I. Medvedkov, and I. A. Bufetov, “High-power cw bismuth-fiber lasers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(8), 1749–1755 (2007).
[Crossref]

E. M. Dianov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, A. A. Umnikov, M. V. Yashkov, and A. N. Gur’yanov, “CW bismuth fibre laser,” Quantum Electron. 35(12), 1083–1084 (2005).
[Crossref]

Diaz, D.

D. Velasco-Arias, I. Zumeta-Dube, D. Diaz, P. Santiago-Jacinto, V.-F. Ruiz-Ruiz, S.-E. Castillo-Blum, and L. Rendon, “Stabilization of strong quantum confined colloidal bismuth nanoparticles, one-pot synthesized at room conditions,” J. Phys. Chem. C 116(27), 14717–14727 (2012).
[Crossref]

Dong, G.

N. Zhang, J. Qiu, G. Dong, Z. Yang, Q. Zhang, and M. Peng, “Broadband tunable near-infrared emission of Bi-doped composite germanosilicate glasses,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(7), 3154–3159 (2012).
[Crossref]

Douay, M.

V. G. Truong, L. Bigot, A. Lerouge, M. Douay, and I. Razdobreev, “Study of thermal stability and luminescence quenching properties of bismuth-doped silicate glasses for fiber laser applications,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 041908 (2008).

I. Razdobreev, L. Bigot, V. Pureur, A. Favre, G. Bouwmans, and M. Douay, “Efficient all-fiber bismuth-doped laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(3), 031103 (2007).
[Crossref]

Dvoyrin, V. V.

A. V. Kir'yanov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, Yu. O. Barmenkov, and E. M. Dianov, “Nonsaturable absorption in alumino-silicate bismuth-doped fibers,” J. Appl. Phys. 109, 023113 (2011).

A. S. Zlenko, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, A. N. Denisov, L. D. Iskhakova, M. S. Mayorova, O. I. Medvedkov, S. L. Semenov, S. A. Vasiliev, and E. M. Dianov, “Furnace chemical vapor deposition bismuth-doped silica-core holey fiber,” Opt. Lett. 36(13), 2599–2601 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. V. Dvoyrin, A. V. Kir'yanov, V. M. Mashinsky, O. I. Medvedkov, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Absorption, gain, and laser action in bismuth-doped aluminosilicate optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46(2), 182–190 (2010).
[Crossref]

L. I. Bulatov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, E. M. Dianov, A. P. Suhorukov, A. A. Umnikov, and A. N. Guryanov, “Absorption and scattering in bismuth-doped optical fibers,” Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci., Physics 72(1), 98–102 (2008).
[Crossref]

V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, and E. M. Dianov, “Efficient bismuth-doped fiber lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(9), 834–840 (2008).
[Crossref]

V. V. Dvoyrin, O. I. Medvedkov, V. M. Mashinsky, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical amplification in 1430-1495 nm range and laser action in Bi-doped fibers,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16971–16976 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. M. Dianov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, A. A. Umnikov, M. V. Yashkov, and A. N. Gur’yanov, “CW bismuth fibre laser,” Quantum Electron. 35(12), 1083–1084 (2005).
[Crossref]

Eve, A. J.

A. J. Eve and D. N. Hume, “The Formation of the monoiodobismuth (III) ion,” Inorg. Chem. 3(2), 276–278 (1964).
[Crossref]

Fang, J.

J. Fang, K. L. Stokes, J. A. Wiemann, W. L. Zhou, J. Dai, F. Chen, and C. J. O'Connor, “Microemulsion-processed bismuth nanoparticles,” Mater. Sci. Engineer. B 83(1-3), 254–257 (2001).
[Crossref]

Favre, A.

I. Razdobreev, L. Bigot, V. Pureur, A. Favre, G. Bouwmans, and M. Douay, “Efficient all-fiber bismuth-doped laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(3), 031103 (2007).
[Crossref]

Ferin, A. A.

