Abstract

Solid-state lighting is currently based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and phosphors. Solid-state lighting based on lasers would offer significant advantages including high potential efficiencies at high current densities. Light emitted from lasers, however, has a much narrower spectral linewidth than light emitted from LEDs or phosphors. Therefore it is a common belief that white light produced by a set of lasers of different colors would not be of high enough quality for general illumination. We tested this belief experimentally, and found the opposite to be true. This result paves the way for the use of lasers in solid-state lighting.

©2011 Optical Society of America

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    [Crossref]
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    [PubMed]

2011 (2)

H. T. Huang, Y. P. Huang, and C. C. Tsai, “Planar lighting system using array of blue LEDs to excite yellow remote phosphor film,” J. Display Tech. 7(1), 44–51 (2011).
[Crossref]

C. Lok, “Vision science: Seeing without seeing,” Nature 469(7330), 284–285 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (4)

W. Davis and Y. Ohno, “Color quality scale,” Opt. Eng. 49(3), 033602 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. Y. Tsao, H. D. Saunders, J. R. Creighton, M. E. Coltrin, and J. A. Simmons, “Solid-state lighting: an energy-economics perspective,” J. Phys. D43, 354001 (2010).

Y. Narukawa, M. Ichikawa, D. Sanga, M. Sano, and T. Mukai, “White light emitting diodes with super-high luminous efficacy,” J. Phys. D43, 354002 (2010).

H.-Y. Ryu and D.-H. Kim, “High-brightness phosphor-conversion white light source using InGaN blue laser diode,” J. Opt. Soc. Korea 14(4), 415–419 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (4)

A. Michiue, T. Miyoshi, T. Kozaki, T. Yanamoto, S. Nagahama, and T. Mukai, ““High-power pure blue InGaN laser diodes,” IEICE Trans. Electronics,” E 92C, 194–197 (2009).

S. Grzanka, P. Perlin, R. Czernecki, L. Marona, M. Bockowski, B. Lucznik, M. Leszczynski, and T. Suski, “Effect of efficiency 'droop' in violet and blue InGaN laser diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(7), 071108 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. H. Crawford, “LEDs for solid-state lighting: performance challenges and recent advances,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 15(4), 1028–1040 (2009).
[Crossref]

S. Tonzani, “Lighting technology: Time to change the bulb,” Nature 459(7245), 312–314 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (2)

J. M. Phillips, M. E. Coltrin, M. H. Crawford, A. J. Fischer, M. R. Krames, R. Mueller-Mach, G. O. Mueller, Y. Ohno, L. E. S. Rohwer, J. A. Simmons, and J. Y. Tsao, “Research challenges to ultra-efficient inorganic solid-state lighting,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 307–333 (2007).
[Crossref]

T. Kozaki, S. Nagahama, and T. Mukai, “Recent progress of high-power GaN-based laser diodes,” Proc. SPIE 6485, 648503, 648503–648508 (2007).
[Crossref]

2005 (3)

Y. Ohno, “Spectral Design Considerations for Color Rendering of White LED Light Sources,” Opt. Eng. 44(11), 111302 (2005).
[Crossref]

N. Narendran, Y. Gu, J. P. Freyssinier-Nova, and Y. Zhu, “Extracting phosphor-scattered photons to improve white LED efficiency,” Phys. Status Solidi., A Appl. Mater. Sci. 202(6), R60–R62 (2005).
[Crossref]

J. K. Kim, H. Luo, E. F. Schubert, J. H. Cho, C. S. Sone, and Y. J. Park, “Strongly enhanced phosphor efficiency in GaInN white light-emitting diodes using remote phosphor configuration and diffuse reflector cup,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44(21), L649–L651 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

J. Y. Tsao, “Solid-state lighting: lamps, chips, and materials for tomorrow,” IEEE Circuits Dev. Mag. 20(3), 28–37 (2004).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

S. Nakamura, “The roles of structural imperfections in InGaN-based blue light-emitting diodes and laser diodes,” Science 281(5379), 956–961 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1986 (1)

1975 (1)

J. J. Opstelten, D. Radielovic, and J. M. P. J. Verstegen, “Optimum spectra or light sources,” Philips Tech. Rev. 35, 361–370 (1975).

