Abstract

We report that rhomb-shaped metal nanoantenna arrays support multiple plasmonic resonances, making them favorable bio-sensing substrates. Besides the two localized plasmonic dipole modes associated with the two principle axes of the rhombi, the sample supports an additional grating-induced surface plasmon polariton resonance. The plasmonic properties of all modes are carefully studied by far-field measurements together with numerical and analytical calculations. The sample is then applied to surface-enhanced Raman scattering measurements. It is shown to be highly efficient since two plasmonic resonances of the structure were simultaneously tuned to coincide with the excitation and the emission wavelength in the SERS experiment. The analysis is completed by measuring the impact of the polarization angle on the SERS signal.

©2010 Optical Society of America

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  8. A. Sanchez-Iglesias, I. Pastoriza-Santos, J. Perez-Juste, B. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, F. J. Garcia de Abajo, and L. M. Liz-Marzan, “Synthesis and optical properties of gold nanodecahedra with size control,” Adv. Mater. 18(19), 2529–2534 (2006).
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  11. J. B. Lassiter, J. Aizpurura, L. I. Hernandez, D. W. Brandl, I. Romero, S. Lal, J. H. Hafner, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, “Close encounters between two nanoshells,” Nano. Lett. 8(4), 1212–1218 (2008).
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  12. C. Huang, A. Bouhelier, G. Colas des Francs, A. Bruyant, A. Guenot, E. Finot, J.-C. Weeber, and A. Dereux, “Gain, detuning, and radiation patterns of nanoparticle optical antennas,” Phys. Rev. B. 78(15), 155407 (2008).
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  16. K. Hering, D. Cialla, K. Ackermann, T. Dörfer, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, W. Fritzsche, P. Rösch, and J. Popp, “SERS: a versatile tool in chemical and biochemical diagnostics,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390(1), 113–124 (2008).
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  17. D. Cialla, R. Siebert, U. Hübner, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, J. Petschulat, A. Tünnermann, T. Pertsch, B. Dietzek, and J. Popp, “Ultrafast plasmon dynamics and evanescent field distribution of reproducible surface-enhanced Raman-scattering substrates,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394(7), 1811–1818 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. S. J. Lee, J. M. Baik, and M. Moskovits, “Polarization-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering from a silver-nanoparticle-decorated single silver nanowire,” Nano. Lett. 8(10), 3244–3247 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. J. Kneipp, H. Kneipp, B. Wittig, and K. Kneipp, “One- and two-photon excited optical pH probing for cells using surface-enhanced Raman and hyper-Raman nanosensors,” Nano. Lett. 7(9), 2819–2823 (2007).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  20. M. Fujimaki, Y. Iwanabe, C. Rockstuhl, X. Wang, K. Awazu, and J. Tominaga, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering by hemi-ellipsoidal Ag nanoparticles generated from silver-oxide thin films,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(44), 1080–1082 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  21. Hong Wei, Feng Hao, Yingzhou Huang, Wenzhong Wang, P. Nordlander, and Hongxing Xu, “Polarization dependence of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in gold nanoparticle-nanowire systems,” Nano. Lett. 8(8), 2497–2502 (2008).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, R. M. Cole, J. J. Baumberg, M. E. Abdelsalam, S. Cintra, S. Mahajan, A. E. Russell, and P. N. Bartlett, “Localized and delocalized plasmons in metallic nanovoids,” Phys. Rev. B 74(24), 245415 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  23. S. Cintra, M. E. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, J. J. Baumberg, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, and A. E. Russell, “Sculpted substrates for SERS,” Faraday Discuss. 132, 191–199 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. N. M. B. Perney, J. J. Baumberg, M. E. Zoorob, M. D. B. Charlton, S. Mahnkopf, and C. M. Netti, “Tuning localized plasmons in nanostructured substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Opt. Express 14(2), 847–857 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  25. T. V. Teperik, V. V. Popov, F. J. G. de Abajo, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, J. J. Baumberg, M. E. Abdelsalem, and P. N. Bartlett, “Mie plasmon enhanced diffraction of light from nanoporous metal surfaces,” Opt. Express 14(25), 11964–11971 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  26. P. N. Bartlett, J. J. Baumberg, S. Coyle, and M. E. Abdelsalam, “Optical properties of nanostructured metal films,” Faraday Discuss. 125, 117–132 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  27. T. V. Teperik, V. V. Popov, F. J. Garcia de Abajo, M. E. Abdelsalam, and P. N. Bartlett, “Strong coupling of light to flat metals via a buried nanovoid lattice: the interplay of localized and free plasmons,” Opt. Express 14(5), 1965–1972 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  28. A. D. McFarland, M. A. Young, J. A. Dieringer, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Wavelength-scanned surface-enhanced Raman excitation spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. B 109(22), 11270–11285 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  29. E. C. Le Ru, J. Grand, N. Flidj, J. Aubard, G. Levi, A. Hohenau, J. R. Krenn, E. Blackie, and P. G. Etchegoin “Experimental verification of the SERS electromagnetic bodel beyond the E4 approximation: polarization effects,” J. Phys. Chem. C 112(22), 8117–8121 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  30. M. G. Albrecht and J. A. Creighton, “Anomalously intense Raman spectra of pyridine at a silver electrode,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99(15), 5215–5217 (1977).
    [Crossref]
  31. D. L. Jeanmaire and R. P. Van Duyne, “Surface Raman spectroelectrochemistry. part I. heterocyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic amines adsorbed on the anodized silver electrode,” J. Electroanal. Chem. 84(1), 1–20 (1977).
    [Crossref]
  32. M. Fleischmann, P. J. Hendra, and A. J. McQuillan, “Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 26(2), 163–166 (1974).
    [Crossref]
  33. U. Hübner, R. Boucher, H. Schneidewind, D. Cialla, and J. Popp, “Microfabricated SERS-arrays with sharp-edged metallic nanostructures,” Microelectron. Eng. 85(8), 1792–1794 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  34. Our measurement setup for transmission is represented by the commercially available far-field spectrometer λ 950 from Perkin Elmer: www.perkinelmer.com.
  35. L. Li, “New formulation of the Fourier modal method for crossed surface-relief gratings,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14(10), 2758–2767 (1997).
    [Crossref]
  36. P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Phys. Rev. B 6(12), 4370–4379 (1972).
    [Crossref]
  37. C. F. Bohren and D. R. Huffman, “Absorption and scattering of light by small particles” (Wiley, New York, 1983).
  38. T. V. Teperik, V. V. Popov, F. J. Garca de Abajo, and J. J. Baumberg, “Tuneable coupling of surface plasmon-polaritons and Mie plasmons on a planar surface of nanoporous metal,” Phys. Status Solidi C 2(11), 3912–3915 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  39. H. F. Ghaemi, T. Thio, D. E. Grupp, T. W. Ebbesen, and H. J. Lezec, “Surface plasmons enhance optical transmission through subwavelength holes,” Phys. Rev. B 58(11), 6779–6782 (1998).
    [Crossref]
  40. J. B. Pendry, L. Martin-Moreno, and F. J. Garcia-Vidal, “Mimicking surface plasmons with structured surfaces,” Science 305(5685), 847–848 (2004).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  41. We utilized the commercially avaiable FDTD solver FullWave distributed by RSoftdesign. www.rsoftdesign.com.
  42. E. C. Le Ru, E. Blackie, M. Meyer, and P. G. Etchegoin, “Surface enhanced Raman scattering enhancement factors: a comprehensive study,” J. Phys. Chem. C 111(37), 13794–13803 (2007).
    [Crossref]

