Compact Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation of light in a silicon photonic crystal

Hoang M. Nguyen; M. A. Dundar; R. W. van der Heijden; E. W. J. M. van der Drift; H. W. M. Salemink; S. Rogge; J. Caro

doi:10.1364/OE.18.006437

Compact Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation of light in a silicon photonic crystal

Hoang M. Nguyen, M. A. Dundar, R. W. van der Heijden, E. W. J. M. van der Drift, H. W. M. Salemink, S. Rogge, and J. Caro

Optics Express
Vol. 18,
Issue 7,
pp. 6437-6446
(2010)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.006437

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Hoang M. Nguyen, M. A. Dundar, R. W. van der Heijden, E. W. J. M. van der Drift, H. W. M. Salemink, S. Rogge, and J. Caro, "Compact Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation of light in a silicon photonic crystal," Opt. Express 18, 6437-6446 (2010)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Photonic Crystals and Devices
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Other areas of optics (350.0350)
- Nanophotonics and photonic crystals (350.4238)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: December 7, 2009
- Revised Manuscript: January 15, 2010
- Manuscript Accepted: February 16, 2010
- Published: March 15, 2010

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

We demonstrate a compact silicon photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer operating in the self-collimation regime. By tailoring the photonic band structure such as to produce self-collimated beams, it is possible to design beam splitters and mirrors and combine these to a 20 × 20 μm² format. With transmission spectroscopy we find a pronounced unidirectional optical output, the output ratio being as high as 25 at the self-collimation wavelength. Furthermore, the self-collimated beams and the unidirectionality are clearly observed in real space using near-field and far-field optical microscopy. Interpretation of the optical data is strongly supported by different types of simulations.