1974 (1)

J. M. P. J. Verstegen, D. Radielovic, and L. E. Vrenken, ““A new generation of “deluxe” fluorescent lamps, combining an efficacy of 80 lumens/W or more with a color rendering index of approximately 85,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 121(12), 1627–1631 (1974).
[Crossref]

1972 (1)

W. A. Rushton, “Pigments and signals in colour vision,” J. Physiol. 220, 1–31 (1972).
[PubMed]

1945 (1)

Bockowski, M.

S. Grzanka, P. Perlin, R. Czernecki, L. Marona, M. Bockowski, B. Lucznik, M. Leszczynski, and T. Suski, “Effect of efficiency 'droop' in violet and blue InGaN laser diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(7), 071108 (2009).
[Crossref]

Cho, J. H.

J. K. Kim, H. Luo, E. F. Schubert, J. H. Cho, C. S. Sone, and Y. J. Park, “Strongly enhanced phosphor efficiency in GaInN white light-emitting diodes using remote phosphor configuration and diffuse reflector cup,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44(21), L649–L651 (2005).
[Crossref]

Coltrin, M. E.

J. Y. Tsao, H. D. Saunders, J. R. Creighton, M. E. Coltrin, and J. A. Simmons, “Solid-state lighting: an energy-economics perspective,” J. Phys. D43, 354001 (2010).

J. M. Phillips, M. E. Coltrin, M. H. Crawford, A. J. Fischer, M. R. Krames, R. Mueller-Mach, G. O. Mueller, Y. Ohno, L. E. S. Rohwer, J. A. Simmons, and J. Y. Tsao, “Research challenges to ultra-efficient inorganic solid-state lighting,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 307–333 (2007).
[Crossref]

Crawford, M. H.

M. H. Crawford, “LEDs for solid-state lighting: performance challenges and recent advances,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 15(4), 1028–1040 (2009).
[Crossref]

J. M. Phillips, M. E. Coltrin, M. H. Crawford, A. J. Fischer, M. R. Krames, R. Mueller-Mach, G. O. Mueller, Y. Ohno, L. E. S. Rohwer, J. A. Simmons, and J. Y. Tsao, “Research challenges to ultra-efficient inorganic solid-state lighting,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 307–333 (2007).
[Crossref]

Creighton, J. R.

J. Y. Tsao, H. D. Saunders, J. R. Creighton, M. E. Coltrin, and J. A. Simmons, “Solid-state lighting: an energy-economics perspective,” J. Phys. D43, 354001 (2010).

Czernecki, R.

S. Grzanka, P. Perlin, R. Czernecki, L. Marona, M. Bockowski, B. Lucznik, M. Leszczynski, and T. Suski, “Effect of efficiency 'droop' in violet and blue InGaN laser diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(7), 071108 (2009).
[Crossref]

Davis, W.

W. Davis and Y. Ohno, “Color quality scale,” Opt. Eng. 49(3), 033602 (2010).
[Crossref]

Fischer, A. J.

J. M. Phillips, M. E. Coltrin, M. H. Crawford, A. J. Fischer, M. R. Krames, R. Mueller-Mach, G. O. Mueller, Y. Ohno, L. E. S. Rohwer, J. A. Simmons, and J. Y. Tsao, “Research challenges to ultra-efficient inorganic solid-state lighting,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 307–333 (2007).
[Crossref]

Freyssinier-Nova, J. P.

N. Narendran, Y. Gu, J. P. Freyssinier-Nova, and Y. Zhu, “Extracting phosphor-scattered photons to improve white LED efficiency,” Phys. Status Solidi., A Appl. Mater. Sci. 202(6), R60–R62 (2005).
[Crossref]

Grzanka, S.

S. Grzanka, P. Perlin, R. Czernecki, L. Marona, M. Bockowski, B. Lucznik, M. Leszczynski, and T. Suski, “Effect of efficiency 'droop' in violet and blue InGaN laser diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(7), 071108 (2009).
[Crossref]

Gu, Y.

N. Narendran, Y. Gu, J. P. Freyssinier-Nova, and Y. Zhu, “Extracting phosphor-scattered photons to improve white LED efficiency,” Phys. Status Solidi., A Appl. Mater. Sci. 202(6), R60–R62 (2005).
[Crossref]

Huang, H. T.

