Abstract

We investigate the temporal precision in the generation of ultrashort laser pulse pairs by pulse shaping techniques. To this end, we combine a femtosecond polarization pulse shaper with a polarizer and employ two linear spectral phase masks to mimic an ultrastable common-path interferometer. In an all-optical experiment we study the interference signal resulting from two temporally delayed pulses. Our results show a 2σ-precision of 300 zs = 300 × 10−21 s in pulse-to-pulse delay. The standard deviation of the mean is 11 zs. The obtained precision corresponds to a variation of the arm’s length in conventional delay stage based interferometers of 0.45 Å. We apply these precisely generated pulse pairs to a strong-field quantum control experiment. Coherent control of ultrafast electron dynamics via photon locking by temporal phase discontinuities on a few attosecond timescale is demonstrated.

©2011 Optical Society of America

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  1. A. W. Albrecht, J. D. Hybl, S. M. Gallagher Faeder, and D. M. Jonas, “Experimental distinction between phase shifts and time delays: Implications for femtosecond spectroscopy and coherent control of chemical reactions,” J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10934–10956 (1999).
  2. D. J. Tannor, R. Kosloff, and S. A. Rice, “Coherent pulse sequence induced control of selectivity of reactions: Exact quantum mechanical calculations,” J. Chem. Phys. 85, 5805–5820 (1986).
  3. M. A. Bouchene, V. Blanchet, C. Nicole, N. Melikechi, B. Girard, H. Ruppe, S. Rutz, E. Schreiber, and L. Wöste, “Temporal coherent control induced by wave packet interferences in one and two photon atomic transitions,” Eur. Phys. J. D 2, 131–141 (1998).
  4. A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Phase control of a two-photon transition with shaped femtosecond laser-pulse sequences,” Phys. Rev. A 70, 063407 (2004).
  5. M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
    [PubMed]
  6. M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, O. Bazhan, Ch. Horn, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Control of interferences in an Autler-Townes doublet: Symmetry of control parameters,” Phys. Rev. A 68, 015401(R) (2003).
  7. M. Wollenhaupt, V. Engel, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond laser photoelectron spectroscopy on atoms and small molecules: prototype studies in quantum control,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 56, 25–56 (2005).
    [PubMed]
  8. Th. Ergler, A. Rudenko, B. Feuerstein, K. Zrost, C. D Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Time-resolved imaging and manipulation of H2 fragmentation in intense laser fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 093001 (2005).
    [PubMed]
  9. K. Ohmori, “Development of ultrahigh-precision coherent control and its applications,” Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 84, 167–175 (2008).
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    [PubMed]
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    [PubMed]
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  15. T. Brixner and G. Gerber, “Femtosecond polarization pulse shaping,” Opt. Lett. 26, 557–559 (2001).
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    [PubMed]
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    [PubMed]
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  21. D. Kupka, P. Schlup, and R. A. Bartels, “Simplified ultrafast pulse shaper for tailored polarization states using a birefringent prism,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 053110 (2009).
    [PubMed]
  22. F. Weise and A. Lindinger, “Full control over the electric field using four liquid crystal arrays,” Opt. Lett. 34, 1258–1260 (2009).
    [PubMed]
  23. C. T. Middleton, D. B. Strasfeld, and M. T. Zanni, “Polarization shaping in the mid-IR and polarization-based balanced heterodyne detection with application to 2D IR spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 17, 14526–14533 (2009).
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  24. M. T. Seidel, S. Yan, and H.-S. Tan, “Mid-infrared polarization pulse shaping by parametric transfer,” Opt. Lett. 35, 478–480 (2010).
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    [PubMed]
  27. M. M. Wefers and K. A. Nelson, “Space-time profiles of shaped ultrafast optical waveforms,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 161–172 (1996).
  28. B. J. Sussman, R. Lausten, and A. Stolow, “Focusing of light following a 4-f pulse shaper: considerations for quantum control,” Phys. Rev. A 77, 043416 (2008).
  29. F. Frei, A. Galler, and T. Feurer, “Space-time coupling in femtosecond pulse shaping and its effects on coherent control,” J. Chem. Phys. 130, 034302 (2009).
    [PubMed]
  30. B. von Vacano, T. Buckup, and M. Motzkus, “In situ broadband pulse compression for multiphoton microscopy using a shaper-assisted collinear SPIDER,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1154–1156 (2006).
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  35. M. Wollenhaupt, D. Liese, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast dressed states tailoring,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 419, 184–190 (2006).
  36. M. Wollenhaupt, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, D. Liese, T. Bayer, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond strong-field quantum control with sinusoidally phase-modulated pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 73, 063409 (2006).
  37. T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, and T. Baumert, “Strong-field control landscapes of coherent electronic excitation,” J. Phys. B 41, 074007 (2008).
  38. T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Robust photon locking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 023004 (2009).
    [PubMed]
  39. S. Rausch, T. Binhammer, A. Harth, F. X. Kärtner, and U. Morgner, “Few-cycle femtosecond field synthesizer,” Opt. Express 16, 17410–17419 (2008).
    [PubMed]
  40. D. Oron, Y. Silberberg, N. Dudovich, and D. M. Villeneuve, “Efficient polarization gating of high-order harmonic generation by polarization-shaped ultrashort pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 72, 063816 (2006).
  41. C. Ott, P. Raith, and T. Pfeifer, “Sub-cycle strong-field interferometry,” Opt. Express 18, 24307–24315 (2010).
    [PubMed]

2010 (3)

2009 (8)

M. Wollenhaupt, M. Krug, J. Köhler, T. Bayer, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Photoelectron angular distributions from strong-field coherent electronic excitation,” Appl. Phys. B 95, 245–259 (2009).