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Publication

R. Kirchain and L. Kimerling, “A roadmap for nanophotonics,” Nat. Photonics 1(6), 303–305 (2007).
[Crossref]
A. Liu, L. Liao, D. Rubin, H. Nguyen, B. Ciftcioglu, Y. Chetrit, N. Izhaky, and M. Paniccia, “High-speed optical modulation based on carrier depletion in a silicon waveguide,” Opt. Express 15(2), 660–668 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
S. P. Anderson, A. R. Schroff, and P. M. Fauchet, “Slow light with photonic crystal for on-chip optical interconnects,” Advances in Optical Technologies (2008).
Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438(7064), 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. A. Mansouri-Birjandi, M. K. Moravvej-Farshi, and A. Rostami, “Ultrafast low-threshold all-optical switch implemented by arrays of ring resonators coupled to a Mach-Zehnder interferometer arm: based on 2D photonic crystals,” Appl. Opt. 47(27), 5041–5050 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, “Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 1212–1215 (1999).
[Crossref]
J. Witzens, M. Loncar, and A. Scherer, “Self-collimation in planar photonic crystals,” IEEE J. Sel. Quantum Electron. 8(6), 1246–1257 (2002).
[Crossref]
P. T. Rakich, M. S. Dahlem, S. Tandon, M. Ibanescu, M. Soljačić, G. S. Petrich, J. D. Joannopoulos, L. A. Kolodziejski, and E. P. Ippen, “Achieving centimetre-scale supercollimation in a large-area two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nat. Mater. 5(2), 93–96 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. D. Joannopoulous, S. G. Johnson, J. N. Winn, and R. D. Meade, Photonic crystal: Molding the flow of light (Princeton University Press, 2008).
D. W. Prather, S. Shi, D. M. Pustai, C. Chen, S. Venkataraman, A. Sharkawy, G. J. Schneider, and J. Murakowski, “Dispersion-based optical routing in photonic crystals,” Opt. Lett. 29(1), 50–52 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
DD. W. Prather, S. Shi, J. Murakowski, G. J. Schneider, A. Sharkawy, C. Chen, B. L. Miao, and R. Martin, “Self-collimation in photonic crystal structures: a new paradigm for applications and device development,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 40(9), 2635–2651 (2007).
[Crossref]
X. Yu and S. Fan, “Bends and splitters for selft-collimated beams in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(16), 3251–3253 (2003).
[Crossref]
S.-G. Lee, S. S. Oh, J.-E. Kim, H. Y. Park, and C.-S. Kee, “Line defect induced bending and splitting of self-collimated beams in two-dimentional photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 118106 (2005).
D. Zhao, J. Zhang, P. Yao, X. Jiang, and X. Chen, “Photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 231114–1–231114–3 (2007)
[Crossref]
Finite-element frequency-domain simulations are done using the Finite Element Frequency Domain (FEFD) engine from Photon Design. http://www.photond.com/products/fefd . The FEFD engine is a 2D Maxwell solver for propagation of electromagnetic fields within an arbitrary photonic structure, which allows one to compute a steady state response for a single frequency. For further reference see [16].
T. P. Felici, D. F. G. Gallagher, and L. Bolla, “Automatic Design and Optimisation of Si nanophotonics devices using Finite Element Frequency Domain Solvers,” in Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 6475, Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XI(2007), pp. 64750L–1-64750L–9.
R. Ramaswami, and K. N. Sivarajan, Optical networks: A pratical perspective (Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1998).
L. Z. Zehnder, “Ein neuer Interferenzrefraktor,” Instrumentenkunde 11, 275–285 (1891).
L. Z. Mach, “Ueber einen Interferenzrefraktor,” Instrumentenkunde 12, 89–94 (1892).
J. Caro, E. M. Roeling, B. Rong, H. M. Nguyen, E. W. J. M. van der Drift, S. Rogge, F. Karouta, R. W. van der Heijden, and H. W. M. Salemink, “Transmission measurement of the photonic band gap of GaN photonic crystal slabs,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(5), 051117–051119 (2008).
[Crossref]
K. Vynck, E. Centeno, M. L. Vassor d'Yerville, and D. Cassagne, “Efficient light coupling from integrated single-mode waveguides to supercollimating photonic crystals on silicon-on-insulator platforms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(10), 103128–1, 103128–3 (2008).
[Crossref]
S.-G. Lee, J. S. Choi, J.-E. Kim, H. Y. Park, and C.-S. Kee, “Reflection minimization at two-dimensional photonic crystal interfaces,” Opt. Express 16(6), 4270–4277 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
I. Horcas, R. Fernández, J. M. Gómez -Rodriguez, J. Colchero, J. Gómez -Herrero, and A. M. Baro, “WSXM: A software for scanning probe microscopy and a tool for nanotechnology,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78(1), 013705–1, 013705–013708 (2007).
[Crossref]
W. Zhou, D. M. Mackie, M. Taysing-Lara, G. Dang, P. G. Newman, and S. Svensson, “Novel reconfigurable semiconductor photonic crystal-MEMS device,” Solid-State Electron. 50(6), 908–913 (2006).
[Crossref]
K. L. Ekinci and M. L. Roukes, “Nanoelectromechanical systems,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(6), 061101–1, 061101–061112 (2005).
[Crossref]
T. Takahata, K. Hoshino, K. Matsumoto, and I. Shimoyama, in Proceedings of MEMS (Instanbul, Turkey, 2006), pp. 834–837.

2008 (4)

M. A. Mansouri-Birjandi, M. K. Moravvej-Farshi, and A. Rostami, “Ultrafast low-threshold all-optical switch implemented by arrays of ring resonators coupled to a Mach-Zehnder interferometer arm: based on 2D photonic crystals,” Appl. Opt. 47(27), 5041–5050 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Caro, E. M. Roeling, B. Rong, H. M. Nguyen, E. W. J. M. van der Drift, S. Rogge, F. Karouta, R. W. van der Heijden, and H. W. M. Salemink, “Transmission measurement of the photonic band gap of GaN photonic crystal slabs,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 93(5), 051117–051119 (2008).
[Crossref]

K. Vynck, E. Centeno, M. L. Vassor d'Yerville, and D. Cassagne, “Efficient light coupling from integrated single-mode waveguides to supercollimating photonic crystals on silicon-on-insulator platforms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(10), 103128–1, 103128–3 (2008).
[Crossref]