H. T. Huang, Y. P. Huang, and C. C. Tsai, “Planar lighting system using array of blue LEDs to excite yellow remote phosphor film,” J. Display Tech. 7(1), 44–51 (2011).
[Crossref]

Huang, Y. P.

H. T. Huang, Y. P. Huang, and C. C. Tsai, “Planar lighting system using array of blue LEDs to excite yellow remote phosphor film,” J. Display Tech. 7(1), 44–51 (2011).
[Crossref]

Ichikawa, M.

Y. Narukawa, M. Ichikawa, D. Sanga, M. Sano, and T. Mukai, “White light emitting diodes with super-high luminous efficacy,” J. Phys. D43, 354002 (2010).

Kim, D.-H.

Kim, J. K.

J. K. Kim, H. Luo, E. F. Schubert, J. H. Cho, C. S. Sone, and Y. J. Park, “Strongly enhanced phosphor efficiency in GaInN white light-emitting diodes using remote phosphor configuration and diffuse reflector cup,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44(21), L649–L651 (2005).
[Crossref]

Kozaki, T.

A. Michiue, T. Miyoshi, T. Kozaki, T. Yanamoto, S. Nagahama, and T. Mukai, ““High-power pure blue InGaN laser diodes,” IEICE Trans. Electronics,” E 92C, 194–197 (2009).

T. Kozaki, S. Nagahama, and T. Mukai, “Recent progress of high-power GaN-based laser diodes,” Proc. SPIE 6485, 648503, 648503–648508 (2007).
[Crossref]

Krames, M. R.

J. M. Phillips, M. E. Coltrin, M. H. Crawford, A. J. Fischer, M. R. Krames, R. Mueller-Mach, G. O. Mueller, Y. Ohno, L. E. S. Rohwer, J. A. Simmons, and J. Y. Tsao, “Research challenges to ultra-efficient inorganic solid-state lighting,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 307–333 (2007).
[Crossref]

Leszczynski, M.

S. Grzanka, P. Perlin, R. Czernecki, L. Marona, M. Bockowski, B. Lucznik, M. Leszczynski, and T. Suski, “Effect of efficiency 'droop' in violet and blue InGaN laser diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(7), 071108 (2009).
[Crossref]

Lok, C.

C. Lok, “Vision science: Seeing without seeing,” Nature 469(7330), 284–285 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lucznik, B.

S. Grzanka, P. Perlin, R. Czernecki, L. Marona, M. Bockowski, B. Lucznik, M. Leszczynski, and T. Suski, “Effect of efficiency 'droop' in violet and blue InGaN laser diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(7), 071108 (2009).
[Crossref]

Luo, H.

J. K. Kim, H. Luo, E. F. Schubert, J. H. Cho, C. S. Sone, and Y. J. Park, “Strongly enhanced phosphor efficiency in GaInN white light-emitting diodes using remote phosphor configuration and diffuse reflector cup,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44(21), L649–L651 (2005).
[Crossref]

Maloney, L. T.

Marona, L.

S. Grzanka, P. Perlin, R. Czernecki, L. Marona, M. Bockowski, B. Lucznik, M. Leszczynski, and T. Suski, “Effect of efficiency 'droop' in violet and blue InGaN laser diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(7), 071108 (2009).
[Crossref]

Michiue, A.

A. Michiue, T. Miyoshi, T. Kozaki, T. Yanamoto, S. Nagahama, and T. Mukai, ““High-power pure blue InGaN laser diodes,” IEICE Trans. Electronics,” E 92C, 194–197 (2009).

Miyoshi, T.

A. Michiue, T. Miyoshi, T. Kozaki, T. Yanamoto, S. Nagahama, and T. Mukai, ““High-power pure blue InGaN laser diodes,” IEICE Trans. Electronics,” E 92C, 194–197 (2009).

Moon, P.

Mueller, G. O.

J. M. Phillips, M. E. Coltrin, M. H. Crawford, A. J. Fischer, M. R. Krames, R. Mueller-Mach, G. O. Mueller, Y. Ohno, L. E. S. Rohwer, J. A. Simmons, and J. Y. Tsao, “Research challenges to ultra-efficient inorganic solid-state lighting,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 307–333 (2007).
[Crossref]

Mueller-Mach, R.