Fernandez Navarro, J. M.

E. Haro-Poniatowski, M. Jimenez de Castro, J. M. Fernandez Navarro, J. F. Morhange, and C. Ricolleau, “Melting and solidification of Bi nanoparticles in a germanate glass,” Nanotechnology 18(31), 315703 (2007).
[Crossref]

O. Sanz, E. Haro-Poniatowski, J. Gonzalo, and J. M. Fernandez Navarro, “Influence of the melting conditions of heavy metal oxide glasses containing bismuth oxide on their optical absorption,” J. Non-Cryst. Sol. 352, 761–768 (2006).

Firstov, S. V.

S. V. Firstov, A. V. Shubin, V. F. Khopin, M. A. Mel'kumov, I. A. Bufetov, O. I. Medvedkov, A. N. Gur'yanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Bismuth-doped germanosilicate fibre laser with 20-W output power at 1460 nm,” Quantum Electron. 41(7), 581–583 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. A. Melkumov, I. A. Bufetov, A. V. Shubin, S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Laser diode pumped bismuth-doped optical fiber amplifier for 1430 nm band,” Opt. Lett. 36(13), 2408–2410 (2011).
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E. M. Dianov, S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, A. N. Guryanov, and I. A. Bufetov, “Bi-doped fibre lasers and amplifiers emitting in a spectral region of 1.3 μm,” Quantum Electron. 38(7), 615–617 (2008).
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S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, I. A. Bufetov, E. G. Firstova, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Combined excitation-emission spectroscopy of bismuth active centers in optical fibers,” Opt. Express 19(20), 19551–19561 (2011).
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M. A. Melkumov, I. A. Bufetov, A. V. Shubin, S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Laser diode pumped bismuth-doped optical fiber amplifier for 1430 nm band,” Opt. Lett. 36(13), 2408–2410 (2011).
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V. V. Dvoyrin, A. V. Kir'yanov, V. M. Mashinsky, O. I. Medvedkov, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Absorption, gain, and laser action in bismuth-doped aluminosilicate optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46(2), 182–190 (2010).
[Crossref]

S. V. Firstov, I. A. Bufetov, V. F. Khopin, A. V. Shubin, A. M. Smirnov, L. D. Iskhakova, N. N. Vechkanov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “2 W bismuth doped fiber lasers in the wavelength range 1300–1500 nm and variation of Bi-doped fiber parameters with core composition,” Laser Phys. Lett. 6(9), 665–670 (2009).
[Crossref]

E. M. Dianov, S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, A. N. Guryanov, and I. A. Bufetov, “Bi-doped fibre lasers and amplifiers emitting in a spectral region of 1.3 μm,” Quantum Electron. 38(7), 615–617 (2008).
[Crossref]

L. I. Bulatov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, E. M. Dianov, A. P. Suhorukov, A. A. Umnikov, and A. N. Guryanov, “Absorption and scattering in bismuth-doped optical fibers,” Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci., Physics 72(1), 98–102 (2008).
[Crossref]

V. V. Dvoyrin, O. I. Medvedkov, V. M. Mashinsky, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical amplification in 1430-1495 nm range and laser action in Bi-doped fibers,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16971–16976 (2008).
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Gur'yanov, A. N.

S. V. Firstov, A. V. Shubin, V. F. Khopin, M. A. Mel'kumov, I. A. Bufetov, O. I. Medvedkov, A. N. Gur'yanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Bismuth-doped germanosilicate fibre laser with 20-W output power at 1460 nm,” Quantum Electron. 41(7), 581–583 (2011).
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E. Haro-Poniatowski, M. Jimenez de Castro, J. M. Fernandez Navarro, J. F. Morhange, and C. Ricolleau, “Melting and solidification of Bi nanoparticles in a germanate glass,” Nanotechnology 18(31), 315703 (2007).
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O. Sanz, E. Haro-Poniatowski, J. Gonzalo, and J. M. Fernandez Navarro, “Influence of the melting conditions of heavy metal oxide glasses containing bismuth oxide on their optical absorption,” J. Non-Cryst. Sol. 352, 761–768 (2006).