D. Kupka, P. Schlup, and R. A. Bartels, “Simplified ultrafast pulse shaper for tailored polarization states using a birefringent prism,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 053110 (2009).
[PubMed]

K. Ohmori, “Wave-packet and coherent control dynamics,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 60, 487–511 (2009).
[PubMed]

F. Frei, A. Galler, and T. Feurer, “Space-time coupling in femtosecond pulse shaping and its effects on coherent control,” J. Chem. Phys. 130, 034302 (2009).
[PubMed]

T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Robust photon locking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 023004 (2009).
[PubMed]

F. Weise and A. Lindinger, “Full control over the electric field using four liquid crystal arrays,” Opt. Lett. 34, 1258–1260 (2009).
[PubMed]

C. T. Middleton, D. B. Strasfeld, and M. T. Zanni, “Polarization shaping in the mid-IR and polarization-based balanced heterodyne detection with application to 2D IR spectroscopy,” Opt. Express 17, 14526–14533 (2009).
[PubMed]

M. Chini, H. Mashiko, H. Wang, S. Chen, C. Yun, S. Scott, S. Gilbertson, and Z. Chang, “Delay control in attosecond pump-probe experiments,” Opt. Express 17, 21459–21464 (2009).
[PubMed]

2008 (5)

T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, and T. Baumert, “Strong-field control landscapes of coherent electronic excitation,” J. Phys. B 41, 074007 (2008).

K. Ohmori, “Development of ultrahigh-precision coherent control and its applications,” Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 84, 167–175 (2008).

B. J. Sussman, R. Lausten, and A. Stolow, “Focusing of light following a 4-f pulse shaper: considerations for quantum control,” Phys. Rev. A 77, 043416 (2008).

A. Galler and T. Feurer, “Pulse shaper assisted short laser pulse characterization,” Appl. Phys. B 90, 427–430 (2008).

S. Rausch, T. Binhammer, A. Harth, F. X. Kärtner, and U. Morgner, “Few-cycle femtosecond field synthesizer,” Opt. Express 16, 17410–17419 (2008).
[PubMed]

2007 (3)

2006 (5)

L. Polachek, D. Oron, and Y. Silberberg, “Full control of the spectral polarization of ultrashort laser pulses,” Opt. Lett. 31, 631–633 (2006).
[PubMed]

B. von Vacano, T. Buckup, and M. Motzkus, “In situ broadband pulse compression for multiphoton microscopy using a shaper-assisted collinear SPIDER,” Opt. Lett. 31, 1154–1156 (2006).
[PubMed]

M. Wollenhaupt, D. Liese, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast dressed states tailoring,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 419, 184–190 (2006).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, D. Liese, T. Bayer, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond strong-field quantum control with sinusoidally phase-modulated pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 73, 063409 (2006).

D. Oron, Y. Silberberg, N. Dudovich, and D. M. Villeneuve, “Efficient polarization gating of high-order harmonic generation by polarization-shaped ultrashort pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 72, 063816 (2006).

2005 (2)

M. Wollenhaupt, V. Engel, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond laser photoelectron spectroscopy on atoms and small molecules: prototype studies in quantum control,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 56, 25–56 (2005).
[PubMed]

Th. Ergler, A. Rudenko, B. Feuerstein, K. Zrost, C. D Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Time-resolved imaging and manipulation of H2 fragmentation in intense laser fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 093001 (2005).
[PubMed]

2004 (3)

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Phase control of a two-photon transition with shaped femtosecond laser-pulse sequences,” Phys. Rev. A 70, 063407 (2004).

T. Suzuki, S. Minemoto, T. Kanai, and H. Sakai, “Optimal control of multiphoton ionization processes in aligned I2 molecules with time-dependent polarization pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 133005 (2004).
[PubMed]

T. Brixner, G. Krampert, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt, O. Graefe, C. Horn, D. Liese, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 208301 (2004).
[PubMed]

2003 (2)

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, Ch. Horn, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Compact, robust, and flexible setup for femtosecond pulse shaping,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 4950–4953 (2003).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, O. Bazhan, Ch. Horn, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Control of interferences in an Autler-Townes doublet: Symmetry of control parameters,” Phys. Rev. A 68, 015401(R) (2003).

2002 (1)

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

2001 (1)

2000 (1)

A. M. Weiner, “Femtosecond pulse shaping using spatial light modulators,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 1929–1960 (2000).

1999 (1)

A. W. Albrecht, J. D. Hybl, S. M. Gallagher Faeder, and D. M. Jonas, “Experimental distinction between phase shifts and time delays: Implications for femtosecond spectroscopy and coherent control of chemical reactions,” J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10934–10956 (1999).

1998 (1)

M. A. Bouchene, V. Blanchet, C. Nicole, N. Melikechi, B. Girard, H. Ruppe, S. Rutz, E. Schreiber, and L. Wöste, “Temporal coherent control induced by wave packet interferences in one and two photon atomic transitions,” Eur. Phys. J. D 2, 131–141 (1998).

1996 (1)

M. M. Wefers and K. A. Nelson, “Space-time profiles of shaped ultrafast optical waveforms,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 161–172 (1996).

1995 (1)

1986 (1)

D. J. Tannor, R. Kosloff, and S. A. Rice, “Coherent pulse sequence induced control of selectivity of reactions: Exact quantum mechanical calculations,” J. Chem. Phys. 85, 5805–5820 (1986).

Albrecht, A. W.

A. W. Albrecht, J. D. Hybl, S. M. Gallagher Faeder, and D. M. Jonas, “Experimental distinction between phase shifts and time delays: Implications for femtosecond spectroscopy and coherent control of chemical reactions,” J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10934–10956 (1999).

Assion, A.

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, O. Bazhan, Ch. Horn, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Control of interferences in an Autler-Townes doublet: Symmetry of control parameters,” Phys. Rev. A 68, 015401(R) (2003).

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, Ch. Horn, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Compact, robust, and flexible setup for femtosecond pulse shaping,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 4950–4953 (2003).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond laser pulses: linear properties, manipulation, generation and measurement,” in Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics, F. Träger, ed. (Springer, 2007), pp. 937–983.

Bartels, R. A.

