Abstract

We have designed and fabricated a 2-D photonic crystal hetero-structure cavity in the chalcogenide glass Ge11.5As24Se64.5 that is fully embedded in a cladding with refractive index of 1.44. The low index contrast of this structure (≈1.21) means that high-Q resonances cannot be obtained using standard hetero-structure cavity designs based on W1 waveguides. We show that reducing the waveguide width can substantially improve light confinement, leading to high-Q resonances in a hetero-structure cavity. Numerical simulations indicate intrinsic Qv > 107 are possible with this approach. Experimentally, an optical cavity with a high intrinsic Qv>7.6 x 105 was achieved in a structure with a theoretical Qv = 1.7 x 106.

© 2012 OSA

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  1. S. G. Johnson, S. H. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Guided modes in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 60(8), 5751–5758 (1999).
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  7. C. Monat, M. Spurny, C. Grillet, L. O’Faolain, T. F. Krauss, B. J. Eggleton, D. Bulla, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Third-harmonic generation in slow-light chalcogenide glass photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 36(15), 2818–2820 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. B. Corcoran, C. Monat, C. Grillet, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, L. O'Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Green light emission in silicon through slow-light enhanced third-harmonic generation in photonic-crystal waveguides,” Nat. Photonics 3(4), 206–210 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  9. C. Monat, C. Grillet, B. Corcoran, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, and T. F. Krauss, “Investigation of phase matching for third-harmonic generation in silicon slow light photonic crystal waveguides using Fourier optics,” Opt. Express 18(7), 6831–6840 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  10. H. Oda, K. Inoue, Y. Tanaka, N. Ikeda, Y. Sugimoto, H. Ishikawa, and K. Asakawa, “Self-phase modulation in photonic-crystal-slab line-defect waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(23), 231102 (2007).
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    [Crossref]
  22. M. Dinu, F. Quochi, and H. Garcia, “Third-order nonlinearities in silicon at telecom wavelengths,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(18), 2954–2956 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  23. A. D. Bristow, N. Rotenberg, and H. M. van Driel, “Two-photon absorption and Kerr coefficients of silicon for 850-2200 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(19), 191104 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  24. C. Quémard, F. Smektala, V. Couderc, A. Barthelemy, and J. Lucas, “Chalcogenide glasses with high non linear optical properties for telecommunications,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 62(8), 1435–1440 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  25. J. M. Harbold, F. O. Ilday, F. W. Wise, and B. G. Aitken, “Highly nonlinear Ge-As-Se and Ge-As-S-Se glasses for all-optical switching,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14(6), 822–824 (2002).
    [Crossref]
  26. A. Prasad, C. J. Zha, R. P. Wang, A. Smith, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Properties of GexAsySe1-x-y glasses for all-optical signal processing,” Opt. Express 16(4), 2804–2815 (2008).
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  30. M. W. Lee, C. Grillet, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, E. C. Mägi, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. A. Bulla, and B. Luther-Davies, “Photowritten high-Q cavities in two-dimensional chalcogenide glass photonic crystals,” Opt. Lett. 34(23), 3671–3673 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  31. R. J. M. Palma, T. E. Clark, and C. G. Pantano, “Fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals in a chalcogenide glass,” Int. J. Nanotechnol. 6(12), 1113–1120 (2009).
    [Crossref]
  32. S. W. Jeon, J. K. Han, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Glass-embedded two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal devices with a broad bandwidth waveguide and a high quality nanocavity,” Opt. Express 18(18), 19361–19366 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  33. X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. Bulla, and B. Luther-Davies, “Dispersion engineered Ge11.5As24Se64.5 nanowires with a nonlinear parameter of 136 W⁻¹m⁻¹ at 1550 nm,” Opt. Express 18(18), 18866–18874 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  34. X. Gai, D.-Y. Choi, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Polarization-independent chalcogenide glass nanowires with anomalous dispersion for all-optical processing,” Opt. Express 20(12), 13513–13521 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (1)

2011 (1)

2010 (7)

