Abstract
We review top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), which are beneficial for lighting and display applications, where nontransparent substrates are used. The optical effects of the microcavity structure as well as the loss mechanisms are discussed. Outcoupling techniques and the work on white top-emitting OLEDs are summarized. We discuss the power dissipation spectra for a monochrome and a white top-emitting OLED and give quantitative reports on the loss channels. Furthermore, the development of inverted top-emitting OLEDs is described.
©2011 Optical Society of America
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