E. Haro-Poniatowski, M. Jouanne, J. F. Morhange, M. Kanehisa, R. Serna, and C. N. Afonso, “Size effects investigated by Raman spectroscopy in Bi nanocrystals,” Phys. Rev. B 60(14), 10080–10085 (1999).
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M. Pollnau, D. R. Gamelin, S. R. Luthi, H. U. Gudel, and M. P. Hehlen, “Power dependence of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide and transition-metal-ion systems,” Phys. Rev. B 61(5), 3337–3346 (2000).
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Z. Pan, S. H. Morgan, D. O. Henderson, S. Y. Park, R. A. Weeks, R. H. Magruder, and R. A. Zuhr, “Linear and nonlinear optical response of bismuth and antimony implanted fused silica: annealing effects,” Opt. Mater. 4(6), 675–684 (1995).
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C. Merritt JrH. M. Hershenson and L. B. Rogers, “Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth, lead, and thallium with hydrochloric acid,” Anal. Chem. 25(4), 572–577 (1953).

Hong, B. H.

Y. W. Wang, B. H. Hong, and K. S. Kim, “Size control of semimetal bismuth nanoparticles and the UV-visible and IR absorption spectra,” J. Phys. Chem. B 109(15), 7067–7072 (2005).
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L. Newman and D. N. Hume, “A spectrophotometric study of the bismuth-chloride complexes,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79(17), 4576–4581 (1957).
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A. S. Zlenko, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, A. N. Denisov, L. D. Iskhakova, M. S. Mayorova, O. I. Medvedkov, S. L. Semenov, S. A. Vasiliev, and E. M. Dianov, “Furnace chemical vapor deposition bismuth-doped silica-core holey fiber,” Opt. Lett. 36(13), 2599–2601 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. V. Firstov, I. A. Bufetov, V. F. Khopin, A. V. Shubin, A. M. Smirnov, L. D. Iskhakova, N. N. Vechkanov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “2 W bismuth doped fiber lasers in the wavelength range 1300–1500 nm and variation of Bi-doped fiber parameters with core composition,” Laser Phys. Lett. 6(9), 665–670 (2009).
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E. Haro-Poniatowski, M. Jimenez de Castro, J. M. Fernandez Navarro, J. F. Morhange, and C. Ricolleau, “Melting and solidification of Bi nanoparticles in a germanate glass,” Nanotechnology 18(31), 315703 (2007).
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Kanehisa, M.

E. Haro-Poniatowski, M. Jouanne, J. F. Morhange, M. Kanehisa, R. Serna, and C. N. Afonso, “Size effects investigated by Raman spectroscopy in Bi nanocrystals,” Phys. Rev. B 60(14), 10080–10085 (1999).
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S. Khonthon, S. Morimoto, Y. Arai, and Y. Ohishi, “Redox equilibrium and NIR luminescence of Bi2O3-containing glasses,” Opt. Mater. 31(8), 1262–1268 (2009).
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Khopin, V. F.

S. V. Firstov, A. V. Shubin, V. F. Khopin, M. A. Mel'kumov, I. A. Bufetov, O. I. Medvedkov, A. N. Gur'yanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Bismuth-doped germanosilicate fibre laser with 20-W output power at 1460 nm,” Quantum Electron. 41(7), 581–583 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. A. Melkumov, I. A. Bufetov, A. V. Shubin, S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Laser diode pumped bismuth-doped optical fiber amplifier for 1430 nm band,” Opt. Lett. 36(13), 2408–2410 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, I. A. Bufetov, E. G. Firstova, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Combined excitation-emission spectroscopy of bismuth active centers in optical fibers,” Opt. Express 19(20), 19551–19561 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. V. Firstov, I. A. Bufetov, V. F. Khopin, A. V. Shubin, A. M. Smirnov, L. D. Iskhakova, N. N. Vechkanov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “2 W bismuth doped fiber lasers in the wavelength range 1300–1500 nm and variation of Bi-doped fiber parameters with core composition,” Laser Phys. Lett. 6(9), 665–670 (2009).
[Crossref]