2009 (1)

D. Cialla, R. Siebert, U. Hübner, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, J. Petschulat, A. Tünnermann, T. Pertsch, B. Dietzek, and J. Popp, “Ultrafast plasmon dynamics and evanescent field distribution of reproducible surface-enhanced Raman-scattering substrates,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394(7), 1811–1818 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (10)

S. J. Lee, J. M. Baik, and M. Moskovits, “Polarization-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering from a silver-nanoparticle-decorated single silver nanowire,” Nano. Lett. 8(10), 3244–3247 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Cialla, U. Hübner, H. Schneidewind, R. Möller, and J. Popp, “Probing innovative microfabricated substrates for their reproducible SERS activity,” Chem. Phys. Chem. 9(5), 758–762 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Hering, D. Cialla, K. Ackermann, T. Dörfer, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, W. Fritzsche, P. Rösch, and J. Popp, “SERS: a versatile tool in chemical and biochemical diagnostics,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390(1), 113–124 (2008).
[Crossref]

M. Rang, A. C. Jones, F. Zhou, Z.-Y. Li, B. J. Wiley, Y. Xia, and M. B. Raschke, “Optical near-field mapping of plasmonic nanoprisms,” Nano. Lett. 8(10), 3357–3363 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature 424(6950), 824–830 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. B. Lassiter, J. Aizpurura, L. I. Hernandez, D. W. Brandl, I. Romero, S. Lal, J. H. Hafner, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, “Close encounters between two nanoshells,” Nano. Lett. 8(4), 1212–1218 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. Huang, A. Bouhelier, G. Colas des Francs, A. Bruyant, A. Guenot, E. Finot, J.-C. Weeber, and A. Dereux, “Gain, detuning, and radiation patterns of nanoparticle optical antennas,” Phys. Rev. B. 78(15), 155407 (2008).
[Crossref]