D. Kupka, P. Schlup, and R. A. Bartels, “Simplified ultrafast pulse shaper for tailored polarization states using a birefringent prism,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 053110 (2009).
[PubMed]

Baumert, T.

M. Wollenhaupt, M. Krug, J. Köhler, T. Bayer, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Photoelectron angular distributions from strong-field coherent electronic excitation,” Appl. Phys. B 95, 245–259 (2009).

T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Robust photon locking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 023004 (2009).
[PubMed]

T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, and T. Baumert, “Strong-field control landscapes of coherent electronic excitation,” J. Phys. B 41, 074007 (2008).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, D. Liese, T. Bayer, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond strong-field quantum control with sinusoidally phase-modulated pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 73, 063409 (2006).

M. Wollenhaupt, D. Liese, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast dressed states tailoring,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 419, 184–190 (2006).

M. Wollenhaupt, V. Engel, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond laser photoelectron spectroscopy on atoms and small molecules: prototype studies in quantum control,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 56, 25–56 (2005).
[PubMed]

T. Brixner, G. Krampert, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt, O. Graefe, C. Horn, D. Liese, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 208301 (2004).
[PubMed]

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Phase control of a two-photon transition with shaped femtosecond laser-pulse sequences,” Phys. Rev. A 70, 063407 (2004).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, O. Bazhan, Ch. Horn, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Control of interferences in an Autler-Townes doublet: Symmetry of control parameters,” Phys. Rev. A 68, 015401(R) (2003).

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, Ch. Horn, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Compact, robust, and flexible setup for femtosecond pulse shaping,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 4950–4953 (2003).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond laser pulses: linear properties, manipulation, generation and measurement,” in Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics, F. Träger, ed. (Springer, 2007), pp. 937–983.

Bayer, T.

M. Wollenhaupt, M. Krug, J. Köhler, T. Bayer, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Photoelectron angular distributions from strong-field coherent electronic excitation,” Appl. Phys. B 95, 245–259 (2009).

T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Robust photon locking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 023004 (2009).
[PubMed]

T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, and T. Baumert, “Strong-field control landscapes of coherent electronic excitation,” J. Phys. B 41, 074007 (2008).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, D. Liese, T. Bayer, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond strong-field quantum control with sinusoidally phase-modulated pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 73, 063409 (2006).

Bazhan, O.

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, O. Bazhan, Ch. Horn, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Control of interferences in an Autler-Townes doublet: Symmetry of control parameters,” Phys. Rev. A 68, 015401(R) (2003).

Binhammer, T.

Blanchet, V.

M. A. Bouchene, V. Blanchet, C. Nicole, N. Melikechi, B. Girard, H. Ruppe, S. Rutz, E. Schreiber, and L. Wöste, “Temporal coherent control induced by wave packet interferences in one and two photon atomic transitions,” Eur. Phys. J. D 2, 131–141 (1998).

Bouchene, M. A.

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

M. A. Bouchene, V. Blanchet, C. Nicole, N. Melikechi, B. Girard, H. Ruppe, S. Rutz, E. Schreiber, and L. Wöste, “Temporal coherent control induced by wave packet interferences in one and two photon atomic transitions,” Eur. Phys. J. D 2, 131–141 (1998).

Bracewell, R. N.

R. N. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform and Its Applications (McGraw-Hill, 2000).

Brixner, T.

M. Ninck, A. Galler, T. Feurer, and T. Brixner, “Programmable common-path vector field synthesizer for femtosecond pulses,” Opt. Lett. 32, 3379–3381 (2007).
[PubMed]

T. Brixner, G. Krampert, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt, O. Graefe, C. Horn, D. Liese, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 208301 (2004).
[PubMed]

T. Brixner and G. Gerber, “Femtosecond polarization pulse shaping,” Opt. Lett. 26, 557–559 (2001).

Buckup, T.

Chang, Z.

Chatel, B.

A. Monmayrant, S. Weber, and B. Chatel, “A newcomer’s guide to ultrashort pulse shaping and characterization,” J. Phys. B 43, 103001 (2010).

Chen, S.

Chiba, H.

H. Katsuki, K. Hosaka, H. Chiba, and K. Ohmori, “Read and write amplitude and phase information by using high-precision molecular wave-packet interferometry,” Phys. Rev. A 76, 013403 (2007).

Chini, M.

Dudovich, N.

D. Oron, Y. Silberberg, N. Dudovich, and D. M. Villeneuve, “Efficient polarization gating of high-order harmonic generation by polarization-shaped ultrashort pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 72, 063816 (2006).

Engel, V.

M. Wollenhaupt, V. Engel, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond laser photoelectron spectroscopy on atoms and small molecules: prototype studies in quantum control,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 56, 25–56 (2005).
[PubMed]

Ergler, Th.

Th. Ergler, A. Rudenko, B. Feuerstein, K. Zrost, C. D Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Time-resolved imaging and manipulation of H2 fragmentation in intense laser fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 093001 (2005).
[PubMed]

Feuerstein, B.

Th. Ergler, A. Rudenko, B. Feuerstein, K. Zrost, C. D Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Time-resolved imaging and manipulation of H2 fragmentation in intense laser fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 093001 (2005).
[PubMed]

Feurer, T.

F. Frei, A. Galler, and T. Feurer, “Space-time coupling in femtosecond pulse shaping and its effects on coherent control,” J. Chem. Phys. 130, 034302 (2009).
[PubMed]

A. Galler and T. Feurer, “Pulse shaper assisted short laser pulse characterization,” Appl. Phys. B 90, 427–430 (2008).

M. Ninck, A. Galler, T. Feurer, and T. Brixner, “Programmable common-path vector field synthesizer for femtosecond pulses,” Opt. Lett. 32, 3379–3381 (2007).
[PubMed]

Flettner, A.

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

Frei, F.

F. Frei, A. Galler, and T. Feurer, “Space-time coupling in femtosecond pulse shaping and its effects on coherent control,” J. Chem. Phys. 130, 034302 (2009).
[PubMed]

Gallagher Faeder, S. M.