S.-G. Lee, J. S. Choi, J.-E. Kim, H. Y. Park, and C.-S. Kee, “Reflection minimization at two-dimensional photonic crystal interfaces,” Opt. Express 16(6), 4270–4277 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (5)

I. Horcas, R. Fernández, J. M. Gómez -Rodriguez, J. Colchero, J. Gómez -Herrero, and A. M. Baro, “WSXM: A software for scanning probe microscopy and a tool for nanotechnology,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78(1), 013705–1, 013705–013708 (2007).
[Crossref]

D. Zhao, J. Zhang, P. Yao, X. Jiang, and X. Chen, “Photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 231114–1–231114–3 (2007)
[Crossref]

R. Kirchain and L. Kimerling, “A roadmap for nanophotonics,” Nat. Photonics 1(6), 303–305 (2007).
[Crossref]

A. Liu, L. Liao, D. Rubin, H. Nguyen, B. Ciftcioglu, Y. Chetrit, N. Izhaky, and M. Paniccia, “High-speed optical modulation based on carrier depletion in a silicon waveguide,” Opt. Express 15(2), 660–668 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

DD. W. Prather, S. Shi, J. Murakowski, G. J. Schneider, A. Sharkawy, C. Chen, B. L. Miao, and R. Martin, “Self-collimation in photonic crystal structures: a new paradigm for applications and device development,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 40(9), 2635–2651 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (2)

P. T. Rakich, M. S. Dahlem, S. Tandon, M. Ibanescu, M. Soljačić, G. S. Petrich, J. D. Joannopoulos, L. A. Kolodziejski, and E. P. Ippen, “Achieving centimetre-scale supercollimation in a large-area two-dimensional photonic crystal,” Nat. Mater. 5(2), 93–96 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Zhou, D. M. Mackie, M. Taysing-Lara, G. Dang, P. G. Newman, and S. Svensson, “Novel reconfigurable semiconductor photonic crystal-MEMS device,” Solid-State Electron. 50(6), 908–913 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (3)

K. L. Ekinci and M. L. Roukes, “Nanoelectromechanical systems,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(6), 061101–1, 061101–061112 (2005).
[Crossref]

S.-G. Lee, S. S. Oh, J.-E. Kim, H. Y. Park, and C.-S. Kee, “Line defect induced bending and splitting of self-collimated beams in two-dimentional photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 118106 (2005).

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438(7064), 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (1)

D. W. Prather, S. Shi, D. M. Pustai, C. Chen, S. Venkataraman, A. Sharkawy, G. J. Schneider, and J. Murakowski, “Dispersion-based optical routing in photonic crystals,” Opt. Lett. 29(1), 50–52 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

X. Yu and S. Fan, “Bends and splitters for selft-collimated beams in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(16), 3251–3253 (2003).
[Crossref]

2002 (1)

J. Witzens, M. Loncar, and A. Scherer, “Self-collimation in planar photonic crystals,” IEEE J. Sel. Quantum Electron. 8(6), 1246–1257 (2002).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, “Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 1212–1215 (1999).
[Crossref]

1892 (1)

L. Z. Mach, “Ueber einen Interferenzrefraktor,” Instrumentenkunde 12, 89–94 (1892).

1891 (1)

L. Z. Zehnder, “Ein neuer Interferenzrefraktor,” Instrumentenkunde 11, 275–285 (1891).

Baro, A. M.

Caro, J.

Cassagne, D.

Centeno, E.

Chen, C.

Chen, X.

D. Zhao, J. Zhang, P. Yao, X. Jiang, and X. Chen, “Photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 231114–1–231114–3 (2007)
[Crossref]

Chetrit, Y.

Choi, J. S.

S.-G. Lee, J. S. Choi, J.-E. Kim, H. Y. Park, and C.-S. Kee, “Reflection minimization at two-dimensional photonic crystal interfaces,” Opt. Express 16(6), 4270–4277 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ciftcioglu, B.

