Abstract

Adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) provides three-dimensional high-isotropic-resolution retinal images in vivo. We developed AO-OCT with a 1.03-μm probing beam and demonstrated high-penetration, high-resolution retinal imaging. Axial scans are acquired with a speed of 47,000 lines/s. AO closed loop is configured with a single deformable mirror. Seven eyes of 7 normal subjects were examined. Signal enhancement was found for all subjects. A rippled interface between nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer, boundary between ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer, and chorioscleral interface were identified. Simultaneous high-resolution and high-penetration choroidal imaging may be useful for microstructural investigation of photoreceptors and glaucomatous nerve-fiber abnormalities.

© 2010 Optical Society of America

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2010 (2)

2009 (7)

R. J. Zawadzki, S. S. Choi, A. R. Fuller, J. W. Evans, B. Hamann, and J. S. Werner, “Cellular resolution volumetric in vivo retinal imaging with adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 17, 4084–4094 (2009), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-5-4084.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Torti, B. Považay, B. Hofer, A. Unterhuber, J. Carroll, P. K. Ahnelt, and W. Drexler, “Adaptive optics optical coherence tomography at 120,000 depth scans/s for non-invasive cellular phenotyping of the living human retina,” Opt. Express 17, 19382–19400 (2009), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-17-22-19382.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Cense, W. Gao, J. M. Brown, S. M. Jones, R. S. Jonnal, M. Mujat, B. H. Park, J. F. de Boer, and D. T. Miller, “Retinal imaging with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and adaptive optics,” Opt. Express 17, 21634–21651 (2009), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-17-24-21634.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Yasuno, M. Miura, K. Kawana, S. Makita, M. Sato, F. Okamoto, M. Yamanari, T. Iwasaki, T. Yatagai, and T. Oshika, “Visualization of sub-retinal pigment epithelium morphologies of exudative macular diseases by high-penetration optical coherence tomography,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 405–413 (2009), http://dx. doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2272.
[Crossref]

B. Povazay, B. Hermann, B. Hofer, V. Kajć, E. Simpson, T. Bridgford, and W. Drexler, “Wide-field optical coherence tomography of the choroid in vivo,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 1856–1863 (2009), http: //dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2869.
[Crossref]

Y. Chen, D. L. Burnes, M. de Bruin, M. Mujat, and J. F. de Boer, “Three-dimensional pointwise comparison of human retinal optical property at 845 and 1060 nm using optical frequency domain imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 024016 (2009), http://link.aip.org/link/?JBO/14/024016/1.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Mujat, R. D. Ferguson, N. Iftimia, and D. X. Hammer, “Compact adaptive optics line scanning ophthalmoscope,” Opt. Express 17, 10242–10258 (2009), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-17-12-10242.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (8)

E. J. Fernändez and P. Artal, “Ocular aberrations up to the infrared range: from 632.8 to 1070 nm,” Opt. Express 16, 21199–21208 (2008), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI= oe-16-26-21199.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. C. Chen, A. Zeng, W. Sun, M. Mujat, and J. F. de Boer, “Spectral domain optical coherence tomography and glaucoma,” Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 48, 29–45 (2008), http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IIO. 0b013e318187e801.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

R. J. Zawadzki, B. Cense, Y. Zhang, S. S. Choi, D. T. Miller, and J. S. Werner, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherencetomography with monochromatic and chromaticaberration correction,” Opt. Express 16, 8126–8143 (2008), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-11-8126.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Pircher, R. J. Zawadzki, J. W. Evans, J. S. Werner, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Simultaneous imaging of human cone mosaic with adaptive optics enhanced scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and high-speed transversal scanning optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 33, 22–24 (2008), http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm? URI=ol-33-1-22.
[Crossref]

E. J. Fernändez, B. Hermann, B. Považay, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, B. Hofer, P. K. Ahnelt, and W. Drexler, “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography and pancorrection for cellular imaging of the living human retina,” Opt. Express 16, 11083–11094 (2008), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-16-15-11083.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Makita, T. Fabritius, and Y. Yasuno, “Full-range, high-speed, high-resolution 1-μm spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using BM-scan for volumetric imaging of the human posterior eye,” Opt. Express 16, 8406–8420 (2008), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-12-8406.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Bedggood, M. Daaboul, R. Ashman, G. Smith, and A. Metha, “Characteristics of the human isoplanatic patch and implications for adaptive optics retinal imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 024008 (2008), http://link. aip.org/link/?JBO/13/024008/1.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Gao, B. Cense, Y. Zhang, R. S. Jonnal, and D. T. Miller, “Measuring retinal contributions to the optical stiles-crawford effect with optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 16, 6486–6501 (2008), http://www. opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-9-6486.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (7)

R. S. Jonnal, J. Rha, Y. Zhang, B. Cense, W. Gao, and D. T. Miller “In vivo functional imaging of humancone photoreceptors,” Opt. Express 15, 16141–16160 (2007), http://www.opticsexpress.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-24-16141.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

F. C. Delori, R. H. Webb, and D. H. Sliney, “Maximum permissible exposures for ocular safety (ansi 2000), with emphasis on ophthalmic devices,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 1250–1265 (2007), http://josaa.osa.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-24-5-1250.
[Crossref]