C. Monat, C. Grillet, B. Corcoran, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, and T. F. Krauss, “Investigation of phase matching for third-harmonic generation in silicon slow light photonic crystal waveguides using Fourier optics,” Opt. Express 18(7), 6831–6840 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. F. McMillan, M. B. Yu, D. L. Kwong, and C. W. Wong, “Observation of four-wave mixing in slow-light silicon photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 18(15), 15484–15497 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Monat, M. Ebnali-Heidari, C. Grillet, B. Corcoran, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, L. O’Faolain, J. Li, and T. F. Krauss, “Four-wave mixing in slow light engineered silicon photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 18(22), 22915–22927 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Eckhouse, I. Cestier, G. Eisenstein, S. Combrié, P. Colman, A. De Rossi, M. Santagiustina, C. G. Someda, and G. Vadalà, “Highly efficient four wave mixing in GaInP photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 35(9), 1440–1442 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. W. Lee, C. Grillet, C. Monat, E. Mägi, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. Bulla, B. Luther-Davies, and B. J. Eggleton, “Photosensitive and thermal nonlinear effects in chalcogenide photonic crystal cavities,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26695–26703 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. W. Jeon, J. K. Han, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Glass-embedded two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal devices with a broad bandwidth waveguide and a high quality nanocavity,” Opt. Express 18(18), 19361–19366 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. Bulla, and B. Luther-Davies, “Dispersion engineered Ge11.5As24Se64.5 nanowires with a nonlinear parameter of 136 W⁻¹m⁻¹ at 1550 nm,” Opt. Express 18(18), 18866–18874 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (4)

M. W. Lee, C. Grillet, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, E. C. Mägi, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. A. Bulla, and B. Luther-Davies, “Photowritten high-Q cavities in two-dimensional chalcogenide glass photonic crystals,” Opt. Lett. 34(23), 3671–3673 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. J. M. Palma, T. E. Clark, and C. G. Pantano, “Fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals in a chalcogenide glass,” Int. J. Nanotechnol. 6(12), 1113–1120 (2009).
[Crossref]

K. Suzuki, Y. Hamachi, and T. Baba, “Fabrication and characterization of chalcogenide glass photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22393–22400 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Corcoran, C. Monat, C. Grillet, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, L. O'Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Green light emission in silicon through slow-light enhanced third-harmonic generation in photonic-crystal waveguides,” Nat. Photonics 3(4), 206–210 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (2)

2007 (5)

M. K. Kim, I. K. Hwang, S. H. Kim, H. J. Chang, and Y. H. Lee, “All-optical bistable switching in curved microfiber-coupled photonic crystal resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(16), 161118 (2007).
[Crossref]

A. D. Bristow, N. Rotenberg, and H. M. van Driel, “Two-photon absorption and Kerr coefficients of silicon for 850-2200 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(19), 191104 (2007).
[Crossref]

T. Baba and D. Mori, “Slow light engineering in photonic crystals,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 40(9), 2659–2665 (2007).
[Crossref]

C. M. de Sterke, J. Walker, K. B. Dossou, and L. C. Botten, “Efficient slow light coupling into photonic crystals,” Opt. Express 15(17), 10984–10990 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Oda, K. Inoue, Y. Tanaka, N. Ikeda, Y. Sugimoto, H. Ishikawa, and K. Asakawa, “Self-phase modulation in photonic-crystal-slab line-defect waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(23), 231102 (2007).
[Crossref]

2005 (5)

2003 (2)

M. Dinu, F. Quochi, and H. Garcia, “Third-order nonlinearities in silicon at telecom wavelengths,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(18), 2954–2956 (2003).
[Crossref]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425(6961), 944–947 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (1)

J. M. Harbold, F. O. Ilday, F. W. Wise, and B. G. Aitken, “Highly nonlinear Ge-As-Se and Ge-As-S-Se glasses for all-optical switching,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14(6), 822–824 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (1)

C. Quémard, F. Smektala, V. Couderc, A. Barthelemy, and J. Lucas, “Chalcogenide glasses with high non linear optical properties for telecommunications,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 62(8), 1435–1440 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

S. G. Johnson, P. R. Villeneuve, S. H. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Linear waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 62(12), 8212–8222 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

S. G. Johnson, S. H. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Guided modes in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 60(8), 5751–5758 (1999).
[Crossref]

Aitken, B. G.

J. M. Harbold, F. O. Ilday, F. W. Wise, and B. G. Aitken, “Highly nonlinear Ge-As-Se and Ge-As-S-Se glasses for all-optical switching,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14(6), 822–824 (2002).
[Crossref]

Akahane, Y.

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Fine-tuned high-Q photonic-crystal nanocavity,” Opt. Express 13(4), 1202–1214 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, “Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,” Nat. Mater. 4(3), 207–210 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425(6961), 944–947 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Asakawa, K.

H. Oda, K. Inoue, Y. Tanaka, N. Ikeda, Y. Sugimoto, H. Ishikawa, and K. Asakawa, “Self-phase modulation in photonic-crystal-slab line-defect waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(23), 231102 (2007).
[Crossref]

Asano, T.