E. M. Dianov, S. V. Firstov, V. F. Khopin, A. N. Guryanov, and I. A. Bufetov, “Bi-doped fibre lasers and amplifiers emitting in a spectral region of 1.3 μm,” Quantum Electron. 38(7), 615–617 (2008).
[Crossref]

Kim, K. S.

Y. W. Wang, B. H. Hong, and K. S. Kim, “Size control of semimetal bismuth nanoparticles and the UV-visible and IR absorption spectra,” J. Phys. Chem. B 109(15), 7067–7072 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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A. V. Kir'yanov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, Yu. O. Barmenkov, and E. M. Dianov, “Nonsaturable absorption in alumino-silicate bismuth-doped fibers,” J. Appl. Phys. 109, 023113 (2011).

V. V. Dvoyrin, A. V. Kir'yanov, V. M. Mashinsky, O. I. Medvedkov, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Absorption, gain, and laser action in bismuth-doped aluminosilicate optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46(2), 182–190 (2010).
[Crossref]

Lakshminarayana, G.

S. Zhou, N. Jiang, B. Zhu, H. Yang, S. Ye, G. Lakshminarayana, J. Hao, and J. Qiu, “Multifunctional bismuth-doped nanoporous silica glass: from blue-green, orange, red, and white light sources to ultra-broadband infrared amplifiers,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 18(9), 1407–1413 (2008).
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Levchenko, A. E.

Luthi, S. R.

M. Pollnau, D. R. Gamelin, S. R. Luthi, H. U. Gudel, and M. P. Hehlen, “Power dependence of upconversion luminescence in lanthanide and transition-metal-ion systems,” Phys. Rev. B 61(5), 3337–3346 (2000).
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Magruder, R. H.

Z. Pan, S. H. Morgan, D. O. Henderson, S. Y. Park, R. A. Weeks, R. H. Magruder, and R. A. Zuhr, “Linear and nonlinear optical response of bismuth and antimony implanted fused silica: annealing effects,” Opt. Mater. 4(6), 675–684 (1995).
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A. V. Kir'yanov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, Yu. O. Barmenkov, and E. M. Dianov, “Nonsaturable absorption in alumino-silicate bismuth-doped fibers,” J. Appl. Phys. 109, 023113 (2011).

A. S. Zlenko, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, A. N. Denisov, L. D. Iskhakova, M. S. Mayorova, O. I. Medvedkov, S. L. Semenov, S. A. Vasiliev, and E. M. Dianov, “Furnace chemical vapor deposition bismuth-doped silica-core holey fiber,” Opt. Lett. 36(13), 2599–2601 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. V. Dvoyrin, A. V. Kir'yanov, V. M. Mashinsky, O. I. Medvedkov, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Absorption, gain, and laser action in bismuth-doped aluminosilicate optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46(2), 182–190 (2010).
[Crossref]

L. I. Bulatov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, E. M. Dianov, A. P. Suhorukov, A. A. Umnikov, and A. N. Guryanov, “Absorption and scattering in bismuth-doped optical fibers,” Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci., Physics 72(1), 98–102 (2008).
[Crossref]

V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, and E. M. Dianov, “Efficient bismuth-doped fiber lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(9), 834–840 (2008).
[Crossref]

V. V. Dvoyrin, O. I. Medvedkov, V. M. Mashinsky, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical amplification in 1430-1495 nm range and laser action in Bi-doped fibers,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16971–16976 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. M. Dianov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, A. A. Umnikov, M. V. Yashkov, and A. N. Gur’yanov, “CW bismuth fibre laser,” Quantum Electron. 35(12), 1083–1084 (2005).
[Crossref]

Matsuishi, K.