A. W. Albrecht, J. D. Hybl, S. M. Gallagher Faeder, and D. M. Jonas, “Experimental distinction between phase shifts and time delays: Implications for femtosecond spectroscopy and coherent control of chemical reactions,” J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10934–10956 (1999).

Galler, A.

F. Frei, A. Galler, and T. Feurer, “Space-time coupling in femtosecond pulse shaping and its effects on coherent control,” J. Chem. Phys. 130, 034302 (2009).
[PubMed]

A. Galler and T. Feurer, “Pulse shaper assisted short laser pulse characterization,” Appl. Phys. B 90, 427–430 (2008).

M. Ninck, A. Galler, T. Feurer, and T. Brixner, “Programmable common-path vector field synthesizer for femtosecond pulses,” Opt. Lett. 32, 3379–3381 (2007).
[PubMed]

Gerber, G.

T. Brixner, G. Krampert, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt, O. Graefe, C. Horn, D. Liese, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 208301 (2004).
[PubMed]

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

T. Brixner and G. Gerber, “Femtosecond polarization pulse shaping,” Opt. Lett. 26, 557–559 (2001).

Gilbertson, S.

Girard, B.

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

M. A. Bouchene, V. Blanchet, C. Nicole, N. Melikechi, B. Girard, H. Ruppe, S. Rutz, E. Schreiber, and L. Wöste, “Temporal coherent control induced by wave packet interferences in one and two photon atomic transitions,” Eur. Phys. J. D 2, 131–141 (1998).

Graefe, O.

T. Brixner, G. Krampert, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt, O. Graefe, C. Horn, D. Liese, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 208301 (2004).
[PubMed]

Harth, A.

Horn, C.

T. Brixner, G. Krampert, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt, O. Graefe, C. Horn, D. Liese, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 208301 (2004).
[PubMed]

Horn, Ch.

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, O. Bazhan, Ch. Horn, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Control of interferences in an Autler-Townes doublet: Symmetry of control parameters,” Phys. Rev. A 68, 015401(R) (2003).

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, Ch. Horn, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Compact, robust, and flexible setup for femtosecond pulse shaping,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 4950–4953 (2003).

Hosaka, K.

H. Katsuki, K. Hosaka, H. Chiba, and K. Ohmori, “Read and write amplitude and phase information by using high-precision molecular wave-packet interferometry,” Phys. Rev. A 76, 013403 (2007).

Hybl, J. D.

A. W. Albrecht, J. D. Hybl, S. M. Gallagher Faeder, and D. M. Jonas, “Experimental distinction between phase shifts and time delays: Implications for femtosecond spectroscopy and coherent control of chemical reactions,” J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10934–10956 (1999).

Jonas, D. M.

A. W. Albrecht, J. D. Hybl, S. M. Gallagher Faeder, and D. M. Jonas, “Experimental distinction between phase shifts and time delays: Implications for femtosecond spectroscopy and coherent control of chemical reactions,” J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10934–10956 (1999).

Kanai, T.

T. Suzuki, S. Minemoto, T. Kanai, and H. Sakai, “Optimal control of multiphoton ionization processes in aligned I2 molecules with time-dependent polarization pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 133005 (2004).
[PubMed]

Kärtner, F. X.

Katsuki, H.

H. Katsuki, K. Hosaka, H. Chiba, and K. Ohmori, “Read and write amplitude and phase information by using high-precision molecular wave-packet interferometry,” Phys. Rev. A 76, 013403 (2007).

Köhler, J.

M. Wollenhaupt, M. Krug, J. Köhler, T. Bayer, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Photoelectron angular distributions from strong-field coherent electronic excitation,” Appl. Phys. B 95, 245–259 (2009).

Kosloff, R.

D. J. Tannor, R. Kosloff, and S. A. Rice, “Coherent pulse sequence induced control of selectivity of reactions: Exact quantum mechanical calculations,” J. Chem. Phys. 85, 5805–5820 (1986).

Krampert, G.

T. Brixner, G. Krampert, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt, O. Graefe, C. Horn, D. Liese, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 208301 (2004).
[PubMed]

Krug, M.

M. Wollenhaupt, M. Krug, J. Köhler, T. Bayer, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Photoelectron angular distributions from strong-field coherent electronic excitation,” Appl. Phys. B 95, 245–259 (2009).

Kupka, D.

D. Kupka, P. Schlup, and R. A. Bartels, “Simplified ultrafast pulse shaper for tailored polarization states using a birefringent prism,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 053110 (2009).
[PubMed]

Lausten, R.

B. J. Sussman, R. Lausten, and A. Stolow, “Focusing of light following a 4-f pulse shaper: considerations for quantum control,” Phys. Rev. A 77, 043416 (2008).

Liese, D.

M. Wollenhaupt, D. Liese, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast dressed states tailoring,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 419, 184–190 (2006).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, D. Liese, T. Bayer, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond strong-field quantum control with sinusoidally phase-modulated pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 73, 063409 (2006).

T. Brixner, G. Krampert, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt, O. Graefe, C. Horn, D. Liese, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 208301 (2004).
[PubMed]

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, O. Bazhan, Ch. Horn, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Control of interferences in an Autler-Townes doublet: Symmetry of control parameters,” Phys. Rev. A 68, 015401(R) (2003).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

Lindinger, A.

Mashiko, H.

Melikechi, N.

M. A. Bouchene, V. Blanchet, C. Nicole, N. Melikechi, B. Girard, H. Ruppe, S. Rutz, E. Schreiber, and L. Wöste, “Temporal coherent control induced by wave packet interferences in one and two photon atomic transitions,” Eur. Phys. J. D 2, 131–141 (1998).

Middleton, C. T.

Minemoto, S.

T. Suzuki, S. Minemoto, T. Kanai, and H. Sakai, “Optimal control of multiphoton ionization processes in aligned I2 molecules with time-dependent polarization pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 133005 (2004).
[PubMed]

Monmayrant, A.