J. M. Phillips, M. E. Coltrin, M. H. Crawford, A. J. Fischer, M. R. Krames, R. Mueller-Mach, G. O. Mueller, Y. Ohno, L. E. S. Rohwer, J. A. Simmons, and J. Y. Tsao, “Research challenges to ultra-efficient inorganic solid-state lighting,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 307–333 (2007).
[Crossref]

Mukai, T.

Y. Narukawa, M. Ichikawa, D. Sanga, M. Sano, and T. Mukai, “White light emitting diodes with super-high luminous efficacy,” J. Phys. D43, 354002 (2010).

A. Michiue, T. Miyoshi, T. Kozaki, T. Yanamoto, S. Nagahama, and T. Mukai, ““High-power pure blue InGaN laser diodes,” IEICE Trans. Electronics,” E 92C, 194–197 (2009).

T. Kozaki, S. Nagahama, and T. Mukai, “Recent progress of high-power GaN-based laser diodes,” Proc. SPIE 6485, 648503, 648503–648508 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nagahama, S.

A. Michiue, T. Miyoshi, T. Kozaki, T. Yanamoto, S. Nagahama, and T. Mukai, ““High-power pure blue InGaN laser diodes,” IEICE Trans. Electronics,” E 92C, 194–197 (2009).

T. Kozaki, S. Nagahama, and T. Mukai, “Recent progress of high-power GaN-based laser diodes,” Proc. SPIE 6485, 648503, 648503–648508 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nakamura, S.

S. Nakamura, “The roles of structural imperfections in InGaN-based blue light-emitting diodes and laser diodes,” Science 281(5379), 956–961 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Narendran, N.

N. Narendran, Y. Gu, J. P. Freyssinier-Nova, and Y. Zhu, “Extracting phosphor-scattered photons to improve white LED efficiency,” Phys. Status Solidi., A Appl. Mater. Sci. 202(6), R60–R62 (2005).
[Crossref]

Narukawa, Y.

Y. Narukawa, M. Ichikawa, D. Sanga, M. Sano, and T. Mukai, “White light emitting diodes with super-high luminous efficacy,” J. Phys. D43, 354002 (2010).

Ohno, Y.

W. Davis and Y. Ohno, “Color quality scale,” Opt. Eng. 49(3), 033602 (2010).
[Crossref]

J. M. Phillips, M. E. Coltrin, M. H. Crawford, A. J. Fischer, M. R. Krames, R. Mueller-Mach, G. O. Mueller, Y. Ohno, L. E. S. Rohwer, J. A. Simmons, and J. Y. Tsao, “Research challenges to ultra-efficient inorganic solid-state lighting,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 307–333 (2007).
[Crossref]

Y. Ohno, “Spectral Design Considerations for Color Rendering of White LED Light Sources,” Opt. Eng. 44(11), 111302 (2005).
[Crossref]

Opstelten, J. J.

J. J. Opstelten, D. Radielovic, and J. M. P. J. Verstegen, “Optimum spectra or light sources,” Philips Tech. Rev. 35, 361–370 (1975).

Park, Y. J.

J. K. Kim, H. Luo, E. F. Schubert, J. H. Cho, C. S. Sone, and Y. J. Park, “Strongly enhanced phosphor efficiency in GaInN white light-emitting diodes using remote phosphor configuration and diffuse reflector cup,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44(21), L649–L651 (2005).
[Crossref]

Perlin, P.

S. Grzanka, P. Perlin, R. Czernecki, L. Marona, M. Bockowski, B. Lucznik, M. Leszczynski, and T. Suski, “Effect of efficiency 'droop' in violet and blue InGaN laser diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(7), 071108 (2009).
[Crossref]

Phillips, J. M.

J. M. Phillips, M. E. Coltrin, M. H. Crawford, A. J. Fischer, M. R. Krames, R. Mueller-Mach, G. O. Mueller, Y. Ohno, L. E. S. Rohwer, J. A. Simmons, and J. Y. Tsao, “Research challenges to ultra-efficient inorganic solid-state lighting,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 307–333 (2007).
[Crossref]

Radielovic, D.