Hong Wei, Feng Hao, Yingzhou Huang, Wenzhong Wang, P. Nordlander, and Hongxing Xu, “Polarization dependence of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in gold nanoparticle-nanowire systems,” Nano. Lett. 8(8), 2497–2502 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. C. Le Ru, J. Grand, N. Flidj, J. Aubard, G. Levi, A. Hohenau, J. R. Krenn, E. Blackie, and P. G. Etchegoin “Experimental verification of the SERS electromagnetic bodel beyond the E4 approximation: polarization effects,” J. Phys. Chem. C 112(22), 8117–8121 (2008).
[Crossref]

U. Hübner, R. Boucher, H. Schneidewind, D. Cialla, and J. Popp, “Microfabricated SERS-arrays with sharp-edged metallic nanostructures,” Microelectron. Eng. 85(8), 1792–1794 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (6)

E. C. Le Ru, E. Blackie, M. Meyer, and P. G. Etchegoin, “Surface enhanced Raman scattering enhancement factors: a comprehensive study,” J. Phys. Chem. C 111(37), 13794–13803 (2007).
[Crossref]

F. Lopez-Tejeira, S. G. Rodrigo, L. Martin-Moreno, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, E. Devaux, T. W. Ebbesen, J. R. Krenn, I. P. Radko, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, M. U. Gonzalez, J. C. Weeber, and A. Dereux, “Efficient unidirectional nanoslit couplers for surface plasmons,” Nature Physics 3(5), 324–328 (2007).
[Crossref]

V. S. Volkov, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, E. Devaux, J.-Y. Laluet, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Wavelength selective nanophotonic components utilizing channel plasmon polaritons,” Nano. Lett. 7(4), 880–884 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. Verhagen, L. Kuipers, and A. Polman, “Enhanced nonlinear optical effects with a tapered plasmonic waveguide,” Nano. Lett. 7(2), 334–337 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Kneipp, H. Kneipp, B. Wittig, and K. Kneipp, “One- and two-photon excited optical pH probing for cells using surface-enhanced Raman and hyper-Raman nanosensors,” Nano. Lett. 7(9), 2819–2823 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Fujimaki, Y. Iwanabe, C. Rockstuhl, X. Wang, K. Awazu, and J. Tominaga, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering by hemi-ellipsoidal Ag nanoparticles generated from silver-oxide thin films,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(44), 1080–1082 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (7)

A. Sanchez-Iglesias, I. Pastoriza-Santos, J. Perez-Juste, B. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, F. J. Garcia de Abajo, and L. M. Liz-Marzan, “Synthesis and optical properties of gold nanodecahedra with size control,” Adv. Mater. 18(19), 2529–2534 (2006).
[Crossref]

L. J. Sherry, R. Jin, C. A. Mirkin, G. C. Schatz, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of single silver triangular nanoprisms,” Nano. Lett. 6(9), 2060–2065 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

N. M. B. Perney, J. J. Baumberg, M. E. Zoorob, M. D. B. Charlton, S. Mahnkopf, and C. M. Netti, “Tuning localized plasmons in nanostructured substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering,” Opt. Express 14(2), 847–857 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. V. Teperik, V. V. Popov, F. J. Garcia de Abajo, M. E. Abdelsalam, and P. N. Bartlett, “Strong coupling of light to flat metals via a buried nanovoid lattice: the interplay of localized and free plasmons,” Opt. Express 14(5), 1965–1972 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. V. Teperik, V. V. Popov, F. J. G. de Abajo, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, J. J. Baumberg, M. E. Abdelsalem, and P. N. Bartlett, “Mie plasmon enhanced diffraction of light from nanoporous metal surfaces,” Opt. Express 14(25), 11964–11971 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, R. M. Cole, J. J. Baumberg, M. E. Abdelsalam, S. Cintra, S. Mahajan, A. E. Russell, and P. N. Bartlett, “Localized and delocalized plasmons in metallic nanovoids,” Phys. Rev. B 74(24), 245415 (2006).
[Crossref]

S. Cintra, M. E. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, J. J. Baumberg, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, and A. E. Russell, “Sculpted substrates for SERS,” Faraday Discuss. 132, 191–199 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (5)

A. D. McFarland, M. A. Young, J. A. Dieringer, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Wavelength-scanned surface-enhanced Raman excitation spectroscopy,” J. Phys. Chem. B 109(22), 11270–11285 (2005).
[Crossref]

