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Structural templating of multiple polycrystalline layers in organic photovoltaic cells

Brian E. Lassiter, Richard R. Lunt, C. Kyle Renshaw, and Stephen R. Forrest

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

We demonstrate that organic photovoltaic cell performance is influenced by changes in the crystalline orientation of composite layer structures. A 1.5 nm thick self-organized, polycrystalline template layer of 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) orients subsequently deposited layers of a diindenoperylene exciton blocking layer, and the donor, copper phthalocyanine (CuPc). Control over the crystalline orientation of the CuPc leads to changes in its frontier energy levels, absorption coefficient, and surface morphology, resulting in an increase of power conversion efficiency at 1 sun from 1.42 ± 0.04% to 2.19 ± 0.05% for a planar heterojunction and from 1.89 ± 0.05% to 2.49 ± 0.03% for a planar-mixed heterojunction.

©2010 Optical Society of America

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Figures (4)
Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) X-ray diffraction patterns of PTCDA, CuPc, DIP, and combinations of these layers on Si. The standing-up CuPc (200) orientation (b) disappears when CuPc is grown on a pre-deposited PTCDA template layer. This orientation is then replaced by the (c) flat-lying orientations as evidenced by the appearance of the (312) and ( 3 ¯ 13) diffraction peaks.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy data for 1.5 nm thick PTCDA, 5.0 nm thick CuPc, and 5.0 nm thick templated films of DIP and CuPc on indium tin oxide (ITO). The high energy cutoff of CuPc shifts ~0.2 eV when templated on PTCDA compared to films on ITO. Dashed lines show extrapolations of the data to the energy axis. (b) Energy level diagrams inferred from the measured highest occupied molecular orbital energies CuPc and PTCDA (units of eV). Symbols and colors in (a) correspond to those in (b).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Atomic force microscope images of (a) 25 nm thick CuPc, (b) 1.5 nm thick PTCDA/25 nm thick CuPc, (c) 1.5 nm thick DIP/25 thick nm CuPc, and (d) 1.5 nm thick PTCDA/1.5 nm thick DIP/25 nm CuPc. Lateral spans of each image are 5 μm. The cluster-like morphology of 3(d) suggests a bulk heterojunction interface between CuPc and C60.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 (a) External quantum efficiency (EQE) and absorption measured for Devices I - IV. (b) Ratio of the internal quantum efficiencies (IQE) of Device IV to Device III.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 OPV performance for planar heterojunction (PHJ) and planar-mixed heterojunction (PMHJ) devices under simulated 1 sun, AM1.5G illumination

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