S. Onari, M. Miura, and K. Matsuishi, “Raman spectroscopic studies on bismuth nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation technique,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 197–198, 615–618 (2002).
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Mayorova, M. S.

Medvedkov, O. I.

A. S. Zlenko, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, A. N. Denisov, L. D. Iskhakova, M. S. Mayorova, O. I. Medvedkov, S. L. Semenov, S. A. Vasiliev, and E. M. Dianov, “Furnace chemical vapor deposition bismuth-doped silica-core holey fiber,” Opt. Lett. 36(13), 2599–2601 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. V. Firstov, A. V. Shubin, V. F. Khopin, M. A. Mel'kumov, I. A. Bufetov, O. I. Medvedkov, A. N. Gur'yanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Bismuth-doped germanosilicate fibre laser with 20-W output power at 1460 nm,” Quantum Electron. 41(7), 581–583 (2011).
[Crossref]

V. V. Dvoyrin, A. V. Kir'yanov, V. M. Mashinsky, O. I. Medvedkov, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Absorption, gain, and laser action in bismuth-doped aluminosilicate optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46(2), 182–190 (2010).
[Crossref]

V. V. Dvoyrin, O. I. Medvedkov, V. M. Mashinsky, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Optical amplification in 1430-1495 nm range and laser action in Bi-doped fibers,” Opt. Express 16(21), 16971–16976 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. M. Dianov, A. V. Shubin, M. A. Melkumov, O. I. Medvedkov, and I. A. Bufetov, “High-power cw bismuth-fiber lasers,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(8), 1749–1755 (2007).
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Melkumov, M. A.

Mel'kumov, M. A.

S. V. Firstov, A. V. Shubin, V. F. Khopin, M. A. Mel'kumov, I. A. Bufetov, O. I. Medvedkov, A. N. Gur'yanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Bismuth-doped germanosilicate fibre laser with 20-W output power at 1460 nm,” Quantum Electron. 41(7), 581–583 (2011).
[Crossref]

Merritt, C.

C. Merritt JrH. M. Hershenson and L. B. Rogers, “Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth, lead, and thallium with hydrochloric acid,” Anal. Chem. 25(4), 572–577 (1953).

Miura, M.

S. Onari, M. Miura, and K. Matsuishi, “Raman spectroscopic studies on bismuth nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation technique,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 197–198, 615–618 (2002).
[Crossref]

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Z. Pan, S. H. Morgan, D. O. Henderson, S. Y. Park, R. A. Weeks, R. H. Magruder, and R. A. Zuhr, “Linear and nonlinear optical response of bismuth and antimony implanted fused silica: annealing effects,” Opt. Mater. 4(6), 675–684 (1995).
[Crossref]

Morhange, J. F.

E. Haro-Poniatowski, M. Jimenez de Castro, J. M. Fernandez Navarro, J. F. Morhange, and C. Ricolleau, “Melting and solidification of Bi nanoparticles in a germanate glass,” Nanotechnology 18(31), 315703 (2007).
[Crossref]

E. Haro-Poniatowski, M. Jouanne, J. F. Morhange, M. Kanehisa, R. Serna, and C. N. Afonso, “Size effects investigated by Raman spectroscopy in Bi nanocrystals,” Phys. Rev. B 60(14), 10080–10085 (1999).
[Crossref]