A. Monmayrant, S. Weber, and B. Chatel, “A newcomer’s guide to ultrashort pulse shaping and characterization,” J. Phys. B 43, 103001 (2010).

Morgner, U.

Moshammer, R.

Th. Ergler, A. Rudenko, B. Feuerstein, K. Zrost, C. D Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Time-resolved imaging and manipulation of H2 fragmentation in intense laser fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 093001 (2005).
[PubMed]

Motzkus, M.

Nelson, K. A.

M. M. Wefers and K. A. Nelson, “Space-time profiles of shaped ultrafast optical waveforms,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 161–172 (1996).

M. M. Wefers and K. A. Nelson, “Generation of high-fidelity programmable ultrafast optical waveforms,” Opt. Lett. 20, 1047–1049 (1995).
[PubMed]

Nicole, C.

M. A. Bouchene, V. Blanchet, C. Nicole, N. Melikechi, B. Girard, H. Ruppe, S. Rutz, E. Schreiber, and L. Wöste, “Temporal coherent control induced by wave packet interferences in one and two photon atomic transitions,” Eur. Phys. J. D 2, 131–141 (1998).

Ninck, M.

Ohmori, K.

K. Ohmori, “Wave-packet and coherent control dynamics,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 60, 487–511 (2009).
[PubMed]

K. Ohmori, “Development of ultrahigh-precision coherent control and its applications,” Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 84, 167–175 (2008).

H. Katsuki, K. Hosaka, H. Chiba, and K. Ohmori, “Read and write amplitude and phase information by using high-precision molecular wave-packet interferometry,” Phys. Rev. A 76, 013403 (2007).

Oron, D.

L. Polachek, D. Oron, and Y. Silberberg, “Full control of the spectral polarization of ultrashort laser pulses,” Opt. Lett. 31, 631–633 (2006).
[PubMed]

D. Oron, Y. Silberberg, N. Dudovich, and D. M. Villeneuve, “Efficient polarization gating of high-order harmonic generation by polarization-shaped ultrashort pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 72, 063816 (2006).

Ott, C.

Pfeifer, T.

C. Ott, P. Raith, and T. Pfeifer, “Sub-cycle strong-field interferometry,” Opt. Express 18, 24307–24315 (2010).
[PubMed]

T. Brixner, G. Krampert, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt, O. Graefe, C. Horn, D. Liese, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 208301 (2004).
[PubMed]

Polachek, L.

Präkelt, A.

M. Wollenhaupt, D. Liese, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast dressed states tailoring,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 419, 184–190 (2006).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, D. Liese, T. Bayer, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond strong-field quantum control with sinusoidally phase-modulated pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 73, 063409 (2006).

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Phase control of a two-photon transition with shaped femtosecond laser-pulse sequences,” Phys. Rev. A 70, 063407 (2004).

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, Ch. Horn, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Compact, robust, and flexible setup for femtosecond pulse shaping,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 4950–4953 (2003).

Raith, P.

Rausch, S.

Rice, S. A.

D. J. Tannor, R. Kosloff, and S. A. Rice, “Coherent pulse sequence induced control of selectivity of reactions: Exact quantum mechanical calculations,” J. Chem. Phys. 85, 5805–5820 (1986).

Rudenko, A.

Th. Ergler, A. Rudenko, B. Feuerstein, K. Zrost, C. D Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Time-resolved imaging and manipulation of H2 fragmentation in intense laser fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 093001 (2005).
[PubMed]

Ruppe, H.

M. A. Bouchene, V. Blanchet, C. Nicole, N. Melikechi, B. Girard, H. Ruppe, S. Rutz, E. Schreiber, and L. Wöste, “Temporal coherent control induced by wave packet interferences in one and two photon atomic transitions,” Eur. Phys. J. D 2, 131–141 (1998).

Rutz, S.

M. A. Bouchene, V. Blanchet, C. Nicole, N. Melikechi, B. Girard, H. Ruppe, S. Rutz, E. Schreiber, and L. Wöste, “Temporal coherent control induced by wave packet interferences in one and two photon atomic transitions,” Eur. Phys. J. D 2, 131–141 (1998).

Sakai, H.

T. Suzuki, S. Minemoto, T. Kanai, and H. Sakai, “Optimal control of multiphoton ionization processes in aligned I2 molecules with time-dependent polarization pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 133005 (2004).
[PubMed]

Sarpe-Tudoran, C.

T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Robust photon locking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 023004 (2009).
[PubMed]

M. Wollenhaupt, M. Krug, J. Köhler, T. Bayer, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Photoelectron angular distributions from strong-field coherent electronic excitation,” Appl. Phys. B 95, 245–259 (2009).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, D. Liese, T. Bayer, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond strong-field quantum control with sinusoidally phase-modulated pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 73, 063409 (2006).

M. Wollenhaupt, D. Liese, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast dressed states tailoring,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 419, 184–190 (2006).

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Phase control of a two-photon transition with shaped femtosecond laser-pulse sequences,” Phys. Rev. A 70, 063407 (2004).

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, Ch. Horn, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Compact, robust, and flexible setup for femtosecond pulse shaping,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 4950–4953 (2003).

Sarpe-Tudoran, Ch.

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, O. Bazhan, Ch. Horn, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Control of interferences in an Autler-Townes doublet: Symmetry of control parameters,” Phys. Rev. A 68, 015401(R) (2003).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

Schlup, P.

D. Kupka, P. Schlup, and R. A. Bartels, “Simplified ultrafast pulse shaper for tailored polarization states using a birefringent prism,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 053110 (2009).
[PubMed]

Schreiber, E.

M. A. Bouchene, V. Blanchet, C. Nicole, N. Melikechi, B. Girard, H. Ruppe, S. Rutz, E. Schreiber, and L. Wöste, “Temporal coherent control induced by wave packet interferences in one and two photon atomic transitions,” Eur. Phys. J. D 2, 131–141 (1998).