Y. Yasuno, Y. Hong, S. Makita, M. Yamanari, M. Akiba, M. Miura, and T. Yatagai, “In vivo high-contrast imaging of deep posterior eye by 1-um swept source optical coherence tomography andscattering optical coherence angiography,” Opt. Express 15, 6121–6139 (2007), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-15-10-6121.
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B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, B. Hofer, H. Sattmann, F. Zeiler, J. E. Morgan, C. Falkner-Radler, C. Glittenberg, S. Blinder, and W. Drexler, “Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography at 1050 nm versus 800 nm in retinal pathologies: enhanced performance and choroidal penetration in cataract patients,” J. Biomed Opt. 12, 041211 (2007), http://link.aip.org/link/?JBO/12/041211/1.
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S. A. Burns, R. Tumbar, A. E. Elsner, D. Ferguson, and D. X. Hammer, “Large-field-of-view, modular, stabilized, adaptive-optics-based scanning laser ophthalmoscope,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 1313–1326 (2007), http:// josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-24-5-1313.
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D. C. Chen, S. M. Jones, D. A. Silva, and S. S. Olivier, “High-resolution adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope with dual deformable mirrors,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 1305–1312 (2007), http://josaa.osa. org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-24-5-1305.
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R. J. Zawadzki, S. S. Choi, S. M. Jones, S. S. Oliver, and J. S. Werner, “Adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography: optimizing visualization of microscopic retinal structures in three dimensions,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 1373–1383 (2007), http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-24-5-1373.
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2006 (5)

2005 (7)

E. Fernändez and W. Drexler, “Influence of ocular chromatic aberration and pupil size on transverse resolution in ophthalmic adaptive optics optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 13, 8184–8197 (2005), http:// www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-20-8184.
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B. Vohnsen, I. Iglesias, and P. Artal, “Guided light and diffraction model of human-eye photoreceptors,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22, 2318–2328 (2005), http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI= josaa-22-11-2318.
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S. S. Choi, N. Doble, J. Lin, J. Christou, and D. R. Williams, “Effect of wavelength on in vivo images of the human cone mosaic,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22, 2598–2605 (2005), http://josaa.osa.org/abstract. cfm?URI=josaa-22-12-2598.
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A. Unterhuber, B. Povaz?ay, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. Chavez-Pirson, and W. Drexler, “In vivo retinal optical coherence tomography at 1040 nm - enhanced penetration into the choroid,” Opt. Express 13, 3252–3258 (2005), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-9-3252.
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Y. Zhang, J. Rha, R. Jonnal, and D. Miller, “Adaptive optics parallel spectral domain optical coherence tomography for imaging the living retina,” Opt. Express 13, 4792–4811 (2005), http://www.opticsexpress. org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-12-4792.
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R. Zawadzki, S. Jones, S. Olivier, M. Zhao, B. Bower, J. Izatt, S. Choi, S. Laut, and J. Werner, “Adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography for high-resolution and high-speed 3d retinal in vivo imaging,” Opt. Express 13, 8532–8546 (2005), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-21-8532.
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E. J. Fernändez, B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, P. M. Prieto, R. Leitgeb, P. Ahnelt, P. Artal, and W. Drexler, “Three-dimensional adaptive optics ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator.” Vision Res. 45, 3432–3444 (2005), http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.visres.2005.08.028.
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2004 (2)

2003 (6)

R. Leitgeb, C. Hitzenberger, and A. Fercher, “Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 889–894 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-11-8-889.
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J. F. de Boer, B. Cense, B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, G. J. Tearney, and B. E. Bouma, “Improved signal-to-noise ratio in spectral-domain compared with time-domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 2067–2069 (2003), http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-21-2067.
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M. Choma, M. Sarunic, C. Yang, and J. Izatt, “Sensitivity advantage of swept source and fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 2183–2189 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=oe-11-18-2183.
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M. Wojtkowski, T. Bajraszewski, P. Targowski, and A. Kowalczyk, “Real-time in vivo imaging by highspeed spectral optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 1745–1747 (2003), http://ol.osa.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-19-1745.
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Y. Wang, J. Nelson, Z. Chen, B. Reiser, R. Chuck, and R. Windeler, “Optimal wavelength for ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 1411–1417 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=oe-11-12-1411.
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A. Pallikaris, D. R. Williams, and H. Hofer, “The reflectance of single cones in the living human eye,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 4580–4592 (2003), http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/abstract/44/ 10/4580.
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2002 (2)

2001 (1)

1999 (1)

T. Mitsui, “Dynamic range of optical reflectometry with spectral interferometry,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38, 6133–6137 (1999), http://jjap.ipap.jp/link?JJAP/38/6133/.
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1998 (1)

G. Hausler and M. W. Lindner, ““coherence radar” and “spectral radar”—new tools for dermatological diagnosis,” J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 21–31 (1998), http://link.aip.org/link/?JBO/3/21/1.