T. V. Teperik, V. V. Popov, F. J. Garca de Abajo, and J. J. Baumberg, “Tuneable coupling of surface plasmon-polaritons and Mie plasmons on a planar surface of nanoporous metal,” Phys. Status Solidi C 2(11), 3912–3915 (2005).
[Crossref]

P. Mühlschlegel, H.-J. Eisler, O. J. F. Martin, B. Hecht, and D. W. Pohl, “Resonant optical antennas,” Science 308(5728), 1607–1609 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. I. Bozhevolnyi, V. S. Volkov, E. Devaux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Channel plasmon-polariton guiding by sub-wavelength metal grooves,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(4), 046802 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. J. Baumberg, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, S. Cintra, M. E. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, and A. E. Russel, “Angle-resolved surface-enhanced Raman scattering on metallic nanostructured plasmonic crystals,” Nano. Lett. 5(11), 2262–2267 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2004 (2)

P. N. Bartlett, J. J. Baumberg, S. Coyle, and M. E. Abdelsalam, “Optical properties of nanostructured metal films,” Faraday Discuss. 125, 117–132 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. B. Pendry, L. Martin-Moreno, and F. J. Garcia-Vidal, “Mimicking surface plasmons with structured surfaces,” Science 305(5685), 847–848 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1998 (1)

H. F. Ghaemi, T. Thio, D. E. Grupp, T. W. Ebbesen, and H. J. Lezec, “Surface plasmons enhance optical transmission through subwavelength holes,” Phys. Rev. B 58(11), 6779–6782 (1998).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

1977 (2)

M. G. Albrecht and J. A. Creighton, “Anomalously intense Raman spectra of pyridine at a silver electrode,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99(15), 5215–5217 (1977).
[Crossref]

D. L. Jeanmaire and R. P. Van Duyne, “Surface Raman spectroelectrochemistry. part I. heterocyclic, aromatic, and aliphatic amines adsorbed on the anodized silver electrode,” J. Electroanal. Chem. 84(1), 1–20 (1977).
[Crossref]

1974 (1)

M. Fleischmann, P. J. Hendra, and A. J. McQuillan, “Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 26(2), 163–166 (1974).
[Crossref]

1972 (1)

P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Phys. Rev. B 6(12), 4370–4379 (1972).
[Crossref]

Abdelsalam, M. E.

T. V. Teperik, V. V. Popov, F. J. Garcia de Abajo, M. E. Abdelsalam, and P. N. Bartlett, “Strong coupling of light to flat metals via a buried nanovoid lattice: the interplay of localized and free plasmons,” Opt. Express 14(5), 1965–1972 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Cintra, M. E. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, J. J. Baumberg, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, and A. E. Russell, “Sculpted substrates for SERS,” Faraday Discuss. 132, 191–199 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, R. M. Cole, J. J. Baumberg, M. E. Abdelsalam, S. Cintra, S. Mahajan, A. E. Russell, and P. N. Bartlett, “Localized and delocalized plasmons in metallic nanovoids,” Phys. Rev. B 74(24), 245415 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. J. Baumberg, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, S. Cintra, M. E. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, and A. E. Russel, “Angle-resolved surface-enhanced Raman scattering on metallic nanostructured plasmonic crystals,” Nano. Lett. 5(11), 2262–2267 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. N. Bartlett, J. J. Baumberg, S. Coyle, and M. E. Abdelsalam, “Optical properties of nanostructured metal films,” Faraday Discuss. 125, 117–132 (2004).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Abdelsalem, M. E.

Ackermann, K.

K. Hering, D. Cialla, K. Ackermann, T. Dörfer, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, W. Fritzsche, P. Rösch, and J. Popp, “SERS: a versatile tool in chemical and biochemical diagnostics,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390(1), 113–124 (2008).
[Crossref]

Aizpurura, J.

J. B. Lassiter, J. Aizpurura, L. I. Hernandez, D. W. Brandl, I. Romero, S. Lal, J. H. Hafner, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, “Close encounters between two nanoshells,” Nano. Lett. 8(4), 1212–1218 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Albrecht, M. G.

M. G. Albrecht and J. A. Creighton, “Anomalously intense Raman spectra of pyridine at a silver electrode,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99(15), 5215–5217 (1977).
[Crossref]

Aubard, J.

E. C. Le Ru, J. Grand, N. Flidj, J. Aubard, G. Levi, A. Hohenau, J. R. Krenn, E. Blackie, and P. G. Etchegoin “Experimental verification of the SERS electromagnetic bodel beyond the E4 approximation: polarization effects,” J. Phys. Chem. C 112(22), 8117–8121 (2008).
[Crossref]

Awazu, K.