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S. Khonthon, S. Morimoto, Y. Arai, and Y. Ohishi, “Redox equilibrium and NIR luminescence of Bi2O3-containing glasses,” Opt. Mater. 31(8), 1262–1268 (2009).
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L. Newman and D. N. Hume, “A spectrophotometric study of the bismuth-chloride complexes,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79(17), 4576–4581 (1957).
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L. Newman and D. N. Hume, “A spectrophotometric study of the mixed ligand complexes of bismuth with chloride and bromide,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79(17), 4581–4585 (1957).
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J. Fang, K. L. Stokes, J. A. Wiemann, W. L. Zhou, J. Dai, F. Chen, and C. J. O'Connor, “Microemulsion-processed bismuth nanoparticles,” Mater. Sci. Engineer. B 83(1-3), 254–257 (2001).
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S. Khonthon, S. Morimoto, Y. Arai, and Y. Ohishi, “Redox equilibrium and NIR luminescence of Bi2O3-containing glasses,” Opt. Mater. 31(8), 1262–1268 (2009).
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A. B. Rulkov, A. A. Ferin, S. V. Popov, J. R. Taylor, I. Razdobreev, L. Bigot, and G. Bouwmans, “Narrow-line, 1178nm CW bismuth-doped fiber laser with 6.4W output for direct frequency doubling,” Opt. Express 15(9), 5473–5476 (2007).
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Umnikov, A. A.

V. V. Dvoyrin, A. V. Kir'yanov, V. M. Mashinsky, O. I. Medvedkov, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Absorption, gain, and laser action in bismuth-doped aluminosilicate optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46(2), 182–190 (2010).
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Vechkanov, N. N.

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Vel’miskin, V. V.

Velasco-Arias, D.

D. Velasco-Arias, I. Zumeta-Dube, D. Diaz, P. Santiago-Jacinto, V.-F. Ruiz-Ruiz, S.-E. Castillo-Blum, and L. Rendon, “Stabilization of strong quantum confined colloidal bismuth nanoparticles, one-pot synthesized at room conditions,” J. Phys. Chem. C 116(27), 14717–14727 (2012).
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J. Fang, K. L. Stokes, J. A. Wiemann, W. L. Zhou, J. Dai, F. Chen, and C. J. O'Connor, “Microemulsion-processed bismuth nanoparticles,” Mater. Sci. Engineer. B 83(1-3), 254–257 (2001).
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M. Peng, C. Zollfrank, and L. Wondraczek, “Origin of broad NIR photoluminescence in bismuthate glass and Bi-doped glasses at room temperature,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21(28), 285106 (2009).
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S. Zhou, N. Jiang, B. Zhu, H. Yang, S. Ye, G. Lakshminarayana, J. Hao, and J. Qiu, “Multifunctional bismuth-doped nanoporous silica glass: from blue-green, orange, red, and white light sources to ultra-broadband infrared amplifiers,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 18(9), 1407–1413 (2008).
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N. Zhang, J. Qiu, G. Dong, Z. Yang, Q. Zhang, and M. Peng, “Broadband tunable near-infrared emission of Bi-doped composite germanosilicate glasses,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(7), 3154–3159 (2012).
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E. M. Dianov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, A. A. Umnikov, M. V. Yashkov, and A. N. Gur’yanov, “CW bismuth fibre laser,” Quantum Electron. 35(12), 1083–1084 (2005).
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S. Zhou, N. Jiang, B. Zhu, H. Yang, S. Ye, G. Lakshminarayana, J. Hao, and J. Qiu, “Multifunctional bismuth-doped nanoporous silica glass: from blue-green, orange, red, and white light sources to ultra-broadband infrared amplifiers,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 18(9), 1407–1413 (2008).
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N. Zhang, J. Qiu, G. Dong, Z. Yang, Q. Zhang, and M. Peng, “Broadband tunable near-infrared emission of Bi-doped composite germanosilicate glasses,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(7), 3154–3159 (2012).
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N. Zhang, J. Qiu, G. Dong, Z. Yang, Q. Zhang, and M. Peng, “Broadband tunable near-infrared emission of Bi-doped composite germanosilicate glasses,” J. Mater. Chem. 22(7), 3154–3159 (2012).
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P. Zhiwu, S. Qiang, and Z. Jiyu, “Luminescence of Bi3+ and the energy transfer from Bi3+ to R3+ (R= Eu, Dy, Sm, Tb) in alkaline-earth borates,” Solid State Commun. 86(6), 377–380 (1993).
[Crossref]

Zhou, S.