1997 (1)

1995 (3)

A. F. Fercher, C. K. Hitzenberger, G. Kamp, and S. Y. El-Zaiat, “Measurement of intraocular distances by backscattering spectral interferometry,” Opt. Commun. 117, 43–48 (1995), http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/B6TVF-3XWS0W5-99/2/afffaeda4bf990ec4e44577847b7d2e8.
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M. Hammer, A. Roggan, D. Schweitzer, and G. Muller, “Optical properties of ocular fundus tissues-an in vitro study using the double-integrating-sphere technique and inverse monte carlo simulation,” Phys. Med. Biol. 40, 963–978 (1995), http://stacks.iop.org/0031-9155/40/963.
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P. Artal, S. Marcos, R. Navarro, and D. R. Williams, “Odd aberrations and double-pass measurements of retinal image quality,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A12, 195–201 (1995),http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI= josaa-12-2-195.
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1990 (1)

P. Schiebener, J. Straub, J. M. H. L. Sengers, and J. S. Gallagher, “Refractive index of water and steam as function of wavelength, temperature and density,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19, 677–717 (1990), http://link.aip. org/link/?JPR/19/677/1.
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1987 (1)

1973 (1)

Ahnelt, P.

E. J. Fernändez, B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, P. M. Prieto, R. Leitgeb, P. Ahnelt, P. Artal, and W. Drexler, “Three-dimensional adaptive optics ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator.” Vision Res. 45, 3432–3444 (2005), http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.visres.2005.08.028.
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Ahnelt, P. K.

Akiba, M.

Aragón, J. L.

Artal, P.

E. J. Fernändez and P. Artal, “Ocular aberrations up to the infrared range: from 632.8 to 1070 nm,” Opt. Express 16, 21199–21208 (2008), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI= oe-16-26-21199.
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E. J. Fernändez, A. Unterhuber, B. Považay, B. Hermann, P. Artal, and W. Drexler, “Chromatic aberration correction of the human eye for retinal imaging in the near infrared,” Opt. Express 14, 6213–6225 (2006), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-13-6213.
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B. Vohnsen, I. Iglesias, and P. Artal, “Guided light and diffraction model of human-eye photoreceptors,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22, 2318–2328 (2005), http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI= josaa-22-11-2318.
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E. J. Fernändez, B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, P. M. Prieto, R. Leitgeb, P. Ahnelt, P. Artal, and W. Drexler, “Three-dimensional adaptive optics ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator.” Vision Res. 45, 3432–3444 (2005), http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.visres.2005.08.028.
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B. Hermann, E. J. Fernändez, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, A. F. Fercher, W. Drexler, P. M. Prieto, and P. Artal, “Adaptive-optics ultrahigh-resolution optical coherencetomography,” Opt. Lett. 29, 2142–2144 (2004), http: //ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-29-18-2142.
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H. Hofer, P. Artal, B. Singer, J. L. Aragón, and D. R. Williams, “Dynamics of the eye’s wave aberration,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18, 497–506 (2001), http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-18-3-497.
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P. Artal, S. Marcos, R. Navarro, and D. R. Williams, “Odd aberrations and double-pass measurements of retinal image quality,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A12, 195–201 (1995),http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI= josaa-12-2-195.
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Ashman, R.

P. Bedggood, M. Daaboul, R. Ashman, G. Smith, and A. Metha, “Characteristics of the human isoplanatic patch and implications for adaptive optics retinal imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 024008 (2008), http://link. aip.org/link/?JBO/13/024008/1.
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Bajraszewski, T.

Bedggood, P.

P. Bedggood, M. Daaboul, R. Ashman, G. Smith, and A. Metha, “Characteristics of the human isoplanatic patch and implications for adaptive optics retinal imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 024008 (2008), http://link. aip.org/link/?JBO/13/024008/1.
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Bigelow, C. E.

Blinder, S.

B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, B. Hofer, H. Sattmann, F. Zeiler, J. E. Morgan, C. Falkner-Radler, C. Glittenberg, S. Blinder, and W. Drexler, “Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography at 1050 nm versus 800 nm in retinal pathologies: enhanced performance and choroidal penetration in cataract patients,” J. Biomed Opt. 12, 041211 (2007), http://link.aip.org/link/?JBO/12/041211/1.
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Bouma, B. E.

Bower, B.

Bradu, A.

Bridgford, T.

B. Povazay, B. Hermann, B. Hofer, V. Kajć, E. Simpson, T. Bridgford, and W. Drexler, “Wide-field optical coherence tomography of the choroid in vivo,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 1856–1863 (2009), http: //dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2869.
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Brown, J. M.

Burnes, D.

D. M. de Bruin, D. Burnes, J. Loewenstein, Y. Chen, S. Chang, T. Chen, D. Esmaili, and J. F. de Boer, “In-vivo three-dimensional imaging of neovascular age related macular degeneration using optical frequency domain imaging at 1050 nm,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. pp. iovs.07–1553 (2008).

Burnes, D. L.

Y. Chen, D. L. Burnes, M. de Bruin, M. Mujat, and J. F. de Boer, “Three-dimensional pointwise comparison of human retinal optical property at 845 and 1060 nm using optical frequency domain imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 024016 (2009), http://link.aip.org/link/?JBO/14/024016/1.
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Burns, S. A.

Campbell, M. C. W.

Carlini, A. R.

Carroll, J.

Cense, B.