B. S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, “Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,” Nat. Mater. 4(3), 207–210 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Fine-tuned high-Q photonic-crystal nanocavity,” Opt. Express 13(4), 1202–1214 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425(6961), 944–947 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Baba, T.

K. Suzuki, Y. Hamachi, and T. Baba, “Fabrication and characterization of chalcogenide glass photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22393–22400 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Baba, “Slow light in photonic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 2(8), 465–473 (2008).
[Crossref]

T. Baba and D. Mori, “Slow light engineering in photonic crystals,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 40(9), 2659–2665 (2007).
[Crossref]

Barthelemy, A.

C. Quémard, F. Smektala, V. Couderc, A. Barthelemy, and J. Lucas, “Chalcogenide glasses with high non linear optical properties for telecommunications,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 62(8), 1435–1440 (2001).
[Crossref]

Botten, L. C.

Bristow, A. D.

A. D. Bristow, N. Rotenberg, and H. M. van Driel, “Two-photon absorption and Kerr coefficients of silicon for 850-2200 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(19), 191104 (2007).
[Crossref]

Bulla, D.

Bulla, D. A.

Cestier, I.

Chang, H. J.

M. K. Kim, I. K. Hwang, S. H. Kim, H. J. Chang, and Y. H. Lee, “All-optical bistable switching in curved microfiber-coupled photonic crystal resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(16), 161118 (2007).
[Crossref]

Choi, D. Y.

Choi, D.-Y.

Clark, T. E.

R. J. M. Palma, T. E. Clark, and C. G. Pantano, “Fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals in a chalcogenide glass,” Int. J. Nanotechnol. 6(12), 1113–1120 (2009).
[Crossref]

Colman, P.

Combrié, S.

Corcoran, B.

Couderc, V.

C. Quémard, F. Smektala, V. Couderc, A. Barthelemy, and J. Lucas, “Chalcogenide glasses with high non linear optical properties for telecommunications,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 62(8), 1435–1440 (2001).
[Crossref]

De Rossi, A.

de Sterke, C. M.

Dinu, M.

M. Dinu, F. Quochi, and H. Garcia, “Third-order nonlinearities in silicon at telecom wavelengths,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(18), 2954–2956 (2003).
[Crossref]

Dossou, K. B.

Ebnali-Heidari, M.

Eckhouse, V.

Eggleton, B. J.

C. Monat, M. Spurny, C. Grillet, L. O’Faolain, T. F. Krauss, B. J. Eggleton, D. Bulla, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Third-harmonic generation in slow-light chalcogenide glass photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 36(15), 2818–2820 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. W. Lee, C. Grillet, C. Monat, E. Mägi, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. Bulla, B. Luther-Davies, and B. J. Eggleton, “Photosensitive and thermal nonlinear effects in chalcogenide photonic crystal cavities,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26695–26703 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Monat, M. Ebnali-Heidari, C. Grillet, B. Corcoran, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, L. O’Faolain, J. Li, and T. F. Krauss, “Four-wave mixing in slow light engineered silicon photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 18(22), 22915–22927 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Monat, C. Grillet, B. Corcoran, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, and T. F. Krauss, “Investigation of phase matching for third-harmonic generation in silicon slow light photonic crystal waveguides using Fourier optics,” Opt. Express 18(7), 6831–6840 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. W. Lee, C. Grillet, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, E. C. Mägi, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. A. Bulla, and B. Luther-Davies, “Photowritten high-Q cavities in two-dimensional chalcogenide glass photonic crystals,” Opt. Lett. 34(23), 3671–3673 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Corcoran, C. Monat, C. Grillet, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, L. O'Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Green light emission in silicon through slow-light enhanced third-harmonic generation in photonic-crystal waveguides,” Nat. Photonics 3(4), 206–210 (2009).
[Crossref]

Eisenstein, G.

Fan, S. H.

S. G. Johnson, P. R. Villeneuve, S. H. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Linear waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 62(12), 8212–8222 (2000).
[Crossref]

S. G. Johnson, S. H. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Guided modes in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 60(8), 5751–5758 (1999).
[Crossref]

Freeman, D.

Gai, X.

Garcia, H.

M. Dinu, F. Quochi, and H. Garcia, “Third-order nonlinearities in silicon at telecom wavelengths,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(18), 2954–2956 (2003).
[Crossref]

Grillet, C.

