Abstract

In an air-to-ground free-space optical communication system, strong background interference seriously affects the beacon detection, which makes it difficult to establish the optical link. In this paper, we propose a correlation beacon detection scheme under strong background interference conditions. As opposed to traditional beacon detection schemes, the beacon is modulated by an m-sequence at the transmitting terminal with a digital differential matched filter (DDMF) array introduced at the receiving end to detect the modulated beacon. This scheme is capable of suppressing both strong interference and noise by correlation reception of the received image sequence. In addition, the DDMF array enables each pixel of the image sensor to have its own DDMF of the same structure to process its received image sequence in parallel, thus it makes fast beacon detection possible. Theoretical analysis and an outdoor experiment have been demonstrated and show that the proposed scheme can realize fast and effective beacon detection under strong background interference conditions. Consequently, the required beacon transmission power can also be reduced dramatically.

©2010 Optical Society of America

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References

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  1. D. O'Brien and M. Katz, “Optical wireless communications within fourth-generation wireless systems [Invited],” J. Opt. Netw. 4(6), 312–322 (2005).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
  6. J. Juarez, A. Dwivedi, A. Hammons, S. Jones, V. Weerackody, and R. Nichols, “Free-Space Optical Communications for Next-generation Military Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(11), 46–51 (2006).
    [Crossref]
  7. B. Epple, “Development and Implementation of a Pointing, Acquisition and Tracking System for Optical Free-Space Communication Systems on High Altitude Platforms,” Degree Thesis (Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 2005).
  8. T. H. Ho, S. D. Milner, and C. C. Davis, “Fully optical real-time pointing, acquisition, and tracking system for free space optical link,” Proc. SPIE 5712, 81–92 (2005).
    [Crossref]
  9. V. W. S. Chan, “Optical space communications,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(6), 959–975 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  10. G. G. Ortiz, S. Lee, S. Monacos, M. Wright, and A. Biswas, “Design and development of a robust atp subsystem for the altair uav-to-ground lasercomm 2.5 gbps demonstration,” Proc. SPIE 4975, 103–114 (2003).
    [Crossref]
  11. C. C. Funk, J. Theiler, D. A. Roberts, and C. C. Borel, “Clustering to improve matched filter detection of weak gas plumes in hyperspectral thermal imagery,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 39(7), 1410–1420 (2001).
    [Crossref]
  12. G. Saavedra, R. Martínez-Cuenca, M. Martínez-Corral, H. Navarro, M. Daneshpanah, and B. Javidi, “Digital slicing of 3D scenes by Fourier filtering of integral images,” Opt. Express 16(22), 17154–17160 (2008).
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  16. J. Horwath, N. Perlot, M. Knapek, and F. Moll, “Experimental verification of optical backhaul links for high-altitude platform networks: Atmospheric turbulence and downlink availability,” Int. J. Satell. Commun. Network. 25(5), 501–528 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  17. H. Faraji and W. J. MacLean, “CCD noise removal in digital images,” IEEE Trans. Image Process. 15(9), 2676–2685 (2006).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  18. Y. Degerli, F. Lavernhe, P. Magnan, and J. A. Farre, “Analysis and reduction of signal readout circuitry temporal noise in CMOS image sensors for low-light levels,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 47(5), 949–962 (2000).
    [Crossref]
  19. Z. Zhimin, B. Pain, and E. R. Fossum, “Frame-transfer CMOS active pixel sensor with pixel binning,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 44(10), 1764–1768 (1997).
    [Crossref]
  20. E. J. Korevaar, S. H. Bloom, K. D. Slatnick, V. J. Chan, I. H. Chen, M. D. Rivers, C. Foster, K. Choi, and C. S. Liu, “Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program,” Proc. SPIE 1866, 116–127 (1993).
    [Crossref]
  21. S. Lee, J. W. Alexander, and M. Jeganathan, “Pointing and tracking subsystem design for optical communications link between the International Space Station and ground,” Proc. SPIE 3932, 150–157 (2000).
    [Crossref]

2008 (2)

2007 (2)