B. Cense, W. Gao, J. M. Brown, S. M. Jones, R. S. Jonnal, M. Mujat, B. H. Park, J. F. de Boer, and D. T. Miller, “Retinal imaging with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and adaptive optics,” Opt. Express 17, 21634–21651 (2009), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-17-24-21634.
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R. J. Zawadzki, B. Cense, Y. Zhang, S. S. Choi, D. T. Miller, and J. S. Werner, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherencetomography with monochromatic and chromaticaberration correction,” Opt. Express 16, 8126–8143 (2008), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-11-8126.
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W. Gao, B. Cense, Y. Zhang, R. S. Jonnal, and D. T. Miller, “Measuring retinal contributions to the optical stiles-crawford effect with optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 16, 6486–6501 (2008), http://www. opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-9-6486.
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R. S. Jonnal, J. Rha, Y. Zhang, B. Cense, W. Gao, and D. T. Miller “In vivo functional imaging of humancone photoreceptors,” Opt. Express 15, 16141–16160 (2007), http://www.opticsexpress.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-24-16141.
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N. Nassif, B. Cense, B. H. Park, S. H. Yun, T. C. Chen, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, and J. F. de Boer, “In vivo human retinal imaging by ultrahigh-speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 29, 480–482 (2004), http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-29-5-480.
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J. F. de Boer, B. Cense, B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, G. J. Tearney, and B. E. Bouma, “Improved signal-to-noise ratio in spectral-domain compared with time-domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 2067–2069 (2003), http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-21-2067.
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B. Cense, “Optical coherence tomography for retinal imaging,” Ph.D. thesis, Twente University (2005).

Chang, S.

D. M. de Bruin, D. Burnes, J. Loewenstein, Y. Chen, S. Chang, T. Chen, D. Esmaili, and J. F. de Boer, “In-vivo three-dimensional imaging of neovascular age related macular degeneration using optical frequency domain imaging at 1050 nm,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. pp. iovs.07–1553 (2008).

Chavez-Pirson, A.

Chen, D. C.

Chen, T.

D. M. de Bruin, D. Burnes, J. Loewenstein, Y. Chen, S. Chang, T. Chen, D. Esmaili, and J. F. de Boer, “In-vivo three-dimensional imaging of neovascular age related macular degeneration using optical frequency domain imaging at 1050 nm,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. pp. iovs.07–1553 (2008).

Chen, T. C.

T. C. Chen, A. Zeng, W. Sun, M. Mujat, and J. F. de Boer, “Spectral domain optical coherence tomography and glaucoma,” Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 48, 29–45 (2008), http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IIO. 0b013e318187e801.
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N. Nassif, B. Cense, B. H. Park, S. H. Yun, T. C. Chen, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, and J. F. de Boer, “In vivo human retinal imaging by ultrahigh-speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 29, 480–482 (2004), http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-29-5-480.
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Chen, Y.

Y. Chen, D. L. Burnes, M. de Bruin, M. Mujat, and J. F. de Boer, “Three-dimensional pointwise comparison of human retinal optical property at 845 and 1060 nm using optical frequency domain imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 024016 (2009), http://link.aip.org/link/?JBO/14/024016/1.
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D. M. de Bruin, D. Burnes, J. Loewenstein, Y. Chen, S. Chang, T. Chen, D. Esmaili, and J. F. de Boer, “In-vivo three-dimensional imaging of neovascular age related macular degeneration using optical frequency domain imaging at 1050 nm,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. pp. iovs.07–1553 (2008).

Chen, Z.

Choi, S.

Choi, S. S.

Choma, M.

Christou, J.

Chuck, R.

Daaboul, M.

P. Bedggood, M. Daaboul, R. Ashman, G. Smith, and A. Metha, “Characteristics of the human isoplanatic patch and implications for adaptive optics retinal imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 024008 (2008), http://link. aip.org/link/?JBO/13/024008/1.
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Dainty, C.

de Boer, J. F.

B. Cense, W. Gao, J. M. Brown, S. M. Jones, R. S. Jonnal, M. Mujat, B. H. Park, J. F. de Boer, and D. T. Miller, “Retinal imaging with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and adaptive optics,” Opt. Express 17, 21634–21651 (2009), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-17-24-21634.
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Y. Chen, D. L. Burnes, M. de Bruin, M. Mujat, and J. F. de Boer, “Three-dimensional pointwise comparison of human retinal optical property at 845 and 1060 nm using optical frequency domain imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 024016 (2009), http://link.aip.org/link/?JBO/14/024016/1.
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T. C. Chen, A. Zeng, W. Sun, M. Mujat, and J. F. de Boer, “Spectral domain optical coherence tomography and glaucoma,” Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 48, 29–45 (2008), http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IIO. 0b013e318187e801.
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E. C. Lee, J. F. de Boer, M. Mujat, H. Lim, and S. H. Yun, “In vivo optical frequency domain imaging of human retina and choroid,” Opt. Express 14, 4403–4411 (2006), http://www.opticsexpress.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-10-4403.
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N. Nassif, B. Cense, B. H. Park, S. H. Yun, T. C. Chen, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, and J. F. de Boer, “In vivo human retinal imaging by ultrahigh-speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 29, 480–482 (2004), http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-29-5-480.
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J. F. de Boer, B. Cense, B. H. Park, M. C. Pierce, G. J. Tearney, and B. E. Bouma, “Improved signal-to-noise ratio in spectral-domain compared with time-domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 28, 2067–2069 (2003), http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-21-2067.
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D. M. de Bruin, D. Burnes, J. Loewenstein, Y. Chen, S. Chang, T. Chen, D. Esmaili, and J. F. de Boer, “In-vivo three-dimensional imaging of neovascular age related macular degeneration using optical frequency domain imaging at 1050 nm,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. pp. iovs.07–1553 (2008).

de Bruin, D. M.