C. Monat, M. Spurny, C. Grillet, L. O’Faolain, T. F. Krauss, B. J. Eggleton, D. Bulla, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Third-harmonic generation in slow-light chalcogenide glass photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 36(15), 2818–2820 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Monat, C. Grillet, B. Corcoran, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, and T. F. Krauss, “Investigation of phase matching for third-harmonic generation in silicon slow light photonic crystal waveguides using Fourier optics,” Opt. Express 18(7), 6831–6840 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. W. Lee, C. Grillet, C. Monat, E. Mägi, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. Bulla, B. Luther-Davies, and B. J. Eggleton, “Photosensitive and thermal nonlinear effects in chalcogenide photonic crystal cavities,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26695–26703 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Monat, M. Ebnali-Heidari, C. Grillet, B. Corcoran, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, L. O’Faolain, J. Li, and T. F. Krauss, “Four-wave mixing in slow light engineered silicon photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 18(22), 22915–22927 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. W. Lee, C. Grillet, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, E. C. Mägi, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. A. Bulla, and B. Luther-Davies, “Photowritten high-Q cavities in two-dimensional chalcogenide glass photonic crystals,” Opt. Lett. 34(23), 3671–3673 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Corcoran, C. Monat, C. Grillet, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, L. O'Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Green light emission in silicon through slow-light enhanced third-harmonic generation in photonic-crystal waveguides,” Nat. Photonics 3(4), 206–210 (2009).
[Crossref]

Hamachi, Y.

Han, J. K.

Harbold, J. M.

J. M. Harbold, F. O. Ilday, F. W. Wise, and B. G. Aitken, “Highly nonlinear Ge-As-Se and Ge-As-S-Se glasses for all-optical switching,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14(6), 822–824 (2002).
[Crossref]

Hwang, I. K.

M. K. Kim, I. K. Hwang, S. H. Kim, H. J. Chang, and Y. H. Lee, “All-optical bistable switching in curved microfiber-coupled photonic crystal resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(16), 161118 (2007).
[Crossref]

Ikeda, N.

H. Oda, K. Inoue, Y. Tanaka, N. Ikeda, Y. Sugimoto, H. Ishikawa, and K. Asakawa, “Self-phase modulation in photonic-crystal-slab line-defect waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(23), 231102 (2007).
[Crossref]

Ilday, F. O.

J. M. Harbold, F. O. Ilday, F. W. Wise, and B. G. Aitken, “Highly nonlinear Ge-As-Se and Ge-As-S-Se glasses for all-optical switching,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14(6), 822–824 (2002).
[Crossref]

Inoue, K.

H. Oda, K. Inoue, Y. Tanaka, N. Ikeda, Y. Sugimoto, H. Ishikawa, and K. Asakawa, “Self-phase modulation in photonic-crystal-slab line-defect waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(23), 231102 (2007).
[Crossref]

Ishikawa, H.

H. Oda, K. Inoue, Y. Tanaka, N. Ikeda, Y. Sugimoto, H. Ishikawa, and K. Asakawa, “Self-phase modulation in photonic-crystal-slab line-defect waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(23), 231102 (2007).
[Crossref]

Jeon, S. W.

Joannopoulos, J. D.

S. G. Johnson, P. R. Villeneuve, S. H. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Linear waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 62(12), 8212–8222 (2000).
[Crossref]

S. G. Johnson, S. H. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Guided modes in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 60(8), 5751–5758 (1999).
[Crossref]

Johnson, S. G.

S. G. Johnson, P. R. Villeneuve, S. H. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Linear waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 62(12), 8212–8222 (2000).
[Crossref]

S. G. Johnson, S. H. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Guided modes in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 60(8), 5751–5758 (1999).
[Crossref]

Kim, M. K.

M. K. Kim, I. K. Hwang, S. H. Kim, H. J. Chang, and Y. H. Lee, “All-optical bistable switching in curved microfiber-coupled photonic crystal resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(16), 161118 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kim, S. H.

M. K. Kim, I. K. Hwang, S. H. Kim, H. J. Chang, and Y. H. Lee, “All-optical bistable switching in curved microfiber-coupled photonic crystal resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(16), 161118 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kira, G.

Kolodziejski, L. A.

S. G. Johnson, S. H. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Guided modes in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 60(8), 5751–5758 (1999).
[Crossref]

Krauss, T. F.

Kuramochi, E.

Kwong, D. L.

Lee, M. W.

Lee, Y. H.

M. K. Kim, I. K. Hwang, S. H. Kim, H. J. Chang, and Y. H. Lee, “All-optical bistable switching in curved microfiber-coupled photonic crystal resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(16), 161118 (2007).
[Crossref]

Li, J.