B. Epple and H. Henniger, “Discussion on design aspects for free-space optical communication terminals,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 45(10), 62–69 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Horwath, N. Perlot, M. Knapek, and F. Moll, “Experimental verification of optical backhaul links for high-altitude platform networks: Atmospheric turbulence and downlink availability,” Int. J. Satell. Commun. Network. 25(5), 501–528 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (3)

H. Faraji and W. J. MacLean, “CCD noise removal in digital images,” IEEE Trans. Image Process. 15(9), 2676–2685 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Juarez, A. Dwivedi, A. Hammons, S. Jones, V. Weerackody, and R. Nichols, “Free-Space Optical Communications for Next-generation Military Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(11), 46–51 (2006).
[Crossref]

V. W. S. Chan, “Free-Space Optical Communications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(12), 4750–4762 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (2)

T. H. Ho, S. D. Milner, and C. C. Davis, “Fully optical real-time pointing, acquisition, and tracking system for free space optical link,” Proc. SPIE 5712, 81–92 (2005).
[Crossref]

D. O'Brien and M. Katz, “Optical wireless communications within fourth-generation wireless systems [Invited],” J. Opt. Netw. 4(6), 312–322 (2005).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

G. G. Ortiz, S. Lee, S. Monacos, M. Wright, and A. Biswas, “Design and development of a robust atp subsystem for the altair uav-to-ground lasercomm 2.5 gbps demonstration,” Proc. SPIE 4975, 103–114 (2003).
[Crossref]

2001 (2)

C. C. Funk, J. Theiler, D. A. Roberts, and C. C. Borel, “Clustering to improve matched filter detection of weak gas plumes in hyperspectral thermal imagery,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 39(7), 1410–1420 (2001).
[Crossref]

T. C. Tozer and D. Grace, “High-altitude platforms for wireless communications,” IEE Electron. Commun. Eng. J. 13(3), 127–137 (2001).
[Crossref]

2000 (3)

S. Lee, J. W. Alexander, and M. Jeganathan, “Pointing and tracking subsystem design for optical communications link between the International Space Station and ground,” Proc. SPIE 3932, 150–157 (2000).
[Crossref]

V. W. S. Chan, “Optical space communications,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(6), 959–975 (2000).
[Crossref]

Y. Degerli, F. Lavernhe, P. Magnan, and J. A. Farre, “Analysis and reduction of signal readout circuitry temporal noise in CMOS image sensors for low-light levels,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 47(5), 949–962 (2000).
[Crossref]

1998 (1)

1997 (1)

Z. Zhimin, B. Pain, and E. R. Fossum, “Frame-transfer CMOS active pixel sensor with pixel binning,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 44(10), 1764–1768 (1997).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

E. J. Korevaar, S. H. Bloom, K. D. Slatnick, V. J. Chan, I. H. Chen, M. D. Rivers, C. Foster, K. Choi, and C. S. Liu, “Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program,” Proc. SPIE 1866, 116–127 (1993).
[Crossref]

Alexander, J. W.

S. Lee, J. W. Alexander, and M. Jeganathan, “Pointing and tracking subsystem design for optical communications link between the International Space Station and ground,” Proc. SPIE 3932, 150–157 (2000).
[Crossref]

Arce, G.

Biswas, A.

G. G. Ortiz, S. Lee, S. Monacos, M. Wright, and A. Biswas, “Design and development of a robust atp subsystem for the altair uav-to-ground lasercomm 2.5 gbps demonstration,” Proc. SPIE 4975, 103–114 (2003).
[Crossref]

Bloom, S. H.

E. J. Korevaar, S. H. Bloom, K. D. Slatnick, V. J. Chan, I. H. Chen, M. D. Rivers, C. Foster, K. Choi, and C. S. Liu, “Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program,” Proc. SPIE 1866, 116–127 (1993).
[Crossref]

Boncelet, C.

Borel, C. C.

C. C. Funk, J. Theiler, D. A. Roberts, and C. C. Borel, “Clustering to improve matched filter detection of weak gas plumes in hyperspectral thermal imagery,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 39(7), 1410–1420 (2001).
[Crossref]

Chan, V. J.