S. Zhou, N. Jiang, B. Zhu, H. Yang, S. Ye, G. Lakshminarayana, J. Hao, and J. Qiu, “Multifunctional bismuth-doped nanoporous silica glass: from blue-green, orange, red, and white light sources to ultra-broadband infrared amplifiers,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 18(9), 1407–1413 (2008).
[Crossref]

Zhou, W. L.

J. Fang, K. L. Stokes, J. A. Wiemann, W. L. Zhou, J. Dai, F. Chen, and C. J. O'Connor, “Microemulsion-processed bismuth nanoparticles,” Mater. Sci. Engineer. B 83(1-3), 254–257 (2001).
[Crossref]

Zhu, B.

S. Zhou, N. Jiang, B. Zhu, H. Yang, S. Ye, G. Lakshminarayana, J. Hao, and J. Qiu, “Multifunctional bismuth-doped nanoporous silica glass: from blue-green, orange, red, and white light sources to ultra-broadband infrared amplifiers,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 18(9), 1407–1413 (2008).
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A. A. Malinin, A. S. Zlenko, U. G. Akhmetshin, and S. L. Semjonov, “Furnace chemical vapor deposition (FCVD) method for special optical fibers fabrication,” Proc. SPIE 7934, 793418, 793418-7 (2011).
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M. Peng, C. Zollfrank, and L. Wondraczek, “Origin of broad NIR photoluminescence in bismuthate glass and Bi-doped glasses at room temperature,” J. Phys. Condens. Matter 21(28), 285106 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Zuhr, R.

S. Y. Park, R. A. Weeks, and R. Zuhr, “Optical absorption by colloidal precipitates in bismuth-implanted fused silica: annealing behavior,” J. Appl. Phys. 77(12), 6100–6107 (1995).
[Crossref]

Zuhr, R. A.

Z. Pan, S. H. Morgan, D. O. Henderson, S. Y. Park, R. A. Weeks, R. H. Magruder, and R. A. Zuhr, “Linear and nonlinear optical response of bismuth and antimony implanted fused silica: annealing effects,” Opt. Mater. 4(6), 675–684 (1995).
[Crossref]

Zumeta-Dube, I.

D. Velasco-Arias, I. Zumeta-Dube, D. Diaz, P. Santiago-Jacinto, V.-F. Ruiz-Ruiz, S.-E. Castillo-Blum, and L. Rendon, “Stabilization of strong quantum confined colloidal bismuth nanoparticles, one-pot synthesized at room conditions,” J. Phys. Chem. C 116(27), 14717–14727 (2012).
[Crossref]

Adv. Funct. Mater. (1)

S. Zhou, N. Jiang, B. Zhu, H. Yang, S. Ye, G. Lakshminarayana, J. Hao, and J. Qiu, “Multifunctional bismuth-doped nanoporous silica glass: from blue-green, orange, red, and white light sources to ultra-broadband infrared amplifiers,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 18(9), 1407–1413 (2008).
[Crossref]

Anal. Chem. (1)

C. Merritt JrH. M. Hershenson and L. B. Rogers, “Spectrophotometric determination of bismuth, lead, and thallium with hydrochloric acid,” Anal. Chem. 25(4), 572–577 (1953).

Appl. Phys. Lett. (2)

V. G. Truong, L. Bigot, A. Lerouge, M. Douay, and I. Razdobreev, “Study of thermal stability and luminescence quenching properties of bismuth-doped silicate glasses for fiber laser applications,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 041908 (2008).