M. Fujimaki, Y. Iwanabe, C. Rockstuhl, X. Wang, K. Awazu, and J. Tominaga, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering by hemi-ellipsoidal Ag nanoparticles generated from silver-oxide thin films,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(44), 1080–1082 (2007).
[Crossref]

Baik, J. M.

S. J. Lee, J. M. Baik, and M. Moskovits, “Polarization-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering from a silver-nanoparticle-decorated single silver nanowire,” Nano. Lett. 8(10), 3244–3247 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Barnes, W. L.

W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature 424(6950), 824–830 (2008).
[Crossref]

Bartlett, P. N.

T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, R. M. Cole, J. J. Baumberg, M. E. Abdelsalam, S. Cintra, S. Mahajan, A. E. Russell, and P. N. Bartlett, “Localized and delocalized plasmons in metallic nanovoids,” Phys. Rev. B 74(24), 245415 (2006).
[Crossref]

T. V. Teperik, V. V. Popov, F. J. G. de Abajo, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, J. J. Baumberg, M. E. Abdelsalem, and P. N. Bartlett, “Mie plasmon enhanced diffraction of light from nanoporous metal surfaces,” Opt. Express 14(25), 11964–11971 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Cintra, M. E. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, J. J. Baumberg, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, and A. E. Russell, “Sculpted substrates for SERS,” Faraday Discuss. 132, 191–199 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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S. Cintra, M. E. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, J. J. Baumberg, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, and A. E. Russell, “Sculpted substrates for SERS,” Faraday Discuss. 132, 191–199 (2006).
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W. L. Barnes, A. Dereux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Surface plasmon subwavelength optics,” Nature 424(6950), 824–830 (2008).
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F. Lopez-Tejeira, S. G. Rodrigo, L. Martin-Moreno, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, E. Devaux, T. W. Ebbesen, J. R. Krenn, I. P. Radko, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, M. U. Gonzalez, J. C. Weeber, and A. Dereux, “Efficient unidirectional nanoslit couplers for surface plasmons,” Nature Physics 3(5), 324–328 (2007).
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S. I. Bozhevolnyi, V. S. Volkov, E. Devaux, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Channel plasmon-polariton guiding by sub-wavelength metal grooves,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(4), 046802 (2005).
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K. Hering, D. Cialla, K. Ackermann, T. Dörfer, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, W. Fritzsche, P. Rösch, and J. Popp, “SERS: a versatile tool in chemical and biochemical diagnostics,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390(1), 113–124 (2008).
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T. V. Teperik, V. V. Popov, F. J. Garcia de Abajo, M. E. Abdelsalam, and P. N. Bartlett, “Strong coupling of light to flat metals via a buried nanovoid lattice: the interplay of localized and free plasmons,” Opt. Express 14(5), 1965–1972 (2006).
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F. Lopez-Tejeira, S. G. Rodrigo, L. Martin-Moreno, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, E. Devaux, T. W. Ebbesen, J. R. Krenn, I. P. Radko, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, M. U. Gonzalez, J. C. Weeber, and A. Dereux, “Efficient unidirectional nanoslit couplers for surface plasmons,” Nature Physics 3(5), 324–328 (2007).
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H. F. Ghaemi, T. Thio, D. E. Grupp, T. W. Ebbesen, and H. J. Lezec, “Surface plasmons enhance optical transmission through subwavelength holes,” Phys. Rev. B 58(11), 6779–6782 (1998).
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J. B. Lassiter, J. Aizpurura, L. I. Hernandez, D. W. Brandl, I. Romero, S. Lal, J. H. Hafner, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, “Close encounters between two nanoshells,” Nano. Lett. 8(4), 1212–1218 (2008).
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M. Fleischmann, P. J. Hendra, and A. J. McQuillan, “Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 26(2), 163–166 (1974).
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K. Hering, D. Cialla, K. Ackermann, T. Dörfer, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, W. Fritzsche, P. Rösch, and J. Popp, “SERS: a versatile tool in chemical and biochemical diagnostics,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390(1), 113–124 (2008).
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J. B. Lassiter, J. Aizpurura, L. I. Hernandez, D. W. Brandl, I. Romero, S. Lal, J. H. Hafner, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, “Close encounters between two nanoshells,” Nano. Lett. 8(4), 1212–1218 (2008).
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M. Fujimaki, Y. Iwanabe, C. Rockstuhl, X. Wang, K. Awazu, and J. Tominaga, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering by hemi-ellipsoidal Ag nanoparticles generated from silver-oxide thin films,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(44), 1080–1082 (2007).
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S. Cintra, M. E. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, J. J. Baumberg, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, and A. E. Russell, “Sculpted substrates for SERS,” Faraday Discuss. 132, 191–199 (2006).
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L. J. Sherry, R. Jin, C. A. Mirkin, G. C. Schatz, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of single silver triangular nanoprisms,” Nano. Lett. 6(9), 2060–2065 (2006).
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D. Cialla, R. Siebert, U. Hübner, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, J. Petschulat, A. Tünnermann, T. Pertsch, B. Dietzek, and J. Popp, “Ultrafast plasmon dynamics and evanescent field distribution of reproducible surface-enhanced Raman-scattering substrates,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394(7), 1811–1818 (2009).
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S. J. Lee, J. M. Baik, and M. Moskovits, “Polarization-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering from a silver-nanoparticle-decorated single silver nanowire,” Nano. Lett. 8(10), 3244–3247 (2008).
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Nordlander, P.