D. M. de Bruin, D. Burnes, J. Loewenstein, Y. Chen, S. Chang, T. Chen, D. Esmaili, and J. F. de Boer, “In-vivo three-dimensional imaging of neovascular age related macular degeneration using optical frequency domain imaging at 1050 nm,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. pp. iovs.07–1553 (2008).

de Bruin, M.

Y. Chen, D. L. Burnes, M. de Bruin, M. Mujat, and J. F. de Boer, “Three-dimensional pointwise comparison of human retinal optical property at 845 and 1060 nm using optical frequency domain imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 024016 (2009), http://link.aip.org/link/?JBO/14/024016/1.
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Delori, F. C.

Doble, N.

Drexler, W.

C. Torti, B. Považay, B. Hofer, A. Unterhuber, J. Carroll, P. K. Ahnelt, and W. Drexler, “Adaptive optics optical coherence tomography at 120,000 depth scans/s for non-invasive cellular phenotyping of the living human retina,” Opt. Express 17, 19382–19400 (2009), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-17-22-19382.
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B. Povazay, B. Hermann, B. Hofer, V. Kajć, E. Simpson, T. Bridgford, and W. Drexler, “Wide-field optical coherence tomography of the choroid in vivo,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 1856–1863 (2009), http: //dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2869.
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E. J. Fernändez, B. Hermann, B. Považay, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, B. Hofer, P. K. Ahnelt, and W. Drexler, “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography and pancorrection for cellular imaging of the living human retina,” Opt. Express 16, 11083–11094 (2008), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-16-15-11083.
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B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, B. Hofer, H. Sattmann, F. Zeiler, J. E. Morgan, C. Falkner-Radler, C. Glittenberg, S. Blinder, and W. Drexler, “Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography at 1050 nm versus 800 nm in retinal pathologies: enhanced performance and choroidal penetration in cataract patients,” J. Biomed Opt. 12, 041211 (2007), http://link.aip.org/link/?JBO/12/041211/1.
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E. J. Fernändez, L. Vabre, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, B. Považay, and W. Drexler, “Adaptive optics with a magnetic deformable mirror: applications in the human eye,” Opt. Express 14, 8900–8917 (2006), http:// www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-20-8900.
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E. J. Fernändez, A. Unterhuber, B. Považay, B. Hermann, P. Artal, and W. Drexler, “Chromatic aberration correction of the human eye for retinal imaging in the near infrared,” Opt. Express 14, 6213–6225 (2006), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-13-6213.
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E. Fernändez and W. Drexler, “Influence of ocular chromatic aberration and pupil size on transverse resolution in ophthalmic adaptive optics optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 13, 8184–8197 (2005), http:// www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-20-8184.
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E. J. Fernändez, B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, P. M. Prieto, R. Leitgeb, P. Ahnelt, P. Artal, and W. Drexler, “Three-dimensional adaptive optics ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator.” Vision Res. 45, 3432–3444 (2005), http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.visres.2005.08.028.
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A. Unterhuber, B. Povaz?ay, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. Chavez-Pirson, and W. Drexler, “In vivo retinal optical coherence tomography at 1040 nm - enhanced penetration into the choroid,” Opt. Express 13, 3252–3258 (2005), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-9-3252.
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B. Hermann, E. J. Fernändez, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, A. F. Fercher, W. Drexler, P. M. Prieto, and P. Artal, “Adaptive-optics ultrahigh-resolution optical coherencetomography,” Opt. Lett. 29, 2142–2144 (2004), http: //ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-29-18-2142.
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Elsner, A. E.

El-Zaiat, S. Y.

A. F. Fercher, C. K. Hitzenberger, G. Kamp, and S. Y. El-Zaiat, “Measurement of intraocular distances by backscattering spectral interferometry,” Opt. Commun. 117, 43–48 (1995), http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/B6TVF-3XWS0W5-99/2/afffaeda4bf990ec4e44577847b7d2e8.
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Esmaili, D.

D. M. de Bruin, D. Burnes, J. Loewenstein, Y. Chen, S. Chang, T. Chen, D. Esmaili, and J. F. de Boer, “In-vivo three-dimensional imaging of neovascular age related macular degeneration using optical frequency domain imaging at 1050 nm,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. pp. iovs.07–1553 (2008).

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E. J. Fernändez, B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, P. M. Prieto, R. Leitgeb, P. Ahnelt, P. Artal, and W. Drexler, “Three-dimensional adaptive optics ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator.” Vision Res. 45, 3432–3444 (2005), http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.visres.2005.08.028.
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P. Schiebener, J. Straub, J. M. H. L. Sengers, and J. S. Gallagher, “Refractive index of water and steam as function of wavelength, temperature and density,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19, 677–717 (1990), http://link.aip. org/link/?JPR/19/677/1.
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P. Schiebener, J. Straub, J. M. H. L. Sengers, and J. S. Gallagher, “Refractive index of water and steam as function of wavelength, temperature and density,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19, 677–717 (1990), http://link.aip. org/link/?JPR/19/677/1.
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B. Povazay, B. Hermann, B. Hofer, V. Kajć, E. Simpson, T. Bridgford, and W. Drexler, “Wide-field optical coherence tomography of the choroid in vivo,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 1856–1863 (2009), http: //dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2869.
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P. Schiebener, J. Straub, J. M. H. L. Sengers, and J. S. Gallagher, “Refractive index of water and steam as function of wavelength, temperature and density,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19, 677–717 (1990), http://link.aip. org/link/?JPR/19/677/1.
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Targowski, P.