Colchero, J.

Dahlem, M. S.

Dang, G.

Ekinci, K. L.

K. L. Ekinci and M. L. Roukes, “Nanoelectromechanical systems,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(6), 061101–1, 061101–061112 (2005).
[Crossref]

Fan, S.

X. Yu and S. Fan, “Bends and splitters for selft-collimated beams in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(16), 3251–3253 (2003).
[Crossref]

Fernández, R.

Gómez -Herrero, J.

Gómez -Rodriguez, J. M.

Hamann, H. F.

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438(7064), 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Horcas, I.

Ibanescu, M.

Ippen, E. P.

Izhaky, N.

Jiang, X.

D. Zhao, J. Zhang, P. Yao, X. Jiang, and X. Chen, “Photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 231114–1–231114–3 (2007)
[Crossref]

Joannopoulos, J. D.

Karouta, F.

Kawakami, S.

H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, “Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 1212–1215 (1999).
[Crossref]

Kawashima, T.

H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, “Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 1212–1215 (1999).
[Crossref]

Kee, C.-S.

S.-G. Lee, J. S. Choi, J.-E. Kim, H. Y. Park, and C.-S. Kee, “Reflection minimization at two-dimensional photonic crystal interfaces,” Opt. Express 16(6), 4270–4277 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, J.-E.

S.-G. Lee, J. S. Choi, J.-E. Kim, H. Y. Park, and C.-S. Kee, “Reflection minimization at two-dimensional photonic crystal interfaces,” Opt. Express 16(6), 4270–4277 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kimerling, L.

R. Kirchain and L. Kimerling, “A roadmap for nanophotonics,” Nat. Photonics 1(6), 303–305 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kirchain, R.

R. Kirchain and L. Kimerling, “A roadmap for nanophotonics,” Nat. Photonics 1(6), 303–305 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kolodziejski, L. A.

Kosaka, H.

H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, “Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 1212–1215 (1999).
[Crossref]

Lee, S.-G.

S.-G. Lee, J. S. Choi, J.-E. Kim, H. Y. Park, and C.-S. Kee, “Reflection minimization at two-dimensional photonic crystal interfaces,” Opt. Express 16(6), 4270–4277 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Liao, L.

Liu, A.

Loncar, M.

J. Witzens, M. Loncar, and A. Scherer, “Self-collimation in planar photonic crystals,” IEEE J. Sel. Quantum Electron. 8(6), 1246–1257 (2002).
[Crossref]

Mach, L. Z.

L. Z. Mach, “Ueber einen Interferenzrefraktor,” Instrumentenkunde 12, 89–94 (1892).

Mackie, D. M.

Mansouri-Birjandi, M. A.

Martin, R.

McNab, S. J.

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438(7064), 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Miao, B. L.

Moravvej-Farshi, M. K.

Murakowski, J.

Newman, P. G.

Nguyen, H.

Nguyen, H. M.

Notomi, M.

H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, “Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 1212–1215 (1999).
[Crossref]

O’Boyle, M.

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438(7064), 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Oh, S. S.

Paniccia, M.

Park, H. Y.

S.-G. Lee, J. S. Choi, J.-E. Kim, H. Y. Park, and C.-S. Kee, “Reflection minimization at two-dimensional photonic crystal interfaces,” Opt. Express 16(6), 4270–4277 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Petrich, G. S.

Prather, D. W.

Prather, DD. W.

Pustai, D. M.

Rakich, P. T.

Roeling, E. M.

Rogge, S.

Rong, B.

Rostami, A.

Roukes, M. L.

K. L. Ekinci and M. L. Roukes, “Nanoelectromechanical systems,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(6), 061101–1, 061101–061112 (2005).
[Crossref]

Rubin, D.

Salemink, H. W. M.

Sato, T.

H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, “Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 1212–1215 (1999).
[Crossref]

Scherer, A.