E. J. Korevaar, S. H. Bloom, K. D. Slatnick, V. J. Chan, I. H. Chen, M. D. Rivers, C. Foster, K. Choi, and C. S. Liu, “Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program,” Proc. SPIE 1866, 116–127 (1993).
[Crossref]

Chan, V. W. S.

V. W. S. Chan, “Free-Space Optical Communications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24(12), 4750–4762 (2006).
[Crossref]

V. W. S. Chan, “Optical space communications,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(6), 959–975 (2000).
[Crossref]

Chen, I. H.

E. J. Korevaar, S. H. Bloom, K. D. Slatnick, V. J. Chan, I. H. Chen, M. D. Rivers, C. Foster, K. Choi, and C. S. Liu, “Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program,” Proc. SPIE 1866, 116–127 (1993).
[Crossref]

Choi, K.

E. J. Korevaar, S. H. Bloom, K. D. Slatnick, V. J. Chan, I. H. Chen, M. D. Rivers, C. Foster, K. Choi, and C. S. Liu, “Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program,” Proc. SPIE 1866, 116–127 (1993).
[Crossref]

Daneshpanah, M.

Davis, C. C.

T. H. Ho, S. D. Milner, and C. C. Davis, “Fully optical real-time pointing, acquisition, and tracking system for free space optical link,” Proc. SPIE 5712, 81–92 (2005).
[Crossref]

Degerli, Y.

Y. Degerli, F. Lavernhe, P. Magnan, and J. A. Farre, “Analysis and reduction of signal readout circuitry temporal noise in CMOS image sensors for low-light levels,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 47(5), 949–962 (2000).
[Crossref]

Dwivedi, A.

J. Juarez, A. Dwivedi, A. Hammons, S. Jones, V. Weerackody, and R. Nichols, “Free-Space Optical Communications for Next-generation Military Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(11), 46–51 (2006).
[Crossref]

Epple, B.

B. Epple and H. Henniger, “Discussion on design aspects for free-space optical communication terminals,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 45(10), 62–69 (2007).
[Crossref]

Faraji, H.

H. Faraji and W. J. MacLean, “CCD noise removal in digital images,” IEEE Trans. Image Process. 15(9), 2676–2685 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Farre, J. A.

Y. Degerli, F. Lavernhe, P. Magnan, and J. A. Farre, “Analysis and reduction of signal readout circuitry temporal noise in CMOS image sensors for low-light levels,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 47(5), 949–962 (2000).
[Crossref]

Fossum, E. R.

Z. Zhimin, B. Pain, and E. R. Fossum, “Frame-transfer CMOS active pixel sensor with pixel binning,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 44(10), 1764–1768 (1997).
[Crossref]

Foster, C.

E. J. Korevaar, S. H. Bloom, K. D. Slatnick, V. J. Chan, I. H. Chen, M. D. Rivers, C. Foster, K. Choi, and C. S. Liu, “Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program,” Proc. SPIE 1866, 116–127 (1993).
[Crossref]

Funk, C. C.

C. C. Funk, J. Theiler, D. A. Roberts, and C. C. Borel, “Clustering to improve matched filter detection of weak gas plumes in hyperspectral thermal imagery,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 39(7), 1410–1420 (2001).
[Crossref]

Grace, D.

T. C. Tozer and D. Grace, “High-altitude platforms for wireless communications,” IEE Electron. Commun. Eng. J. 13(3), 127–137 (2001).
[Crossref]

Hammons, A.

J. Juarez, A. Dwivedi, A. Hammons, S. Jones, V. Weerackody, and R. Nichols, “Free-Space Optical Communications for Next-generation Military Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(11), 46–51 (2006).
[Crossref]

Henniger, H.

B. Epple and H. Henniger, “Discussion on design aspects for free-space optical communication terminals,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 45(10), 62–69 (2007).
[Crossref]

Ho, T. H.

T. H. Ho, S. D. Milner, and C. C. Davis, “Fully optical real-time pointing, acquisition, and tracking system for free space optical link,” Proc. SPIE 5712, 81–92 (2005).
[Crossref]

Horwath, J.