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C. Torti, B. Považay, B. Hofer, A. Unterhuber, J. Carroll, P. K. Ahnelt, and W. Drexler, “Adaptive optics optical coherence tomography at 120,000 depth scans/s for non-invasive cellular phenotyping of the living human retina,” Opt. Express 17, 19382–19400 (2009), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-17-22-19382.
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E. J. Fernändez, B. Hermann, B. Považay, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, B. Hofer, P. K. Ahnelt, and W. Drexler, “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography and pancorrection for cellular imaging of the living human retina,” Opt. Express 16, 11083–11094 (2008), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-16-15-11083.
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E. J. Fernändez, A. Unterhuber, B. Považay, B. Hermann, P. Artal, and W. Drexler, “Chromatic aberration correction of the human eye for retinal imaging in the near infrared,” Opt. Express 14, 6213–6225 (2006), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-13-6213.
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S. S. Choi, N. Doble, J. Lin, J. Christou, and D. R. Williams, “Effect of wavelength on in vivo images of the human cone mosaic,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22, 2598–2605 (2005), http://josaa.osa.org/abstract. cfm?URI=josaa-22-12-2598.
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Yun, S. H.

Zawadzki, R.

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B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, B. Hofer, H. Sattmann, F. Zeiler, J. E. Morgan, C. Falkner-Radler, C. Glittenberg, S. Blinder, and W. Drexler, “Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography at 1050 nm versus 800 nm in retinal pathologies: enhanced performance and choroidal penetration in cataract patients,” J. Biomed Opt. 12, 041211 (2007), http://link.aip.org/link/?JBO/12/041211/1.
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Zeng, A.

T. C. Chen, A. Zeng, W. Sun, M. Mujat, and J. F. de Boer, “Spectral domain optical coherence tomography and glaucoma,” Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 48, 29–45 (2008), http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IIO. 0b013e318187e801.
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Appl. Opt. (1)

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T. C. Chen, A. Zeng, W. Sun, M. Mujat, and J. F. de Boer, “Spectral domain optical coherence tomography and glaucoma,” Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 48, 29–45 (2008), http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IIO. 0b013e318187e801.
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Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (3)

Y. Yasuno, M. Miura, K. Kawana, S. Makita, M. Sato, F. Okamoto, M. Yamanari, T. Iwasaki, T. Yatagai, and T. Oshika, “Visualization of sub-retinal pigment epithelium morphologies of exudative macular diseases by high-penetration optical coherence tomography,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 405–413 (2009), http://dx. doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2272.
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B. Povazay, B. Hermann, B. Hofer, V. Kajć, E. Simpson, T. Bridgford, and W. Drexler, “Wide-field optical coherence tomography of the choroid in vivo,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50, 1856–1863 (2009), http: //dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.08-2869.
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A. Pallikaris, D. R. Williams, and H. Hofer, “The reflectance of single cones in the living human eye,” Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 4580–4592 (2003), http://www.iovs.org/cgi/content/abstract/44/ 10/4580.
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J. Biomed Opt. (1)

B. Povazay, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, B. Hofer, H. Sattmann, F. Zeiler, J. E. Morgan, C. Falkner-Radler, C. Glittenberg, S. Blinder, and W. Drexler, “Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography at 1050 nm versus 800 nm in retinal pathologies: enhanced performance and choroidal penetration in cataract patients,” J. Biomed Opt. 12, 041211 (2007), http://link.aip.org/link/?JBO/12/041211/1.
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Y. Chen, D. L. Burnes, M. de Bruin, M. Mujat, and J. F. de Boer, “Three-dimensional pointwise comparison of human retinal optical property at 845 and 1060 nm using optical frequency domain imaging,” J. Biomed. Opt. 14, 024016 (2009), http://link.aip.org/link/?JBO/14/024016/1.
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P. Artal, S. Marcos, R. Navarro, and D. R. Williams, “Odd aberrations and double-pass measurements of retinal image quality,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A12, 195–201 (1995),http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI= josaa-12-2-195.
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J. Opt. Soc. Am. A (8)

B. Vohnsen, I. Iglesias, and P. Artal, “Guided light and diffraction model of human-eye photoreceptors,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22, 2318–2328 (2005), http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI= josaa-22-11-2318.
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S. S. Choi, N. Doble, J. Lin, J. Christou, and D. R. Williams, “Effect of wavelength on in vivo images of the human cone mosaic,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 22, 2598–2605 (2005), http://josaa.osa.org/abstract. cfm?URI=josaa-22-12-2598.
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R. J. Zawadzki, S. S. Choi, S. M. Jones, S. S. Oliver, and J. S. Werner, “Adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography: optimizing visualization of microscopic retinal structures in three dimensions,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 1373–1383 (2007), http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-24-5-1373.
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F. C. Delori, R. H. Webb, and D. H. Sliney, “Maximum permissible exposures for ocular safety (ansi 2000), with emphasis on ophthalmic devices,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 24, 1250–1265 (2007), http://josaa.osa.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-24-5-1250.
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H. Hofer, P. Artal, B. Singer, J. L. Aragón, and D. R. Williams, “Dynamics of the eye’s wave aberration,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18, 497–506 (2001), http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-18-3-497.
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J. Liang, D. R. Williams, and D. T. Miller, “Supernormal vision and high-resolution retinal imaging through adaptive optics,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 2884–2892 (1997), http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm? URI=josaa-14-11-2884.
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Opt. Express (26)