J. Witzens, M. Loncar, and A. Scherer, “Self-collimation in planar photonic crystals,” IEEE J. Sel. Quantum Electron. 8(6), 1246–1257 (2002).
[Crossref]

Schneider, G. J.

Sharkawy, A.

Shi, S.

Soljacic, M.

Svensson, S.

Tamamura, T.

H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, “Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 1212–1215 (1999).
[Crossref]

Tandon, S.

Taysing-Lara, M.

Tomita, A.

H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, “Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 1212–1215 (1999).
[Crossref]

van der Drift, E. W. J. M.

van der Heijden, R. W.

Vassor d'Yerville, M. L.

Venkataraman, S.

Vlasov, Y. A.

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438(7064), 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Vynck, K.

Witzens, J.

J. Witzens, M. Loncar, and A. Scherer, “Self-collimation in planar photonic crystals,” IEEE J. Sel. Quantum Electron. 8(6), 1246–1257 (2002).
[Crossref]

Yao, P.

D. Zhao, J. Zhang, P. Yao, X. Jiang, and X. Chen, “Photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 231114–1–231114–3 (2007)
[Crossref]

Yu, X.

X. Yu and S. Fan, “Bends and splitters for selft-collimated beams in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(16), 3251–3253 (2003).
[Crossref]

Zehnder, L. Z.

L. Z. Zehnder, “Ein neuer Interferenzrefraktor,” Instrumentenkunde 11, 275–285 (1891).

Zhang, J.

D. Zhao, J. Zhang, P. Yao, X. Jiang, and X. Chen, “Photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 231114–1–231114–3 (2007)
[Crossref]

Zhao, D.

D. Zhao, J. Zhang, P. Yao, X. Jiang, and X. Chen, “Photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 231114–1–231114–3 (2007)
[Crossref]

Zhou, W.

Appl. Opt. (1)

Appl. Phys. Lett (1)

D. Zhao, J. Zhang, P. Yao, X. Jiang, and X. Chen, “Photonic crystal Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on self-collimation,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 231114–1–231114–3 (2007)
[Crossref]

Appl. Phys. Lett. (5)

X. Yu and S. Fan, “Bends and splitters for selft-collimated beams in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(16), 3251–3253 (2003).
[Crossref]

H. Kosaka, T. Kawashima, A. Tomita, M. Notomi, T. Tamamura, T. Sato, and S. Kawakami, “Self-collimating phenomena in photonic crystals,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(9), 1212–1215 (1999).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Sel. Quantum Electron. (1)

J. Witzens, M. Loncar, and A. Scherer, “Self-collimation in planar photonic crystals,” IEEE J. Sel. Quantum Electron. 8(6), 1246–1257 (2002).
[Crossref]

Instrumentenkunde (2)

L. Z. Zehnder, “Ein neuer Interferenzrefraktor,” Instrumentenkunde 11, 275–285 (1891).

L. Z. Mach, “Ueber einen Interferenzrefraktor,” Instrumentenkunde 12, 89–94 (1892).

J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. (1)

Nat. Mater. (1)

Nat. Photonics (1)

R. Kirchain and L. Kimerling, “A roadmap for nanophotonics,” Nat. Photonics 1(6), 303–305 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nature (1)

Y. A. Vlasov, M. O’Boyle, H. F. Hamann, and S. J. McNab, “Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides,” Nature 438(7064), 65–69 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Express (2)

S.-G. Lee, J. S. Choi, J.-E. Kim, H. Y. Park, and C.-S. Kee, “Reflection minimization at two-dimensional photonic crystal interfaces,” Opt. Express 16(6), 4270–4277 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Opt. Lett. (1)

Rev. Sci. Instrum. (2)

K. L. Ekinci and M. L. Roukes, “Nanoelectromechanical systems,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76(6), 061101–1, 061101–061112 (2005).
[Crossref]

Solid-State Electron. (1)

Other (6)

T. Takahata, K. Hoshino, K. Matsumoto, and I. Shimoyama, in Proceedings of MEMS (Instanbul, Turkey, 2006), pp. 834–837.

S. P. Anderson, A. R. Schroff, and P. M. Fauchet, “Slow light with photonic crystal for on-chip optical interconnects,” Advances in Optical Technologies (2008).