J. Horwath, N. Perlot, M. Knapek, and F. Moll, “Experimental verification of optical backhaul links for high-altitude platform networks: Atmospheric turbulence and downlink availability,” Int. J. Satell. Commun. Network. 25(5), 501–528 (2007).
[Crossref]

Javidi, B.

Jeganathan, M.

S. Lee, J. W. Alexander, and M. Jeganathan, “Pointing and tracking subsystem design for optical communications link between the International Space Station and ground,” Proc. SPIE 3932, 150–157 (2000).
[Crossref]

Jones, S.

J. Juarez, A. Dwivedi, A. Hammons, S. Jones, V. Weerackody, and R. Nichols, “Free-Space Optical Communications for Next-generation Military Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(11), 46–51 (2006).
[Crossref]

Juarez, J.

J. Juarez, A. Dwivedi, A. Hammons, S. Jones, V. Weerackody, and R. Nichols, “Free-Space Optical Communications for Next-generation Military Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(11), 46–51 (2006).
[Crossref]

Katz, M.

Knapek, M.

J. Horwath, N. Perlot, M. Knapek, and F. Moll, “Experimental verification of optical backhaul links for high-altitude platform networks: Atmospheric turbulence and downlink availability,” Int. J. Satell. Commun. Network. 25(5), 501–528 (2007).
[Crossref]

Korevaar, E. J.

E. J. Korevaar, S. H. Bloom, K. D. Slatnick, V. J. Chan, I. H. Chen, M. D. Rivers, C. Foster, K. Choi, and C. S. Liu, “Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program,” Proc. SPIE 1866, 116–127 (1993).
[Crossref]

Lavernhe, F.

Y. Degerli, F. Lavernhe, P. Magnan, and J. A. Farre, “Analysis and reduction of signal readout circuitry temporal noise in CMOS image sensors for low-light levels,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 47(5), 949–962 (2000).
[Crossref]

Lee, S.

G. G. Ortiz, S. Lee, S. Monacos, M. Wright, and A. Biswas, “Design and development of a robust atp subsystem for the altair uav-to-ground lasercomm 2.5 gbps demonstration,” Proc. SPIE 4975, 103–114 (2003).
[Crossref]

S. Lee, J. W. Alexander, and M. Jeganathan, “Pointing and tracking subsystem design for optical communications link between the International Space Station and ground,” Proc. SPIE 3932, 150–157 (2000).
[Crossref]

Liu, C. S.

E. J. Korevaar, S. H. Bloom, K. D. Slatnick, V. J. Chan, I. H. Chen, M. D. Rivers, C. Foster, K. Choi, and C. S. Liu, “Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program,” Proc. SPIE 1866, 116–127 (1993).
[Crossref]

Louthain, J. A.

MacLean, W. J.

H. Faraji and W. J. MacLean, “CCD noise removal in digital images,” IEEE Trans. Image Process. 15(9), 2676–2685 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Magnan, P.

Y. Degerli, F. Lavernhe, P. Magnan, and J. A. Farre, “Analysis and reduction of signal readout circuitry temporal noise in CMOS image sensors for low-light levels,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 47(5), 949–962 (2000).
[Crossref]

Martínez-Corral, M.

Martínez-Cuenca, R.

Milner, S. D.

T. H. Ho, S. D. Milner, and C. C. Davis, “Fully optical real-time pointing, acquisition, and tracking system for free space optical link,” Proc. SPIE 5712, 81–92 (2005).
[Crossref]

Moll, F.

J. Horwath, N. Perlot, M. Knapek, and F. Moll, “Experimental verification of optical backhaul links for high-altitude platform networks: Atmospheric turbulence and downlink availability,” Int. J. Satell. Commun. Network. 25(5), 501–528 (2007).
[Crossref]

Monacos, S.

G. G. Ortiz, S. Lee, S. Monacos, M. Wright, and A. Biswas, “Design and development of a robust atp subsystem for the altair uav-to-ground lasercomm 2.5 gbps demonstration,” Proc. SPIE 4975, 103–114 (2003).
[Crossref]

Navarro, H.

Nichols, R.

