Octave-spanning supercontinuum generated in SF6-glass PCF by a 1060 nm mode-locked fibre laser delivering 20 pJ per pulse

H. Hundertmark; S. Rammler; T. Wilken; R. Holzwarth; T. W. Hänsch; P. St.J. Russell

doi:10.1364/OE.17.001919

Octave-spanning supercontinuum generated in SF6-glass PCF by a 1060 nm mode-locked fibre laser delivering 20 pJ per pulse

H. Hundertmark, S. Rammler, T. Wilken, R. Holzwarth, T. W. Hänsch, and P. St.J. Russell

Optics Express
Vol. 17,
Issue 3,
pp. 1919-1924
(2009)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.001919

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H. Hundertmark, S. Rammler, T. Wilken, R. Holzwarth, T. W. Hänsch, and P. St.J. Russell, "Octave-spanning supercontinuum generated in SF6-glass PCF by a 1060 nm mode-locked fibre laser delivering 20 pJ per pulse," Opt. Express 17, 1919-1924 (2009)

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Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Lasers, fiber (140.3510)
- Nonlinear optics, fibers (190.4370)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: November 4, 2008
- Revised Manuscript: January 16, 2009
- Manuscript Accepted: January 30, 2009
- Published: January 30, 2009
Virtual Issues
Optics Express Focus Issue: Astrophotonics (2009)

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Abstract

We report the generation of an octave-spanning supercontinuum in SF6-glass photonic crystal fiber using a diode-pumped passively mode-locked fs Yb-fiber laser oscillating at 1060 nm. The pulses (energy up to 500 pJ and duration 60 fs) were launched into a 4 cm length of PCF (core diameter 1.7 μm and zero-dispersion wavelength ~1060 nm). Less than 20 pJ of launched pulse energy was sufficient to generate a supercontinuum from 600 nm to 1450 nm, which represents the lowest energy so far reported for generation of an octave-spanning supercontinuum from a 1 μm pump. Since the laser pulse energy scales inversely with the repetition rate, highly compact and efficient sources based on SF6-glass PCF are likely to be especially useful for efficient spectral broadening at high repetition rates (several GHz), such as those needed for the precise calibration of astronomical spectrographs, where a frequency comb spacing >10 GHz is required for the best performance.

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References

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|
Author
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Publication