J. J. Opstelten, D. Radielovic, and J. M. P. J. Verstegen, “Optimum spectra or light sources,” Philips Tech. Rev. 35, 361–370 (1975).

J. M. P. J. Verstegen, D. Radielovic, and L. E. Vrenken, ““A new generation of “deluxe” fluorescent lamps, combining an efficacy of 80 lumens/W or more with a color rendering index of approximately 85,” J. Electrochem. Soc. 121(12), 1627–1631 (1974).
[Crossref]

Rohwer, L. E. S.

J. M. Phillips, M. E. Coltrin, M. H. Crawford, A. J. Fischer, M. R. Krames, R. Mueller-Mach, G. O. Mueller, Y. Ohno, L. E. S. Rohwer, J. A. Simmons, and J. Y. Tsao, “Research challenges to ultra-efficient inorganic solid-state lighting,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 307–333 (2007).
[Crossref]

Rushton, W. A.

W. A. Rushton, “Pigments and signals in colour vision,” J. Physiol. 220, 1–31 (1972).
[PubMed]

Ryu, H.-Y.

Sanga, D.

Y. Narukawa, M. Ichikawa, D. Sanga, M. Sano, and T. Mukai, “White light emitting diodes with super-high luminous efficacy,” J. Phys. D43, 354002 (2010).

Sano, M.

Y. Narukawa, M. Ichikawa, D. Sanga, M. Sano, and T. Mukai, “White light emitting diodes with super-high luminous efficacy,” J. Phys. D43, 354002 (2010).

Saunders, H. D.

J. Y. Tsao, H. D. Saunders, J. R. Creighton, M. E. Coltrin, and J. A. Simmons, “Solid-state lighting: an energy-economics perspective,” J. Phys. D43, 354001 (2010).

Schubert, E. F.

J. K. Kim, H. Luo, E. F. Schubert, J. H. Cho, C. S. Sone, and Y. J. Park, “Strongly enhanced phosphor efficiency in GaInN white light-emitting diodes using remote phosphor configuration and diffuse reflector cup,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44(21), L649–L651 (2005).
[Crossref]

Simmons, J. A.

J. Y. Tsao, H. D. Saunders, J. R. Creighton, M. E. Coltrin, and J. A. Simmons, “Solid-state lighting: an energy-economics perspective,” J. Phys. D43, 354001 (2010).

J. M. Phillips, M. E. Coltrin, M. H. Crawford, A. J. Fischer, M. R. Krames, R. Mueller-Mach, G. O. Mueller, Y. Ohno, L. E. S. Rohwer, J. A. Simmons, and J. Y. Tsao, “Research challenges to ultra-efficient inorganic solid-state lighting,” Laser Photon. Rev. 1(4), 307–333 (2007).
[Crossref]

Sone, C. S.

J. K. Kim, H. Luo, E. F. Schubert, J. H. Cho, C. S. Sone, and Y. J. Park, “Strongly enhanced phosphor efficiency in GaInN white light-emitting diodes using remote phosphor configuration and diffuse reflector cup,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44(21), L649–L651 (2005).
[Crossref]

Spencer, D. E.

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Figures (4)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1

Schematic of four-color laser white illuminant. Light from four lasers is combined using chromatic beam-splitters, then passes through multiple ground-glass diffusers to reduce speckle before illuminating the test objects.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2

Chromaticities of the laser and reference illuminants. CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage) 1976 (u',v') diagrams showing the chromaticities of the RYGB laser (black circles) and reference (white circles) white light illuminants, and of the four lasers themselves (colored black-outlined circles).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3

(Left) Power spectral densities of the various illuminants: laser illuminants in black (with scale on left-axis); reference illuminants in white (with scale on right-axis). (Right) Summary of preferences: between the laser and reference illuminants in black; and between the reference illuminants in white. Vertical dashed black and white lines are the means of the preference distributions, where the degree preferences were assigned numerical values of −3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4

White light (left), shown composed of four narrow spectral lines, reflects off an orange. The orange preferentially reflects red and yellow and hence the L and M cones of the eye are preferentially stimulated. The brain compares the cone responses and interprets the color of the object to be a particular shade of orange.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 Properties of Illuminants and Results of Comparisons between Illuminantsa

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