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J. B. Pendry, L. Martin-Moreno, and F. J. Garcia-Vidal, “Mimicking surface plasmons with structured surfaces,” Science 305(5685), 847–848 (2004).
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A. Sanchez-Iglesias, I. Pastoriza-Santos, J. Perez-Juste, B. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, F. J. Garcia de Abajo, and L. M. Liz-Marzan, “Synthesis and optical properties of gold nanodecahedra with size control,” Adv. Mater. 18(19), 2529–2534 (2006).
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Pertsch, T.

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P. Mühlschlegel, H.-J. Eisler, O. J. F. Martin, B. Hecht, and D. W. Pohl, “Resonant optical antennas,” Science 308(5728), 1607–1609 (2005).
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E. Verhagen, L. Kuipers, and A. Polman, “Enhanced nonlinear optical effects with a tapered plasmonic waveguide,” Nano. Lett. 7(2), 334–337 (2007).
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Popp, J.

D. Cialla, R. Siebert, U. Hübner, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, J. Petschulat, A. Tünnermann, T. Pertsch, B. Dietzek, and J. Popp, “Ultrafast plasmon dynamics and evanescent field distribution of reproducible surface-enhanced Raman-scattering substrates,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394(7), 1811–1818 (2009).
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D. Cialla, U. Hübner, H. Schneidewind, R. Möller, and J. Popp, “Probing innovative microfabricated substrates for their reproducible SERS activity,” Chem. Phys. Chem. 9(5), 758–762 (2008).
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K. Hering, D. Cialla, K. Ackermann, T. Dörfer, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, W. Fritzsche, P. Rösch, and J. Popp, “SERS: a versatile tool in chemical and biochemical diagnostics,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390(1), 113–124 (2008).
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M. Rang, A. C. Jones, F. Zhou, Z.-Y. Li, B. J. Wiley, Y. Xia, and M. B. Raschke, “Optical near-field mapping of plasmonic nanoprisms,” Nano. Lett. 8(10), 3357–3363 (2008).
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F. Lopez-Tejeira, S. G. Rodrigo, L. Martin-Moreno, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, E. Devaux, T. W. Ebbesen, J. R. Krenn, I. P. Radko, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, M. U. Gonzalez, J. C. Weeber, and A. Dereux, “Efficient unidirectional nanoslit couplers for surface plasmons,” Nature Physics 3(5), 324–328 (2007).
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A. Sanchez-Iglesias, I. Pastoriza-Santos, J. Perez-Juste, B. Rodriguez-Gonzalez, F. J. Garcia de Abajo, and L. M. Liz-Marzan, “Synthesis and optical properties of gold nanodecahedra with size control,” Adv. Mater. 18(19), 2529–2534 (2006).
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J. B. Lassiter, J. Aizpurura, L. I. Hernandez, D. W. Brandl, I. Romero, S. Lal, J. H. Hafner, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, “Close encounters between two nanoshells,” Nano. Lett. 8(4), 1212–1218 (2008).
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K. Hering, D. Cialla, K. Ackermann, T. Dörfer, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, W. Fritzsche, P. Rösch, and J. Popp, “SERS: a versatile tool in chemical and biochemical diagnostics,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390(1), 113–124 (2008).
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J. J. Baumberg, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, S. Cintra, M. E. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, and A. E. Russel, “Angle-resolved surface-enhanced Raman scattering on metallic nanostructured plasmonic crystals,” Nano. Lett. 5(11), 2262–2267 (2005).
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T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, R. M. Cole, J. J. Baumberg, M. E. Abdelsalam, S. Cintra, S. Mahajan, A. E. Russell, and P. N. Bartlett, “Localized and delocalized plasmons in metallic nanovoids,” Phys. Rev. B 74(24), 245415 (2006).
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L. J. Sherry, R. Jin, C. A. Mirkin, G. C. Schatz, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of single silver triangular nanoprisms,” Nano. Lett. 6(9), 2060–2065 (2006).
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D. Cialla, R. Siebert, U. Hübner, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, J. Petschulat, A. Tünnermann, T. Pertsch, B. Dietzek, and J. Popp, “Ultrafast plasmon dynamics and evanescent field distribution of reproducible surface-enhanced Raman-scattering substrates,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394(7), 1811–1818 (2009).
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D. Cialla, U. Hübner, H. Schneidewind, R. Möller, and J. Popp, “Probing innovative microfabricated substrates for their reproducible SERS activity,” Chem. Phys. Chem. 9(5), 758–762 (2008).
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K. Hering, D. Cialla, K. Ackermann, T. Dörfer, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, W. Fritzsche, P. Rösch, and J. Popp, “SERS: a versatile tool in chemical and biochemical diagnostics,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390(1), 113–124 (2008).
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U. Hübner, R. Boucher, H. Schneidewind, D. Cialla, and J. Popp, “Microfabricated SERS-arrays with sharp-edged metallic nanostructures,” Microelectron. Eng. 85(8), 1792–1794 (2008).
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L. J. Sherry, R. Jin, C. A. Mirkin, G. C. Schatz, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of single silver triangular nanoprisms,” Nano. Lett. 6(9), 2060–2065 (2006).
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D. Cialla, R. Siebert, U. Hübner, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, J. Petschulat, A. Tünnermann, T. Pertsch, B. Dietzek, and J. Popp, “Ultrafast plasmon dynamics and evanescent field distribution of reproducible surface-enhanced Raman-scattering substrates,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394(7), 1811–1818 (2009).
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J. J. Baumberg, T. A. Kelf, Y. Sugawara, S. Cintra, M. E. Abdelsalam, P. N. Bartlett, and A. E. Russel, “Angle-resolved surface-enhanced Raman scattering on metallic nanostructured plasmonic crystals,” Nano. Lett. 5(11), 2262–2267 (2005).
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Thio, T.