J. Juarez, A. Dwivedi, A. Hammons, S. Jones, V. Weerackody, and R. Nichols, “Free-Space Optical Communications for Next-generation Military Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(11), 46–51 (2006).
[Crossref]

O'Brien, D.

Ortiz, G. G.

G. G. Ortiz, S. Lee, S. Monacos, M. Wright, and A. Biswas, “Design and development of a robust atp subsystem for the altair uav-to-ground lasercomm 2.5 gbps demonstration,” Proc. SPIE 4975, 103–114 (2003).
[Crossref]

Pain, B.

Z. Zhimin, B. Pain, and E. R. Fossum, “Frame-transfer CMOS active pixel sensor with pixel binning,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 44(10), 1764–1768 (1997).
[Crossref]

Perlot, N.

J. Horwath, N. Perlot, M. Knapek, and F. Moll, “Experimental verification of optical backhaul links for high-altitude platform networks: Atmospheric turbulence and downlink availability,” Int. J. Satell. Commun. Network. 25(5), 501–528 (2007).
[Crossref]

Rivers, M. D.

E. J. Korevaar, S. H. Bloom, K. D. Slatnick, V. J. Chan, I. H. Chen, M. D. Rivers, C. Foster, K. Choi, and C. S. Liu, “Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program,” Proc. SPIE 1866, 116–127 (1993).
[Crossref]

Roberts, D. A.

C. C. Funk, J. Theiler, D. A. Roberts, and C. C. Borel, “Clustering to improve matched filter detection of weak gas plumes in hyperspectral thermal imagery,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 39(7), 1410–1420 (2001).
[Crossref]

Saavedra, G.

Schmidt, J. D.

Slatnick, K. D.

E. J. Korevaar, S. H. Bloom, K. D. Slatnick, V. J. Chan, I. H. Chen, M. D. Rivers, C. Foster, K. Choi, and C. S. Liu, “Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program,” Proc. SPIE 1866, 116–127 (1993).
[Crossref]

Theiler, J.

C. C. Funk, J. Theiler, D. A. Roberts, and C. C. Borel, “Clustering to improve matched filter detection of weak gas plumes in hyperspectral thermal imagery,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 39(7), 1410–1420 (2001).
[Crossref]

Tozer, T. C.

T. C. Tozer and D. Grace, “High-altitude platforms for wireless communications,” IEE Electron. Commun. Eng. J. 13(3), 127–137 (2001).
[Crossref]

Weerackody, V.

J. Juarez, A. Dwivedi, A. Hammons, S. Jones, V. Weerackody, and R. Nichols, “Free-Space Optical Communications for Next-generation Military Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(11), 46–51 (2006).
[Crossref]

Wright, M.

G. G. Ortiz, S. Lee, S. Monacos, M. Wright, and A. Biswas, “Design and development of a robust atp subsystem for the altair uav-to-ground lasercomm 2.5 gbps demonstration,” Proc. SPIE 4975, 103–114 (2003).
[Crossref]

Xia, X. G.

Zhimin, Z.

Z. Zhimin, B. Pain, and E. R. Fossum, “Frame-transfer CMOS active pixel sensor with pixel binning,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 44(10), 1764–1768 (1997).
[Crossref]

IEE Electron. Commun. Eng. J. (1)

T. C. Tozer and D. Grace, “High-altitude platforms for wireless communications,” IEE Electron. Commun. Eng. J. 13(3), 127–137 (2001).
[Crossref]

IEEE Commun. Mag. (2)

B. Epple and H. Henniger, “Discussion on design aspects for free-space optical communication terminals,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 45(10), 62–69 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Juarez, A. Dwivedi, A. Hammons, S. Jones, V. Weerackody, and R. Nichols, “Free-Space Optical Communications for Next-generation Military Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag. 44(11), 46–51 (2006).
[Crossref]

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (1)

V. W. S. Chan, “Optical space communications,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 6(6), 959–975 (2000).
[Crossref]

IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. (2)

Y. Degerli, F. Lavernhe, P. Magnan, and J. A. Farre, “Analysis and reduction of signal readout circuitry temporal noise in CMOS image sensors for low-light levels,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 47(5), 949–962 (2000).
[Crossref]