Schröter, C. D

Th. Ergler, A. Rudenko, B. Feuerstein, K. Zrost, C. D Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Time-resolved imaging and manipulation of H2 fragmentation in intense laser fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 093001 (2005).
[PubMed]

Scott, S.

Seidel, M. T.

Selle, R.

T. Brixner, G. Krampert, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt, O. Graefe, C. Horn, D. Liese, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 208301 (2004).
[PubMed]

Silberberg, Y.

D. Oron, Y. Silberberg, N. Dudovich, and D. M. Villeneuve, “Efficient polarization gating of high-order harmonic generation by polarization-shaped ultrashort pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 72, 063816 (2006).

L. Polachek, D. Oron, and Y. Silberberg, “Full control of the spectral polarization of ultrashort laser pulses,” Opt. Lett. 31, 631–633 (2006).
[PubMed]

Stolow, A.

B. J. Sussman, R. Lausten, and A. Stolow, “Focusing of light following a 4-f pulse shaper: considerations for quantum control,” Phys. Rev. A 77, 043416 (2008).

Strasfeld, D. B.

Sussman, B. J.

B. J. Sussman, R. Lausten, and A. Stolow, “Focusing of light following a 4-f pulse shaper: considerations for quantum control,” Phys. Rev. A 77, 043416 (2008).

Suzuki, T.

T. Suzuki, S. Minemoto, T. Kanai, and H. Sakai, “Optimal control of multiphoton ionization processes in aligned I2 molecules with time-dependent polarization pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 133005 (2004).
[PubMed]

Tan, H.-S.

Tannor, D. J.

D. J. Tannor, R. Kosloff, and S. A. Rice, “Coherent pulse sequence induced control of selectivity of reactions: Exact quantum mechanical calculations,” J. Chem. Phys. 85, 5805–5820 (1986).

Ullrich, J.

Th. Ergler, A. Rudenko, B. Feuerstein, K. Zrost, C. D Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Time-resolved imaging and manipulation of H2 fragmentation in intense laser fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 093001 (2005).
[PubMed]

Villeneuve, D. M.

D. Oron, Y. Silberberg, N. Dudovich, and D. M. Villeneuve, “Efficient polarization gating of high-order harmonic generation by polarization-shaped ultrashort pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 72, 063816 (2006).

von Vacano, B.

Wang, H.

Weber, S.

A. Monmayrant, S. Weber, and B. Chatel, “A newcomer’s guide to ultrashort pulse shaping and characterization,” J. Phys. B 43, 103001 (2010).

Wefers, M. M.

M. M. Wefers and K. A. Nelson, “Space-time profiles of shaped ultrafast optical waveforms,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 161–172 (1996).

M. M. Wefers and K. A. Nelson, “Generation of high-fidelity programmable ultrafast optical waveforms,” Opt. Lett. 20, 1047–1049 (1995).
[PubMed]

Weichmann, U.

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

Weiner, A. M.

A. M. Weiner, “Femtosecond pulse shaping using spatial light modulators,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 1929–1960 (2000).

Weise, F.

Winter, M.

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, Ch. Horn, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Compact, robust, and flexible setup for femtosecond pulse shaping,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 4950–4953 (2003).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, O. Bazhan, Ch. Horn, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Control of interferences in an Autler-Townes doublet: Symmetry of control parameters,” Phys. Rev. A 68, 015401(R) (2003).

Wollenhaupt, M.

M. Wollenhaupt, M. Krug, J. Köhler, T. Bayer, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Photoelectron angular distributions from strong-field coherent electronic excitation,” Appl. Phys. B 95, 245–259 (2009).

T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Robust photon locking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 023004 (2009).
[PubMed]

T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, and T. Baumert, “Strong-field control landscapes of coherent electronic excitation,” J. Phys. B 41, 074007 (2008).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, D. Liese, T. Bayer, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond strong-field quantum control with sinusoidally phase-modulated pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 73, 063409 (2006).

M. Wollenhaupt, D. Liese, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast dressed states tailoring,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 419, 184–190 (2006).

M. Wollenhaupt, V. Engel, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond laser photoelectron spectroscopy on atoms and small molecules: prototype studies in quantum control,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 56, 25–56 (2005).
[PubMed]

T. Brixner, G. Krampert, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt, O. Graefe, C. Horn, D. Liese, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 208301 (2004).
[PubMed]

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Phase control of a two-photon transition with shaped femtosecond laser-pulse sequences,” Phys. Rev. A 70, 063407 (2004).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, O. Bazhan, Ch. Horn, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Control of interferences in an Autler-Townes doublet: Symmetry of control parameters,” Phys. Rev. A 68, 015401(R) (2003).

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, Ch. Horn, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Compact, robust, and flexible setup for femtosecond pulse shaping,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 4950–4953 (2003).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond laser pulses: linear properties, manipulation, generation and measurement,” in Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics, F. Träger, ed. (Springer, 2007), pp. 937–983.

Wöste, L.

M. A. Bouchene, V. Blanchet, C. Nicole, N. Melikechi, B. Girard, H. Ruppe, S. Rutz, E. Schreiber, and L. Wöste, “Temporal coherent control induced by wave packet interferences in one and two photon atomic transitions,” Eur. Phys. J. D 2, 131–141 (1998).

Yan, S.

Yun, C.

Zamith, S.

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

Zanni, M. T.

Zrost, K.

Th. Ergler, A. Rudenko, B. Feuerstein, K. Zrost, C. D Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Time-resolved imaging and manipulation of H2 fragmentation in intense laser fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 093001 (2005).
[PubMed]

Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. (2)

K. Ohmori, “Wave-packet and coherent control dynamics,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 60, 487–511 (2009).
[PubMed]

M. Wollenhaupt, V. Engel, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond laser photoelectron spectroscopy on atoms and small molecules: prototype studies in quantum control,” Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 56, 25–56 (2005).
[PubMed]

Appl. Phys. B (2)

M. Wollenhaupt, M. Krug, J. Köhler, T. Bayer, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Photoelectron angular distributions from strong-field coherent electronic excitation,” Appl. Phys. B 95, 245–259 (2009).