Y. Yasuno, Y. Hong, S. Makita, M. Yamanari, M. Akiba, M. Miura, and T. Yatagai, “In vivo high-contrast imaging of deep posterior eye by 1-um swept source optical coherence tomography andscattering optical coherence angiography,” Opt. Express 15, 6121–6139 (2007), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-15-10-6121.
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E. C. Lee, J. F. de Boer, M. Mujat, H. Lim, and S. H. Yun, “In vivo optical frequency domain imaging of human retina and choroid,” Opt. Express 14, 4403–4411 (2006), http://www.opticsexpress.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-10-4403.
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Y. Wang, J. Nelson, Z. Chen, B. Reiser, R. Chuck, and R. Windeler, “Optimal wavelength for ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 1411–1417 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=oe-11-12-1411.
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A. Unterhuber, B. Povaz?ay, B. Hermann, H. Sattmann, A. Chavez-Pirson, and W. Drexler, “In vivo retinal optical coherence tomography at 1040 nm - enhanced penetration into the choroid,” Opt. Express 13, 3252–3258 (2005), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-9-3252.
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R. Leitgeb, C. Hitzenberger, and A. Fercher, “Performance of fourier domain vs. time domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 889–894 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-11-8-889.
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M. Choma, M. Sarunic, C. Yang, and J. Izatt, “Sensitivity advantage of swept source and fourier domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 11, 2183–2189 (2003), http://www.opticsexpress.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=oe-11-18-2183.
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M. Mujat, R. D. Ferguson, N. Iftimia, and D. X. Hammer, “Compact adaptive optics line scanning ophthalmoscope,” Opt. Express 17, 10242–10258 (2009), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-17-12-10242.
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Y. Zhang, J. Rha, R. Jonnal, and D. Miller, “Adaptive optics parallel spectral domain optical coherence tomography for imaging the living retina,” Opt. Express 13, 4792–4811 (2005), http://www.opticsexpress. org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-12-4792.
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R. Zawadzki, S. Jones, S. Olivier, M. Zhao, B. Bower, J. Izatt, S. Choi, S. Laut, and J. Werner, “Adaptive-optics optical coherence tomography for high-resolution and high-speed 3d retinal in vivo imaging,” Opt. Express 13, 8532–8546 (2005), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-21-8532.
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D. Merino, C. Dainty, A. Bradu, and A. G. Podoleanu, “Adaptive optics enhanced simultaneous en-face optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy,” Opt. Express 14, 3345–3353 (2006), http:// www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-8-3345.
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E. J. Fernändez, L. Vabre, B. Hermann, A. Unterhuber, B. Považay, and W. Drexler, “Adaptive optics with a magnetic deformable mirror: applications in the human eye,” Opt. Express 14, 8900–8917 (2006), http:// www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-20-8900.
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A. Roorda, F. Romero-Borja, W. J. D. III, H. Queener, T. J. Hebert, and M. C. W. Campbell, “Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy,” Opt. Express 10, 405–412 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=oe-10-9-405.
[PubMed]