J. D. Joannopoulous, S. G. Johnson, J. N. Winn, and R. D. Meade, Photonic crystal: Molding the flow of light (Princeton University Press, 2008).

Finite-element frequency-domain simulations are done using the Finite Element Frequency Domain (FEFD) engine from Photon Design. http://www.photond.com/products/fefd . The FEFD engine is a 2D Maxwell solver for propagation of electromagnetic fields within an arbitrary photonic structure, which allows one to compute a steady state response for a single frequency. For further reference see [16].

T. P. Felici, D. F. G. Gallagher, and L. Bolla, “Automatic Design and Optimisation of Si nanophotonics devices using Finite Element Frequency Domain Solvers,” in Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 6475, Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XI(2007), pp. 64750L–1-64750L–9.

R. Ramaswami, and K. N. Sivarajan, Optical networks: A pratical perspective (Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1998).

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Fig. 1

(a) Equi-frequency contours (EFCs) in the first two Brillouin zones for the lowest TE photonic band of the square lattice PhC. The colours indicate regions between EFCs, each characterized by a normalized frequency $a / λ$ . In the blue and green regions the dispersion is isotropic, i.e. here the TE modes of the PhC undergo classic diffraction, as in a homogeneous isotropic medium. The blow-up of the region at the M-point shows highly anisotropic yellow, orange and red regions ( $a / λ$ between 0.1813 and 0.2493). The flat section labeled with $a / λ_{c}$ = 0.2267 is responsible for the self-collimated beams excited at $λ_{c}$ = 1.50 μm. The dashed red circle is the cross section of the light cone for SiO₂ with the equi-frequency plane at $a / λ_{c}$ = 0.2267. (b) Simulations of the propagation of TE modes through the PhC between collinear input and output waveguides, for $a / λ$ = 0.136, $a / λ_{c}$ = 0.2267 and $a / λ$ = 0.236, respectively.

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Fig. 2

Design of the PhC MZI. BS1 and BS2 are beam splitters, defined by a line defect. M1 and M2 are mirrors, defined by air regions. IN1, IN2 and OUT1, OUT2 are input and output waveguides, respectively, for light coupling. White arrows indicate the direction of light propagation. Inset 1 shows the first Brillouin zone (BZ), with in green the irreducible BZ, which defines the symmetry directions ΓM and ΓX in the PhC. Inset 2 is a 2D FEFD simulation result at the collimation wavelength, showing the unidirectional output behaviour of the PhC MZI. Details of the design are given in the text.

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Fig. 3

SEM image of the PhC MZI, demonstrating accurate realization of the design. All structures (PhC holes, beam splitters, mirrors and waveguides) are etched in a single etching step. The inset is an SEM image of a beam splitter, featuring smooth circular holes. The hole radius for the regular PhC is $r \approx$ 105 nm, while for the line defect it is $r_{B S} \approx$ 155 nm, consistent with the design. A narrow vein of a beam splitter is highlighted in the white rectangle.

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Fig. 4

Experimental and simulated transmission spectra of the MZI and simulated out-of plane loss into the air cladding of the MZI (see legend in panel). Both the experimental and the simulated transmission spectra have been normalized with ridge waveguides. Inset shows the unsmoothed data with the Fabry-Perot fringes.

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Fig. 5

(a), (b) NSOM images of the MZI for on-collimation operation (λ = 1.51 μm) and off-collimation operation (λ = 1.62 μm), respectively. The unidirectional output behaviour is clearly seen in the on-collimation case, but is lost in the off-collimation case.

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Fig. 6

(a), (b) Top-view optical microscopic images of the MZI for on-collimation operation ( $λ_{c}$ = 1.50 μm) and off-collimation operation (λ = 1.62 μm), respectively, with a SEM image of the MZI superimposed. As seen from the number of hot spots, out-of plane losses are much weaker for the on-collimation case than for the off-collimation case.

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