Lucas, J.

C. Quémard, F. Smektala, V. Couderc, A. Barthelemy, and J. Lucas, “Chalcogenide glasses with high non linear optical properties for telecommunications,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 62(8), 1435–1440 (2001).
[Crossref]

Luther-Davies, B.

X. Gai, D.-Y. Choi, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Polarization-independent chalcogenide glass nanowires with anomalous dispersion for all-optical processing,” Opt. Express 20(12), 13513–13521 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Monat, M. Spurny, C. Grillet, L. O’Faolain, T. F. Krauss, B. J. Eggleton, D. Bulla, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Third-harmonic generation in slow-light chalcogenide glass photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 36(15), 2818–2820 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. W. Lee, C. Grillet, C. Monat, E. Mägi, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. Bulla, B. Luther-Davies, and B. J. Eggleton, “Photosensitive and thermal nonlinear effects in chalcogenide photonic crystal cavities,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26695–26703 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. Bulla, and B. Luther-Davies, “Dispersion engineered Ge11.5As24Se64.5 nanowires with a nonlinear parameter of 136 W⁻¹m⁻¹ at 1550 nm,” Opt. Express 18(18), 18866–18874 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. W. Lee, C. Grillet, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, E. C. Mägi, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. A. Bulla, and B. Luther-Davies, “Photowritten high-Q cavities in two-dimensional chalcogenide glass photonic crystals,” Opt. Lett. 34(23), 3671–3673 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Prasad, C. J. Zha, R. P. Wang, A. Smith, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Properties of GexAsySe1-x-y glasses for all-optical signal processing,” Opt. Express 16(4), 2804–2815 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Freeman, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Fabrication of planar photonic crystals in a chalcogenide glass using a focused ion beam,” Opt. Express 13(8), 3079–3086 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Madden, S.

X. Gai, D.-Y. Choi, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Polarization-independent chalcogenide glass nanowires with anomalous dispersion for all-optical processing,” Opt. Express 20(12), 13513–13521 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Monat, M. Spurny, C. Grillet, L. O’Faolain, T. F. Krauss, B. J. Eggleton, D. Bulla, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Third-harmonic generation in slow-light chalcogenide glass photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Lett. 36(15), 2818–2820 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. W. Lee, C. Grillet, C. Monat, E. Mägi, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. Bulla, B. Luther-Davies, and B. J. Eggleton, “Photosensitive and thermal nonlinear effects in chalcogenide photonic crystal cavities,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26695–26703 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. Bulla, and B. Luther-Davies, “Dispersion engineered Ge11.5As24Se64.5 nanowires with a nonlinear parameter of 136 W⁻¹m⁻¹ at 1550 nm,” Opt. Express 18(18), 18866–18874 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. W. Lee, C. Grillet, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, E. C. Mägi, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. A. Bulla, and B. Luther-Davies, “Photowritten high-Q cavities in two-dimensional chalcogenide glass photonic crystals,” Opt. Lett. 34(23), 3671–3673 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Prasad, C. J. Zha, R. P. Wang, A. Smith, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Properties of GexAsySe1-x-y glasses for all-optical signal processing,” Opt. Express 16(4), 2804–2815 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Freeman, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Fabrication of planar photonic crystals in a chalcogenide glass using a focused ion beam,” Opt. Express 13(8), 3079–3086 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mägi, E.

Mägi, E. C.

McMillan, J. F.

Mitsugi, S.

Monat, C.

Mori, D.

T. Baba and D. Mori, “Slow light engineering in photonic crystals,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 40(9), 2659–2665 (2007).
[Crossref]

Moss, D. J.

Noda, S.

S. W. Jeon, J. K. Han, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Glass-embedded two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal devices with a broad bandwidth waveguide and a high quality nanocavity,” Opt. Express 18(18), 19361–19366 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, “Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,” Nat. Mater. 4(3), 207–210 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Fine-tuned high-Q photonic-crystal nanocavity,” Opt. Express 13(4), 1202–1214 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425(6961), 944–947 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Notomi, M.

O’Faolain, L.

Oda, H.

H. Oda, K. Inoue, Y. Tanaka, N. Ikeda, Y. Sugimoto, H. Ishikawa, and K. Asakawa, “Self-phase modulation in photonic-crystal-slab line-defect waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(23), 231102 (2007).
[Crossref]

O'Faolain, L.

B. Corcoran, C. Monat, C. Grillet, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, L. O'Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Green light emission in silicon through slow-light enhanced third-harmonic generation in photonic-crystal waveguides,” Nat. Photonics 3(4), 206–210 (2009).
[Crossref]

Palma, R. J. M.