A. Galler and T. Feurer, “Pulse shaper assisted short laser pulse characterization,” Appl. Phys. B 90, 427–430 (2008).

Chem. Phys. Lett. (1)

M. Wollenhaupt, D. Liese, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast dressed states tailoring,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 419, 184–190 (2006).

Eur. Phys. J. D (1)

M. A. Bouchene, V. Blanchet, C. Nicole, N. Melikechi, B. Girard, H. Ruppe, S. Rutz, E. Schreiber, and L. Wöste, “Temporal coherent control induced by wave packet interferences in one and two photon atomic transitions,” Eur. Phys. J. D 2, 131–141 (1998).

IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (1)

M. M. Wefers and K. A. Nelson, “Space-time profiles of shaped ultrafast optical waveforms,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32, 161–172 (1996).

J. Chem. Phys. (3)

A. W. Albrecht, J. D. Hybl, S. M. Gallagher Faeder, and D. M. Jonas, “Experimental distinction between phase shifts and time delays: Implications for femtosecond spectroscopy and coherent control of chemical reactions,” J. Chem. Phys. 111, 10934–10956 (1999).

D. J. Tannor, R. Kosloff, and S. A. Rice, “Coherent pulse sequence induced control of selectivity of reactions: Exact quantum mechanical calculations,” J. Chem. Phys. 85, 5805–5820 (1986).

F. Frei, A. Galler, and T. Feurer, “Space-time coupling in femtosecond pulse shaping and its effects on coherent control,” J. Chem. Phys. 130, 034302 (2009).
[PubMed]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

J. Phys. B (2)

T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, and T. Baumert, “Strong-field control landscapes of coherent electronic excitation,” J. Phys. B 41, 074007 (2008).

A. Monmayrant, S. Weber, and B. Chatel, “A newcomer’s guide to ultrashort pulse shaping and characterization,” J. Phys. B 43, 103001 (2010).

Opt. Express (4)

Opt. Lett. (7)

Phys. Rev. A (6)

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Präkelt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, D. Liese, T. Bayer, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond strong-field quantum control with sinusoidally phase-modulated pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 73, 063409 (2006).

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, O. Bazhan, Ch. Horn, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Control of interferences in an Autler-Townes doublet: Symmetry of control parameters,” Phys. Rev. A 68, 015401(R) (2003).

B. J. Sussman, R. Lausten, and A. Stolow, “Focusing of light following a 4-f pulse shaper: considerations for quantum control,” Phys. Rev. A 77, 043416 (2008).

A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Phase control of a two-photon transition with shaped femtosecond laser-pulse sequences,” Phys. Rev. A 70, 063407 (2004).

H. Katsuki, K. Hosaka, H. Chiba, and K. Ohmori, “Read and write amplitude and phase information by using high-precision molecular wave-packet interferometry,” Phys. Rev. A 76, 013403 (2007).

D. Oron, Y. Silberberg, N. Dudovich, and D. M. Villeneuve, “Efficient polarization gating of high-order harmonic generation by polarization-shaped ultrashort pulses,” Phys. Rev. A 72, 063816 (2006).

Phys. Rev. Lett. (5)

T. Suzuki, S. Minemoto, T. Kanai, and H. Sakai, “Optimal control of multiphoton ionization processes in aligned I2 molecules with time-dependent polarization pulses,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 133005 (2004).
[PubMed]

T. Brixner, G. Krampert, T. Pfeifer, R. Selle, G. Gerber, M. Wollenhaupt, O. Graefe, C. Horn, D. Liese, and T. Baumert, “Quantum control by ultrafast polarization shaping,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 208301 (2004).
[PubMed]

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, D. Liese, Ch. Sarpe-Tudoran, T. Baumert, S. Zamith, M. A. Bouchene, B. Girard, A. Flettner, U. Weichmann, and G. Gerber, “Interferences of ultrashort free electron wave packets,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 173001 (2002).
[PubMed]

Th. Ergler, A. Rudenko, B. Feuerstein, K. Zrost, C. D Schröter, R. Moshammer, and J. Ullrich, “Time-resolved imaging and manipulation of H2 fragmentation in intense laser fields,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 093001 (2005).
[PubMed]

T. Bayer, M. Wollenhaupt, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, and T. Baumert, “Robust photon locking,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 023004 (2009).
[PubMed]

Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B (1)

K. Ohmori, “Development of ultrahigh-precision coherent control and its applications,” Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 84, 167–175 (2008).

Rev. Sci. Instrum. (3)

D. Kupka, P. Schlup, and R. A. Bartels, “Simplified ultrafast pulse shaper for tailored polarization states using a birefringent prism,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 053110 (2009).
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A. Präkelt, M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, Ch. Horn, C. Sarpe-Tudoran, M. Winter, and T. Baumert, “Compact, robust, and flexible setup for femtosecond pulse shaping,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 4950–4953 (2003).

Other (2)

M. Wollenhaupt, A. Assion, and T. Baumert, “Femtosecond laser pulses: linear properties, manipulation, generation and measurement,” in Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics, F. Träger, ed. (Springer, 2007), pp. 937–983.

R. N. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform and Its Applications (McGraw-Hill, 2000).

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Figures (6)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (Color online) Mimicking an interferometer by the use of a double layer LC-SLM based pulse shaper. The horizontally polarized electric field E in of the input pulse is represented as a superposition of two linearly polarized components E in,a and E in,b with orthogonal polarization planes at ∓45°. Each of these two components is individually modulated by one of the LC layers. The bold arrows on the layers indicate the preferential orientation axes of the LC molecules. By applying appropriate linear spectral phase functions ϕa (ω) and ϕb (ω) the input pulse is split into two identical temporally delayed replicas with crossed linear polarizations. A subsequent polarizer projects the polarization directions of the two pulses onto the same plane. The pulse energy ratio between the two pulses is tuned, e.g. by rotating the polarization plane of the input pulse using a half-wave plate (not shown here).