I. Razdobreev, L. Bigot, V. Pureur, A. Favre, G. Bouwmans, and M. Douay, “Efficient all-fiber bismuth-doped laser,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(3), 031103 (2007).
[Crossref]

Appl. Surf. Sci. (1)

S. Onari, M. Miura, and K. Matsuishi, “Raman spectroscopic studies on bismuth nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation technique,” Appl. Surf. Sci. 197–198, 615–618 (2002).
[Crossref]

Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci., Physics (1)

L. I. Bulatov, V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, E. M. Dianov, A. P. Suhorukov, A. A. Umnikov, and A. N. Guryanov, “Absorption and scattering in bismuth-doped optical fibers,” Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci., Physics 72(1), 98–102 (2008).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (2)

V. V. Dvoyrin, A. V. Kir'yanov, V. M. Mashinsky, O. I. Medvedkov, A. A. Umnikov, A. N. Guryanov, and E. M. Dianov, “Absorption, gain, and laser action in bismuth-doped aluminosilicate optical fibers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46(2), 182–190 (2010).
[Crossref]

V. V. Dvoyrin, V. M. Mashinsky, and E. M. Dianov, “Efficient bismuth-doped fiber lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 44(9), 834–840 (2008).
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Inorg. Chem. (2)

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N. J. Bjerrum, C. R. Boston, and G. P. Smith, “Lower oxidation states of bismuth. Bi+ and [Bi5]3+ in molten salt solutions,” Inorg. Chem. 6(6), 1162–1172 (1967).
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Figures (12)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 SEM photographs of holey fibers (А – SBiO fiber, В – SBiAr fiber).

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Absorption spectra of: 1 – fiber SBiO, 2 – fiber SBiAr [19], 3 – fiber SBiF, 4 – slice of preform ZSBi measured around the maximum of bismuth concentration.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Up-conversion luminescence in the SBiFR fiber (Bi:SiO2) upon 975 nm (1) and 1064 nm (2) excitation. For the 1064-nm excitation, the spectra for different input pump powers (2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 4.9 W) are also shown.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 The dependence of the luminescence intensity in the major peaks 650 (a), 664 (b), 786 (c) nm on the pump power at 1064 nm. The numbers near the curves denote the slope of the corresponding curves at low and high pump powers.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Measurement scheme of the induced absorption during annealing process. 1 – optical spectrum analyzer ANDO AQ6315A, 2 – resistance furnace with length of 0.5 m, 3 – halogen lamp.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Annealing of the SBiO-fiber with argon in the fiber holes.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Absorption changes during the SBiO-fiber annealing with argon in the holes. 1 - the band intensity at 820 nm minus the background level, 2 - band intensity at 1400 nm minus the background level, 3-7 - background losses at wavelengths of 610, 721,1089, 1250 and 1650 nm, respectively.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 The absorption spectra from Fig. 6 (curves 6-11) approximated by a hyperbola (dashed lines). During the approximation process, the absorption bands ranges of 700-900 and 1200-1500 nm were excluded. Additionally, the approximation for curves 6-8 was made in the range of 1000-1750 nm.

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9 A – the SEM photograph of Black-preform core (Z-contrast mode). Numbers indicate the germanium and bismuth concentration in at.% at the marked locations. B - photograph of the Black-preform core made by an optical microscope (core diameter is about 1.5 mm, plate thickness is 1 mm).

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Fig. 10
Fig. 10 X-ray diffraction pattern of Black-preform core.

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Fig. 11
Fig. 11 Raman spectrum of the Black preform core.

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Fig. 12
Fig. 12 1 – the absorption spectrum of Black-preform measured near the maximum of the Bi concentration. 2 – the absorption spectrum of metallic bismuth nanoparticles in the silica glass calculated from Eq. (1) and fitted by curve 1 (ε1 and ε2 were taken from [51], n0 was calculated from the Sellmeier equation for silica glass).

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Tables (2)

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Table 1 The parameters of the most effective (with efficiency exceeding 10%) Bi-doped silica-based fiber lasers

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Table 2 Parameters and description of fabricated silica-based preforms and fibers

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Equations (2)

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α∝ NV n 0 3 λ ε 2 ( ε 1 +2 n 0 2 ) 2 + ε 2 2
ω p 2 = N f ⋅ e 2 m ε 0

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