R. J. M. Palma, T. E. Clark, and C. G. Pantano, “Fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals in a chalcogenide glass,” Int. J. Nanotechnol. 6(12), 1113–1120 (2009).
[Crossref]

Pantano, C. G.

R. J. M. Palma, T. E. Clark, and C. G. Pantano, “Fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals in a chalcogenide glass,” Int. J. Nanotechnol. 6(12), 1113–1120 (2009).
[Crossref]

Prasad, A.

Quémard, C.

C. Quémard, F. Smektala, V. Couderc, A. Barthelemy, and J. Lucas, “Chalcogenide glasses with high non linear optical properties for telecommunications,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 62(8), 1435–1440 (2001).
[Crossref]

Quochi, F.

M. Dinu, F. Quochi, and H. Garcia, “Third-order nonlinearities in silicon at telecom wavelengths,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(18), 2954–2956 (2003).
[Crossref]

Rotenberg, N.

A. D. Bristow, N. Rotenberg, and H. M. van Driel, “Two-photon absorption and Kerr coefficients of silicon for 850-2200 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(19), 191104 (2007).
[Crossref]

Santagiustina, M.

Shinya, A.

Smektala, F.

C. Quémard, F. Smektala, V. Couderc, A. Barthelemy, and J. Lucas, “Chalcogenide glasses with high non linear optical properties for telecommunications,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 62(8), 1435–1440 (2001).
[Crossref]

Smith, A.

Someda, C. G.

Song, B. S.

S. W. Jeon, J. K. Han, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Glass-embedded two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal devices with a broad bandwidth waveguide and a high quality nanocavity,” Opt. Express 18(18), 19361–19366 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Fine-tuned high-Q photonic-crystal nanocavity,” Opt. Express 13(4), 1202–1214 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, “Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,” Nat. Mater. 4(3), 207–210 (2005).
[Crossref]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425(6961), 944–947 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Spurny, M.

Sugimoto, Y.

H. Oda, K. Inoue, Y. Tanaka, N. Ikeda, Y. Sugimoto, H. Ishikawa, and K. Asakawa, “Self-phase modulation in photonic-crystal-slab line-defect waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(23), 231102 (2007).
[Crossref]

Suzuki, K.

Tanabe, T.

Tanaka, Y.

H. Oda, K. Inoue, Y. Tanaka, N. Ikeda, Y. Sugimoto, H. Ishikawa, and K. Asakawa, “Self-phase modulation in photonic-crystal-slab line-defect waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(23), 231102 (2007).
[Crossref]

Tomljenovic-Hanic, S.

Vadalà, G.

van Driel, H. M.

A. D. Bristow, N. Rotenberg, and H. M. van Driel, “Two-photon absorption and Kerr coefficients of silicon for 850-2200 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(19), 191104 (2007).
[Crossref]

Villeneuve, P. R.

S. G. Johnson, P. R. Villeneuve, S. H. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Linear waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 62(12), 8212–8222 (2000).
[Crossref]

S. G. Johnson, S. H. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Guided modes in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 60(8), 5751–5758 (1999).
[Crossref]

Walker, J.

Wang, R. P.

White, T. P.

Wise, F. W.

J. M. Harbold, F. O. Ilday, F. W. Wise, and B. G. Aitken, “Highly nonlinear Ge-As-Se and Ge-As-S-Se glasses for all-optical switching,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14(6), 822–824 (2002).
[Crossref]

Wong, C. W.

Yu, M. B.

Zha, C. J.

Appl. Phys. Lett. (4)

H. Oda, K. Inoue, Y. Tanaka, N. Ikeda, Y. Sugimoto, H. Ishikawa, and K. Asakawa, “Self-phase modulation in photonic-crystal-slab line-defect waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(23), 231102 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. K. Kim, I. K. Hwang, S. H. Kim, H. J. Chang, and Y. H. Lee, “All-optical bistable switching in curved microfiber-coupled photonic crystal resonators,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(16), 161118 (2007).
[Crossref]

M. Dinu, F. Quochi, and H. Garcia, “Third-order nonlinearities in silicon at telecom wavelengths,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(18), 2954–2956 (2003).
[Crossref]

A. D. Bristow, N. Rotenberg, and H. M. van Driel, “Two-photon absorption and Kerr coefficients of silicon for 850-2200 nm,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90(19), 191104 (2007).
[Crossref]