H. F. Ghaemi, T. Thio, D. E. Grupp, T. W. Ebbesen, and H. J. Lezec, “Surface plasmons enhance optical transmission through subwavelength holes,” Phys. Rev. B 58(11), 6779–6782 (1998).
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D. Cialla, R. Siebert, U. Hübner, R. Möller, H. Schneidewind, R. Mattheis, J. Petschulat, A. Tünnermann, T. Pertsch, B. Dietzek, and J. Popp, “Ultrafast plasmon dynamics and evanescent field distribution of reproducible surface-enhanced Raman-scattering substrates,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 394(7), 1811–1818 (2009).
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L. J. Sherry, R. Jin, C. A. Mirkin, G. C. Schatz, and R. P. Van Duyne, “Localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy of single silver triangular nanoprisms,” Nano. Lett. 6(9), 2060–2065 (2006).
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V. S. Volkov, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, E. Devaux, J.-Y. Laluet, and T. W. Ebbesen, “Wavelength selective nanophotonic components utilizing channel plasmon polaritons,” Nano. Lett. 7(4), 880–884 (2007).
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M. Fujimaki, Y. Iwanabe, C. Rockstuhl, X. Wang, K. Awazu, and J. Tominaga, “Surface-enhanced Raman scattering by hemi-ellipsoidal Ag nanoparticles generated from silver-oxide thin films,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(44), 1080–1082 (2007).
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F. Lopez-Tejeira, S. G. Rodrigo, L. Martin-Moreno, F. J. Garcia-Vidal, E. Devaux, T. W. Ebbesen, J. R. Krenn, I. P. Radko, S. I. Bozhevolnyi, M. U. Gonzalez, J. C. Weeber, and A. Dereux, “Efficient unidirectional nanoslit couplers for surface plasmons,” Nature Physics 3(5), 324–328 (2007).
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Other (5)

We utilized the commercially avaiable FDTD solver FullWave distributed by RSoftdesign. www.rsoftdesign.com.

U. Kreibig and M. Vollmer, Optical properties of metal clusters (Springer, Berlin, 1995).

H. Raether, Surface plasmons (Springer, New York, 1988).

C. F. Bohren and D. R. Huffman, “Absorption and scattering of light by small particles” (Wiley, New York, 1983).

Our measurement setup for transmission is represented by the commercially available far-field spectrometer λ 950 from Perkin Elmer: www.perkinelmer.com.