Z. Zhimin, B. Pain, and E. R. Fossum, “Frame-transfer CMOS active pixel sensor with pixel binning,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Dev. 44(10), 1764–1768 (1997).
[Crossref]

IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. (1)

C. C. Funk, J. Theiler, D. A. Roberts, and C. C. Borel, “Clustering to improve matched filter detection of weak gas plumes in hyperspectral thermal imagery,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. 39(7), 1410–1420 (2001).
[Crossref]

IEEE Trans. Image Process. (1)

H. Faraji and W. J. MacLean, “CCD noise removal in digital images,” IEEE Trans. Image Process. 15(9), 2676–2685 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Int. J. Satell. Commun. Network. (1)

J. Horwath, N. Perlot, M. Knapek, and F. Moll, “Experimental verification of optical backhaul links for high-altitude platform networks: Atmospheric turbulence and downlink availability,” Int. J. Satell. Commun. Network. 25(5), 501–528 (2007).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (1)

J. Opt. Netw. (1)

Opt. Express (3)

Proc. SPIE (4)

T. H. Ho, S. D. Milner, and C. C. Davis, “Fully optical real-time pointing, acquisition, and tracking system for free space optical link,” Proc. SPIE 5712, 81–92 (2005).
[Crossref]

E. J. Korevaar, S. H. Bloom, K. D. Slatnick, V. J. Chan, I. H. Chen, M. D. Rivers, C. Foster, K. Choi, and C. S. Liu, “Status of SDIO/IS&T lasercom testbed program,” Proc. SPIE 1866, 116–127 (1993).
[Crossref]

S. Lee, J. W. Alexander, and M. Jeganathan, “Pointing and tracking subsystem design for optical communications link between the International Space Station and ground,” Proc. SPIE 3932, 150–157 (2000).
[Crossref]

G. G. Ortiz, S. Lee, S. Monacos, M. Wright, and A. Biswas, “Design and development of a robust atp subsystem for the altair uav-to-ground lasercomm 2.5 gbps demonstration,” Proc. SPIE 4975, 103–114 (2003).
[Crossref]

Other (3)

S. W. Golomb, and G. Gong, Signal Design for Good Correlation: For Wireless Communication, Cryptography, and Radar, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005).

L. C. Andrews, and R. L. Phillips, Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media, Second edition, (SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, 2005), Chap.6.

B. Epple, “Development and Implementation of a Pointing, Acquisition and Tracking System for Optical Free-Space Communication Systems on High Altitude Platforms,” Degree Thesis (Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 2005).

Supplementary Material (4)

» Media 1: MOV (2157 KB)     
» Media 2: MOV (1524 KB)     
» Media 3: MOV (1665 KB)     
» Media 4: MOV (969 KB)     

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Figures (8)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 PAT process of the air-to-ground optical wireless link.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 The PDF of the normalized laser beam irradiance.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 The structure of DDMF.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 DP versus TNR and ISNR with different N. (a) N takes 7, (b) N takes 15, (c) N takes 31, (d) N takes 63.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 (a) FAP versus TNR, (b) ISNR versus TNR when DP equals to 0.99.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Outdoor experiment setup.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Outdoor experiment results.(a) original image captured by camera,(b) original gray scale map of the image,(c) processed image (N = 7, ISNR = 4).

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Fig. 8
Fig. 8 Single-frame excerpts from animations of the peak filter output changes with the growth of ISNR. (a) N takes 7 (Media 1). (b) N takes 15 (Media 2). (c) N takes 31 (Media 3). (d) N takes 63 (Media 4).