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

J. M. Harbold, F. O. Ilday, F. W. Wise, and B. G. Aitken, “Highly nonlinear Ge-As-Se and Ge-As-S-Se glasses for all-optical switching,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 14(6), 822–824 (2002).
[Crossref]

Int. J. Nanotechnol. (1)

R. J. M. Palma, T. E. Clark, and C. G. Pantano, “Fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals in a chalcogenide glass,” Int. J. Nanotechnol. 6(12), 1113–1120 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. Phys. Chem. Solids (1)

C. Quémard, F. Smektala, V. Couderc, A. Barthelemy, and J. Lucas, “Chalcogenide glasses with high non linear optical properties for telecommunications,” J. Phys. Chem. Solids 62(8), 1435–1440 (2001).
[Crossref]

J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. (1)

T. Baba and D. Mori, “Slow light engineering in photonic crystals,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 40(9), 2659–2665 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nat. Mater. (1)

B. S. Song, S. Noda, T. Asano, and Y. Akahane, “Ultra-high-Q photonic double-heterostructure nanocavity,” Nat. Mater. 4(3), 207–210 (2005).
[Crossref]

Nat. Photonics (2)

B. Corcoran, C. Monat, C. Grillet, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, L. O'Faolain, and T. F. Krauss, “Green light emission in silicon through slow-light enhanced third-harmonic generation in photonic-crystal waveguides,” Nat. Photonics 3(4), 206–210 (2009).
[Crossref]

T. Baba, “Slow light in photonic crystals,” Nat. Photonics 2(8), 465–473 (2008).
[Crossref]

Nature (1)

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nature 425(6961), 944–947 (2003).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (13)

C. Monat, C. Grillet, B. Corcoran, D. J. Moss, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, and T. F. Krauss, “Investigation of phase matching for third-harmonic generation in silicon slow light photonic crystal waveguides using Fourier optics,” Opt. Express 18(7), 6831–6840 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Fine-tuned high-Q photonic-crystal nanocavity,” Opt. Express 13(4), 1202–1214 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. W. Lee, C. Grillet, C. Monat, E. Mägi, S. Tomljenovic-Hanic, X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. Bulla, B. Luther-Davies, and B. J. Eggleton, “Photosensitive and thermal nonlinear effects in chalcogenide photonic crystal cavities,” Opt. Express 18(25), 26695–26703 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Notomi, A. Shinya, S. Mitsugi, G. Kira, E. Kuramochi, and T. Tanabe, “Optical bistable switching action of Si high-Q photonic-crystal nanocavities,” Opt. Express 13(7), 2678–2687 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. M. de Sterke, J. Walker, K. B. Dossou, and L. C. Botten, “Efficient slow light coupling into photonic crystals,” Opt. Express 15(17), 10984–10990 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Suzuki, Y. Hamachi, and T. Baba, “Fabrication and characterization of chalcogenide glass photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 17(25), 22393–22400 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. F. McMillan, M. B. Yu, D. L. Kwong, and C. W. Wong, “Observation of four-wave mixing in slow-light silicon photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 18(15), 15484–15497 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Monat, M. Ebnali-Heidari, C. Grillet, B. Corcoran, B. J. Eggleton, T. P. White, L. O’Faolain, J. Li, and T. F. Krauss, “Four-wave mixing in slow light engineered silicon photonic crystal waveguides,” Opt. Express 18(22), 22915–22927 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Prasad, C. J. Zha, R. P. Wang, A. Smith, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Properties of GexAsySe1-x-y glasses for all-optical signal processing,” Opt. Express 16(4), 2804–2815 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. W. Jeon, J. K. Han, B. S. Song, and S. Noda, “Glass-embedded two-dimensional silicon photonic crystal devices with a broad bandwidth waveguide and a high quality nanocavity,” Opt. Express 18(18), 19361–19366 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Gai, S. Madden, D. Y. Choi, D. Bulla, and B. Luther-Davies, “Dispersion engineered Ge11.5As24Se64.5 nanowires with a nonlinear parameter of 136 W⁻¹m⁻¹ at 1550 nm,” Opt. Express 18(18), 18866–18874 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Gai, D.-Y. Choi, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Polarization-independent chalcogenide glass nanowires with anomalous dispersion for all-optical processing,” Opt. Express 20(12), 13513–13521 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Freeman, S. Madden, and B. Luther-Davies, “Fabrication of planar photonic crystals in a chalcogenide glass using a focused ion beam,” Opt. Express 13(8), 3079–3086 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (4)

Phys. Rev. B (2)

S. G. Johnson, S. H. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. Joannopoulos, and L. A. Kolodziejski, “Guided modes in photonic crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 60(8), 5751–5758 (1999).
[Crossref]

S. G. Johnson, P. R. Villeneuve, S. H. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Linear waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs,” Phys. Rev. B 62(12), 8212–8222 (2000).
[Crossref]

Other (3)

J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, J. N. Winn, and R. D. Meade, Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light (Princeton University Press, 2008).