D. X. Hammer, R. D. Ferguson, C. E. Bigelow, N. V. Iftimia, T. E. Ustun, and S. A. Burns, “Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope for stabilized retinal imaging,” Opt. Express 14, 3354–3367 (2006), http: //www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-8-3354.
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E. J. Fernändez and P. Artal, “Ocular aberrations up to the infrared range: from 632.8 to 1070 nm,” Opt. Express 16, 21199–21208 (2008), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI= oe-16-26-21199.
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E. Fernändez and W. Drexler, “Influence of ocular chromatic aberration and pupil size on transverse resolution in ophthalmic adaptive optics optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 13, 8184–8197 (2005), http:// www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-13-20-8184.
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E. J. Fernändez, A. Unterhuber, B. Považay, B. Hermann, P. Artal, and W. Drexler, “Chromatic aberration correction of the human eye for retinal imaging in the near infrared,” Opt. Express 14, 6213–6225 (2006), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-14-13-6213.
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R. J. Zawadzki, B. Cense, Y. Zhang, S. S. Choi, D. T. Miller, and J. S. Werner, “Ultrahigh-resolution optical coherencetomography with monochromatic and chromaticaberration correction,” Opt. Express 16, 8126–8143 (2008), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-11-8126.
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E. J. Fernändez, B. Hermann, B. Považay, A. Unterhuber, H. Sattmann, B. Hofer, P. K. Ahnelt, and W. Drexler, “Ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography and pancorrection for cellular imaging of the living human retina,” Opt. Express 16, 11083–11094 (2008), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-16-15-11083.
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R. J. Zawadzki, S. S. Choi, A. R. Fuller, J. W. Evans, B. Hamann, and J. S. Werner, “Cellular resolution volumetric in vivo retinal imaging with adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 17, 4084–4094 (2009), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-17-5-4084.
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C. Torti, B. Považay, B. Hofer, A. Unterhuber, J. Carroll, P. K. Ahnelt, and W. Drexler, “Adaptive optics optical coherence tomography at 120,000 depth scans/s for non-invasive cellular phenotyping of the living human retina,” Opt. Express 17, 19382–19400 (2009), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-17-22-19382.
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B. Cense, W. Gao, J. M. Brown, S. M. Jones, R. S. Jonnal, M. Mujat, B. H. Park, J. F. de Boer, and D. T. Miller, “Retinal imaging with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and adaptive optics,” Opt. Express 17, 21634–21651 (2009), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm? URI=oe-17-24-21634.
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K. Kurokawa, D. Tamada, S. Makita, and Yoshiaki Yasuno, “Adaptive optics retinal scanner for one-micrometer light source,” Opt. Express 18, 1406–1418 (2010), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract. cfm?URI=oe-18-2-1406.
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S. Makita, T. Fabritius, and Y. Yasuno, “Full-range, high-speed, high-resolution 1-μm spectral-domain optical coherence tomography using BM-scan for volumetric imaging of the human posterior eye,” Opt. Express 16, 8406–8420 (2008), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-12-8406.
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F. Jaillon, S. Makita, M. Yabusaki, and Y. Yasuno, “Parabolic BM-scan technique for full range Doppler spectral domain optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 18, 1358–1372 (2010), http://www. opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-18-2-1358.
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R. S. Jonnal, J. Rha, Y. Zhang, B. Cense, W. Gao, and D. T. Miller “In vivo functional imaging of humancone photoreceptors,” Opt. Express 15, 16141–16160 (2007), http://www.opticsexpress.org/ abstract.cfm?URI=oe-15-24-16141.
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W. Gao, B. Cense, Y. Zhang, R. S. Jonnal, and D. T. Miller, “Measuring retinal contributions to the optical stiles-crawford effect with optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Express 16, 6486–6501 (2008), http://www. opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-16-9-6486.
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Opt. Lett. (6)

M. Pircher, R. J. Zawadzki, J. W. Evans, J. S. Werner, and C. K. Hitzenberger, “Simultaneous imaging of human cone mosaic with adaptive optics enhanced scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and high-speed transversal scanning optical coherence tomography,” Opt. Lett. 33, 22–24 (2008), http://ol.osa.org/abstract.cfm? URI=ol-33-1-22.
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Figures (5)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

Schematic of the AO-OCT. WDM: Wavelength division multiplexing coupler, C: Circulator, PC: Polarization controller, FC: Fiber coupler. (a) The side and top views of the optical setup of the AO retinal scanner. L#: Lenses, LP#: Linear polarizers, BS: Beam splitter, Hs: Harmonic separator, ST: Stop, SM#: Spherical mirrors, FM#: Flat mirrors, WS: Wavefront sensor, DM: Deformable mirror, VS: Vertical galvanometric scanner, HS: Horizontal resonant scanner mounted galvanometric scanner, APD: Avalanche photodiode. (b) Reference arm. ND: ND filter. (c) Spectrometer.

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Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

(a) Color fundus photographs with the field of view of 20 degree × 20 degree. White arrow indicates the measured location of the retina. Single B-scan images (b) without AO correction and (c) with AO correction. Black bar indicates 100 μm on the retina.

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Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.

Averaged B-scan image. (b) shows the region enclosed by the orange box in (a). Black bar indicates 100 μm on the retina. Red arrows indicate the chorioscleral interface. NFL: nerve fiber layer, GCL: ganglion cell layer, IPL: inner plexiform layer, INL: inner nuclear layer, OPL: outer plexiform layer, ONL: outer nuclear layer, PRL: photoreceptor layer, RPE: retinal pigment epithelium, CC: choriocapillaris, ELM: external limiting membrane, IS/OS: inner/outer segment junction.

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Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.

Averaged B-scan images. The left part of the image was taken without AO and the right part of the image was taken with AO. (a)–(g) are corresponding with the subject ID of A–G.

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Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.

(a)Lateral resolution. (b) residual aberration coefficients and (c) residual RMS wave-front error, which are measured using the HASO32. The error bars (green and red dashed lines) indicate the standard deviation of the residual aberration coefficients of AO-off and AO-on.

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Tables (4)

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Table 1. Subject’s characteristics. Sph and Cyl: spherical and cylindrical powers in diopter, respectively, of the eye.

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Table 2. Signal gain [dB]. NFL-IPL includes the regions from the NFL to the IPL, INL-ONL includes the regions from the INL to the ONL, PRL-Choroid includes the regions from the PRL to the Choroid.

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Table 3. Sensitivity of several features. The targeted features are a rippled interface between the NFL and the GCL (NFL/GCL), an interface between the GCL and the IPL (GCL/IPL), and a chorioscleral interface (CSI). A.S.: Average Sensitivity.

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Table 4. System characteristics of non-AO SD-OCT, AO-OCT, and AO-SLO.

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Equations (1)

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PSF = PSF ill × ( PSF obs * D )

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