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (Color online) Interference signal S of two femtosecond laser pulses as a function of the pulse-to-pulse delay τ (1st order interferometric autocorrelation). The pulse pair is generated using the pulse shaper to mimic an ultrastable high-precision interferometer. The subfigures show measurement results for different delay intervals with successively decreasing ranges and delay step sizes: Scan of the delay in the range from (a) −65 fs to +65 fs with a step size of 100 as, (b) −3 fs to +3 fs with a step size of 10 as, (c) −2.5 fs to −1.5 fs with a step size of 2 as, and (d) −2.031 fs to −2.019 fs with a step size of 0.1 as = 100 zs. In (a) the measured signal (black solid lines with dots) is shown along with the calculated trace (red solid lines) resulting from the Fourier transform of the spectrum for comparison. The calculated interferogram serves as an independent check of the accuracy of the pulse shaper’s phase calibration (for details see text). The yellow-shaded areas indicate the iteration steps in the delay ranges used from measurement to measurement. For a delay step size of 2 as a strictly monotonic decreasing interference signal is obvious (see inset in (c)), whereas for a step size of 0.1 as deviations from a monotonic behavior occur (d). The final limit in temporal resolution lies between 100 zs and 2 as.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 (Color online) Interference signal S of two femtosecond laser pulses in dependence of the pulse-to-pulse delay τ. The delay is scanned within a 60 as interval from −2.055 fs to −1.995 fs (blue-shaded area in Fig. 2(c)) with a step size of 300 zs. The latter corresponds to the limit estimated from the data evaluation of the previous measurement with a delay step size of 100 zs (cf. Fig. 2(d)). Essentially, a strictly monotonic behavior of the interference signal is obtained. A linear fit to the measured data yields the slope m, which is associated with the standard deviations σS of the interference signal and στ of the pulse-to-pulse delay as visualized in the inset. Using m and σS , we derive στ ≈ 150 zs for the standard deviation of the pulse-to-pulse delay. Taking additionally the non-quantized Gaussian distribution of the residuals into account (cf. Fig. 4), we obtain δτ ≈ 11 zs for the standard deviation of the mean.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 (Color online) (a) Residuals given by the difference between the recorded values Si (τi ) for the interference signal measurement with a delay step size of 300 zs and the fit S fit (τi ) to those data. (b) The histogram representation of the same data exhibits a non-quantized Gaussian distribution of the residuals. The red solid lines, the green short-dashed lines and the blue long-dashed lines indicate intervals with ranges 2σS , 4σS and 6σS , respectively, including 68.3 %, 95.4 % and 99.7 % of all residuals.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 (Color online) Schematic of the experimental setup for the coherent control experiment. The framed inset displays the excitation and ionization scheme of potassium atoms used as physical system. Ultrashort laser pulses provided by an amplifier system pass a half-wave plate, the double-layer LC-SLM based pulse shaper, and a polarizer. This setup enables the generation of pulse pairs with adjustable temporal delay τ and tunable energy ratio. These double pulses are focussed into a vacuum chamber to intersect a potassium atomic beam. The 4p ← 4s transition of potassium is strongly driven near resonance. Photoelectrons released during the light-atom interaction are measured by a magnetic bottle Time Of Flight spectrometer. The recorded photoelectron spectra exhibit the Autler-Townes doublet corresponding to an energy splitting of the resonant state into two dressed states due to strong-field excitation.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 (Color online) Results of the coherent quantum control experiment based on pulse pairs. The upper panel shows photoelectron spectra recorded as a function of the pulse-to-pulse delay variation and, hence, the relative phase shift between the two pulses. AT contrast curves deduced from the measured photoelectron spectra are displayed in the lower panel. The initial pulse-to-pulse delay of 120 fs was varied by an amount ranging from (a), (c) 0 fs to 3.69 fs (relative phase shift from 0 rad to 8.81 rad) with a step size of 41.5 as and (b), (d) 1.85 fs to 2.94 fs (4.4 rad to 7.0 rad) with a step size of 8.6 as. In addition to the periodic switching between fast and slow photoelectrons already visible in subfigure (a), the corresponding contrast curve (c) reveals the controllability of this process with a precision given by the step size of 41.5 as. This temporal precision can be increased significantly down to the sub-10 as regime as demonstrated by the contrast curve in (d). Only slight deviations from a monotonic behavior are present. The additionally plotted laser power, kept constant on a level of ±1 %, indicates, that there is no overall correlation between contrast signal and residual power fluctuations.

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Equations (10)

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E ˜ out   ( ω )   =   M ˜   ( ω )   ⋅   E ˜ in   ( ω )   .
M ˜   ( ω )   =   cos   [ ( ω   −   ω ref )   τ 2 ]   =   | cos   [ ( ω   −   ω ref )   τ 2 ] |   sgn   { cos   [ ( ω   −   ω ref )   τ 2 ] }   ,
φ a   ( ω )   =   ϕ 0 , a   +   τ a   ( ω   −   ω ref )
φ b   ( ω )   =   ϕ 0 , b   +   τ b   ( ω   −   ω ref )
J ^   ( ω )   =   exp   ( − i φ a   ( ω )   +   φ b   ( ω ) 2 )   cos   ( φ a   ( ω )   −   φ b   ( ω ) 2 )   ( 0 0 0 1 )   .
C AT   =   F   −   S F   +   S ,
S fit   ( τ )   =   m τ   +   b .
σ S   =   1 N   −   1 ∑ i = 1 N [ S i   ( τ i )   −   S fit   ( τ i ) ] 2   =   1 N   −   1 ∑ i = 1 N [ S i   ( τ i )   −   ( m τ i   +   b ) ] 2 ,
σ S   =   | m |   σ τ .
δ τ   =   σ τ N .

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