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Tables (2)

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Table 1 The requirements for ISNR and TNR with different N (FAP<0.01, DP>0.99)

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Table 2 Comparison of the traditional detection scheme and the proposed scheme (FAP<0.01, DP>0.99)

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Equations (19)

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σ I 2 = < I 2 > < I > 2 − 1 ,
p ( I n ) = 1 I n 2 π σ I 2 exp { − [ ln ( I n ) + 1 2 σ I 2 ] 2 2 σ I 2 } ,
σ n ( i ) = σ e l e 2 + σ s h o t 2 ( i ) .
I S I R = P b P intmax ,
I S N R = P b e f σ nmax ,
a ( n ) = S ( n ) ,   b ( n ) = S ( n + q ) ,     n ∈ ( 0 , 1 , ⋯ N ​ − 1 ) ,
I ( m , i ) = { I b a c k ( m , i )    only background I b e a c o n ( m , i ) + I b a c k ( m , i )    background with b e a c o n ,
U o ( m , i ) = a ( n ) ∗ I ( m , i ) − b ( n ) ∗ I ( m , i ) = ∑ k = 0 N − 1 a ( k ) I ( m + k , i ) − ∑ k = 0 N − 1 b ( k ) I ( m + k , i ) ,
E ( U 0 ( m , i ) ) | H 0 = E [ ∑ k = 0 N − 1 a ( k ) I ( m + k , i ) − ∑ k = 0 N − 1 b ( k ) I ( m + k , i ) ] = ( ∑ k = 0 N − 1 a ( k ) − ∑ k = 0 N − 1 b ( k ) ) ⋅ E ( I b a c k ( m , i ) ) = 0.
E ( U 0 ( m , i ) ) | H 1 = E [ ∑ k = 0 N − 1 a ( k ) I ( m + k , i ) − ∑ k = 0 N − 1 b ( k ) I ( m + k , i ) ] = E [ ∑ k = 0 N − 1 a ( k ) ( I b e a c o n ( m + k ) + I b a c k ( m + k ) ) − ∑ k = 0 N − 1 b ( k ) ( I b e a c o n ( m + k ) + I b a c k ( m + k ) ) ] = { N + 1 4 P b p ,      when the image sequence matches the above part of DDMF; 0 � when the image sequence does not match the DDMF; − N + 1 4 P b p ,    when the  image sequence matches the below part of DDMF;
D ( U 0 ( m , i ) ) = D [ ∑ k = 0 N − 1 a ( k ) I ( m + k , i ) − ∑ k = 0 N − 1 b ( k ) I ( m + k , i ) ] = ∑ k = 0 N − 1 ( a ( k ) − b ( k ) ) 2 ⋅ D ( I ( m + k , i ) ) = N + 1 2 σ n 2 ( i ) .
p ( U o ( i ) ) | H 0 = 1 ( N + 1 ) π ⋅ σ n ( i ) exp ( − U o 2 ( N + 1 ) σ n 2 ( i ) ) ,
p ( U o ( i ) ) | H 1 = 1 ( N + 1 ) π ⋅ σ n ( i ) exp ( − ( U o − P ) 2 ( N + 1 ) σ n 2 ( i ) ) ,
P f a _ i m a g e = 1 − ∏ i = 1 M ( 1 − P f a _ p i x e l i ) = 1 − ( 1 − ∫ β ∞ 1 ( N + 1 ) π ⋅ σ n max exp ( − U o 2 ( N + 1 ) ⋅ σ n max 2 ) d U o ) M = 1 − ( 1 2 + 1 2 e r f ( β N + 1 ⋅ σ n max ) ) M ,
P f a _ i m a g e = 1 − ( 1 2 + 1 2 e r f ( T N R N + 1 ) ) M .
P dt_image = P { U o ( m , i ) ≥ β , U o ( m , i ) > U o ( m , k ) , 1 ≤ k ≤ M , k ≠ i } = ∫ β ∞ ∏ k = 1 , k ≠ i M p { U o ( m , k ) < U o ( m , i ) | U o ( m , i ) } p ( U o ( m , i ) ) d U o ( m , i ) = 1 π ∫ T N R N + 1 ⋅ ∞ [ 1 2 + 1 2 e r f ( z ) ] M − 1 exp [ − ( z − P N + 1 ⋅ σ n max ) 2 ] d z .
P b _ a v e = P b p ⋅ ( N + 1 ) 2 N .
I S N R = P b _ a v e σ n max .
P dt_image = 1 π ∫ T N R N + 1 ⋅ σ n ∞ [ 1 2 + 1 2 e r f ( z ) ] M − 1 exp [ − ( z − I S N R ⋅ N 2 N + 1 ) 2 ] d z .

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