D. J. Lockwood and L. Pavesi, Silicon Photonics (Springer-Verlag, 2004).

M. Schaub, J. Schwiegerling, E. C. Fest, A. Symmons, and R. H. Shepard, Molded Optics: Design and Manufacture (CRC Press, 2011).

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Figures (11)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

(a) The calculated band structure for a Ge11.5As24Se64.5 2D photonic crystal slab with index 2.65 fully embedded in a silica cladding with index 1.44. Other parameters are given in the text. (b). Guided modes of a W1 waveguide (red) embedded in the PhC lattice of Fig. 1(a). The location of the bandgap of the photonic crystal is indicated by the horizontal dotted lines. The blue lines represent the edge of the slab bands of the PhC waveguide [2].

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2

(a): Guided modes for waveguide with different W-values (red) embedded in the PhC lattice of Fig. 1(a). (b): a comparison of the dispersion for the modes of both W1 and W0.54 waveguides that demonstrates the increased bandwidth achieved using the W0.54 structure. The dispersion curves are shown for two structures whose lattice constant differs by 10nm. The location of the bandgap of the photonic crystal is indicated by the horizontal dotted lines. The blue lines represent the edge of the slab bands of the PhC waveguide [2].

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3

(a) Diagram for W0.54 waveguide and hetero-structure with a stepped mirror. ac = 460nm, am = 450nm. (b) The profile of Ez field of the resonant mode in the cavity. (c) Cavity Q factor (red) and normalized mode volume Vnorm (blue) calculated as a function of cavity length. (d) Q/Vnorm as a function of cavity length in lattice periods.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4

The loaded Q-factor (red) and transmission (blue) of an end-coupled cavity as a function of the number of mirror length, for a 24 lattice period long cavity.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5

(a) and (c) The Q factor (red) and mode volume (blue) as a function of shifted lattice constant Δa1 = a1-am with two periods graded mirror section. (b) and (d) The Q factor (red) and mode volume (blue) as a function of shift lattice constant Δa2 = a2-am with four periods graded mirror section. For (b) and (d), the first two periods of graded mirror has a fixed lattice shift Δa1 = 6nm and Δa2 are varied for the 3rd and 4th periods.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6

(a) The Q-factor and (b) mode volume as a function of the cavity length for a hetero-structure cavity employing step mirrors as in Fig. 3(a). The different curves in each figure correspond to different lattice constant shifts, Δa, between the cavity and the mirrors.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7

(a) The Q-factor and (b) mode volume as a function of the cavity length for a hetero-structure cavity employing graded mirrors. The different curves in each figure correspond to different lattice constant shifts, Δa, between the cavity and the mirrors.

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8

The predicted variation of Qv as a function of the mismatch in index between the top and bottom claddings.

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Fig. 9
Fig. 9

(a) Diagram of the end-coupled (W0.56) and side-coupled (W0.54) cavities 8 lattice periods long incorporating a graded mirror structure with two intermediate sections. ac, a1, a2 and am are the lattice constants for the cavity, the first intermediate section, the second intermediate section and the mirror respectively. A sketch showing energy flow in the side-coupled 9(b) and end-coupled 9(c) cavities respectively.

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Fig. 10
Fig. 10

SEM images of an end coupled Ge11.5 photonic crystal. (a) and (b) The profile from top surface. (c) Cross section of holes cut by FIB and filled with Pt for imaging the side walls.

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Fig. 11
Fig. 11

(a) Optical transmission of the fully embedded Ge11.5As24Se64.5 PhC measured using a supercontinuum source and OSA with a resolution of 0.01nm. Light was coupled into the W0.56 waveguide shown in Fig. 9. Three resonance peaks are apparent: two from the W0.54 side cavity at ≈1594nm and 1605nm and one from the W0.56 in-line cavity at ≈1618mn. (b) A scan of the 1605nm resonance using a tunable laser with 1pm resolution. (c) The same spectrum as (b); inverted and fitted to a Lorentzian curve. From these measurements the Qv can be deduced to be 7.6 x 105.

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Equations (2)

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T end−coupled = ( Q v − Q total ) 2 ( Q v ) 2 ,
T side−coupled = ( Q total ) 2 ( Q v ) 2 ,

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