Supplementary Material (2)

» Media 1: MOV (1340 KB)     
» Media 2: MOV (1373 KB)     

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Figures (5)

Figure 1.
Figure 1. (Color online) (a) A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a manufactured array of nanoantennas. The inset shows a low resolution image where the two tilted gratings used in the fabrication process can be identified. (b) The atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation of a sample with a smaller crossed-grating pitch and period provides the same rhombic-shaped material distribution as already shown in (a). Additionally, one can measure and verify the manufactured thickness of the Au films which corresponds to the desired 20 nm for all samples. (c) The resulting unit cell of the manufactured structure is marked by the black line.

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Figure 2.
Figure 2. (Color online) Measured transmission spectra for sample 1 (a), sample 2 (b), and sample 3 (c). Sample 1 represents a 2D arrays of gold rhomboids sustaining two plasmonic eigenmodes. They can be excited depending on the polarization of the incident electric field with respect to the nanoantenna. For the black-dashed line the incident electric field is parallel to the long axis. For the magenta-solid line it is parallel to the short axis. The spectral position of the resonances are indicated by (1) and (2), respectively. By increasing the size and the period of the 2D nanoantenna array, as done in sample 2 (b) and 3 (c), a third resonance appears. It is understood as a propagating surface plasmon polariton. The comparison to the respective numerically (FMM) simulated spectra is shown in (d-f).

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Figure 3.
Figure 3. (Color online) The quasi-statically (a) and the numerically (b) obtained transmission spectra for an incident electric field polarized along the long (axis 1) and the short axis (axis 2) of sample 2 are presented. It can be seen that resonance (1) and (2) as the two main axes modes can be observed in both simulations. Additionally, resonance (3) is only present in the numerical calculations.

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Figure 4.
Figure 4. (Color online) (a) Variation of the resonance position as a function of the inverse lattice period in z direction: magenta squares - FMM, magenta solid lines - quasi-PSPP [Eq. (2)].(b) Wavenumber splitting of resonance (3) due to the variation of the angle of incidence θ. magenta squares - FMM, magenta solid lines - quasi-PSPP [Eq. (2)], blue triangles - measured resonance positions. The black dashed lines show the effect of lattice period and angle variation on the LSPP resonance (2) which obviously remains invariant.(d) The measured angular dependence of the transmittance for a tilting angle along the x axis (long rhombus axis) and the z axis (short rhombus axis) (e). The LSPP resonance position remains unchanged weather the quasi-PSPP resonance is sensitive to an additional k vector in z direction. The transmittance has been added with 0.2 for each incidence angle, in order to preserve clarity. Finally snapshots of time harmonic sequences, calculated with FDTD for the near field distribution of sample 3 for the LSPP (c) (Media 1) and the PSPP frequency (f) (Media 2) are presented (Hy component). A standing wave pattern for the PSPP resonance emerges and is underlined by the black-dashed line.

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Figure 5.
Figure 5. (Color online) (a) The SERS excitation wavenumber (black solid line) and the SERS measurement interval Δν (black dashed lines) together with the measured short axis resonances of sample 1 (blue triangles) and 2 (magenta solid line) are shown. Both resonances (LSPP and PSPP) are included in the SERS measurement interval for sample 2, while sample 1 comprises only the LSPP resonance at the same resonance wavenumber as sample 2. (b) The SERS intensity for a polarization along the short axis of sample 2 (magenta line) is compared with the SERS counts for sample 1 (blue line) as reference. (c) The relative improvement (factor 1.5) achieved with sample 2 with respect to sample 1 is presented. (d) The calculated SSEF (SERS surface enhancement factor) for sample 2 together with three different bands for the angular SERS measurements are indicated. (e) The polarization angle resolved SERS measurement is shown for the three aforementioned bands for sample 2.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1. Detailed parameters of the three nanoantenna samples with different manufacturing parameters that were selected for further investigation. Sample 1 represents a regular array of rhombs, which can be realized by a 34° tilt of both illumination gratings. Sample 2 and 3 are characterized by roughly the same apex angle for the nanoantenna of (27° and 34°, respectively) but they are fabricated with an increased period of both crossed gratings. This translates into a larger period of the two-dimensional nanoantenna array as well as an expansion of the nanoantenna dimensions itself. The thickness of the Au layer is a final parameter that can be used to tailor the plasmonic properties of the samples. In all samples it was chosen to be 20 nm.

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Equations (3)

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ε eff ( ω ) l = ε ∞ + A l ω 0 l 2 − ω 2 − i γ l ω .
ω c ε eff l ( ω ) ε d ( ω ) ε eff l ( ω ) + ε d ( ω ) = ω c sin ⁡ ( θ ) + m j 2 π Λ j .
SSEF ( ω ) = I SERS ( ω ) c RS H eff I RS ( ω ) μ M μ S A M .

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