P. St.J. Russell, “Photonic-crystal fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 4729–4749 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/JLT/abstract.cfm?URI=JLT-24-12-4729.
[Crossref]
J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 1135–1184 (2006), http://link.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v78/p1135.
[Crossref]
V. V. R. K. Kumar, A. K. George, W. H. Reeves, J. C. Knight, P. St.J. Russell, F. G. Omenetto, and A. J. Taylor, “Extruded soft glass photonic crystal fiber for ultrabroad supercontinuum generation,” Opt. Express 10, 1520–1525 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-25-1520.
[PubMed]
R. Holzwarth, T. Udem, T. W. Haensch, J. C. Knight, W. J. Wadsworth, and P. St.J. Russell, “Optical frequency synthesizer for precision spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2264–2267 (2000), http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v85/p2264.
[Crossref] [PubMed]
D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. J. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288, 635–639 (2000), http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/288/5466/635.
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Hundertmark, D. Kracht, D. Wandt, C. Fallnich, V. V. R. K. Kumar, A. K. George, J. C. Knight, and P. St.J. Russell, “Supercontinuum generation with 200 pJ laser pulses in an extruded SF6 fiber at 1560 nm,” Opt. Express 11, 3196–3201 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-11-24-3196.
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. Petropoulos, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, V. Finazzi, R. Moore, K. Frampton, D. J. Richardson, and M. Monro, “Highly nonlinear and anomalously dispersive lead silicate glass holey fibers,” Opt. Express 11, 3568–3573 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-11-26-3568.
[Crossref] [PubMed]
J. Y. Y. Leong, P. Petropoulos, J. H. V. Price, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, S. Asimakis, R. C. Moore, K. E. Frampton, V. Finazzi, X. Feng, T. M. Monro, and D. J. Richardson, “High-nonlinearity dispersion-shifted lead-silicate holey fibers for efficient 1-μm pumped supercontinuum generation,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 183–190 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/JLT/abstract.cfm?URI=JLT-24-1-183.
[Crossref]
H. Lim, F. O. Ilday, and F. W. Wise, “Femtosecond ytterbium fiber laser with photonic crystal fiber for dispersion control,” Opt. Express 10,1497–1502 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-10-25-1497.
[PubMed]
M. Schultz, O. Prochnow, A. Ruehl, D. Wandt, D. Kracht, S. Ramachandran, and S. Ghalmi, “Sub-60-fs Yb-doped fiber laser with a fiber-based dispersion compensation,” Opt. Lett. 32, 2372–2374 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-32-16-2372.
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Lim, F. O. Ilday, and F. W. Wise, “Generation of 2-nJ pulses from a femtosecond Yb fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 28, 660–662 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-8-660.
[Crossref] [PubMed]
T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, H. Zellmer, A. Tunnermann, and K. P. Hansen, “High average power supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Commun. 228, 71–78 (2003).
[Crossref]
S. Kivistö, R. Herda, and O. G. Okhotnikov, “All-fiber supercontinuum source based on a mode-locked Yb laser with dispersion compensation by linearly chirped Bragg grating,” Opt. Express 16, 265–270 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-l 6-1 -265.
[Crossref] [PubMed]
K. Bizheva, B. Povazay, J. Herrmann, H. Sattmann, W. Drexler, M. Mei, R. Holzwarth, T. Hoelzenbein, V. Wacheck, and H. Pehamberger, “Compact, broad-bandwidth fiber laser for sub-2-micrometer axial resolution optical coherence tomography in the 1300-nm wavelength region,” Opt. Lett. 28, 707–709 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-9-707.
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. T. Murphy, Th. Udem, R. Holzwarth, A. Sizmann, L. Pasquini, C. Araujo-Hauck, H. Dekker, S. D’Odorico, M. Fischer, T. W. Hansch, and A. Mänescau, “High-precision wavelength calibration of astronomical spectrographs with laser frequency combs,” Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 380, 839–847 (2007).
[Crossref]
T. Steinmetz, T. Wilken, C. Araujo-Hauck, R. Holzwarth, T. W. Haensch, L. Pasquini, A. Manescau, S. D’Odorico, M. T. Murphy, T. Kentischer, W. Schmidt, and T. Udem, “Laser frequency combs for astronomical observations,” Science 321, 1335–1337 (2008), http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/321/5894/1335.
[Crossref] [PubMed]
H. Hundertmark, D. Wandt, C. Fallnich, N. Haverkamp, and H. Telle, “Phase-locked carrier-envelope-offset frequency at 1560 nm,” Opt. Express 12, 770–775 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.ore/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-5-770.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (2)

T. Steinmetz, T. Wilken, C. Araujo-Hauck, R. Holzwarth, T. W. Haensch, L. Pasquini, A. Manescau, S. D’Odorico, M. T. Murphy, T. Kentischer, W. Schmidt, and T. Udem, “Laser frequency combs for astronomical observations,” Science 321, 1335–1337 (2008), http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/321/5894/1335.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Kivistö, R. Herda, and O. G. Okhotnikov, “All-fiber supercontinuum source based on a mode-locked Yb laser with dispersion compensation by linearly chirped Bragg grating,” Opt. Express 16, 265–270 (2008), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-l 6-1 -265.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (2)

M. Schultz, O. Prochnow, A. Ruehl, D. Wandt, D. Kracht, S. Ramachandran, and S. Ghalmi, “Sub-60-fs Yb-doped fiber laser with a fiber-based dispersion compensation,” Opt. Lett. 32, 2372–2374 (2007), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-32-16-2372.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. T. Murphy, Th. Udem, R. Holzwarth, A. Sizmann, L. Pasquini, C. Araujo-Hauck, H. Dekker, S. D’Odorico, M. Fischer, T. W. Hansch, and A. Mänescau, “High-precision wavelength calibration of astronomical spectrographs with laser frequency combs,” Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 380, 839–847 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (3)

J. Y. Y. Leong, P. Petropoulos, J. H. V. Price, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, S. Asimakis, R. C. Moore, K. E. Frampton, V. Finazzi, X. Feng, T. M. Monro, and D. J. Richardson, “High-nonlinearity dispersion-shifted lead-silicate holey fibers for efficient 1-μm pumped supercontinuum generation,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 183–190 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/JLT/abstract.cfm?URI=JLT-24-1-183.
[Crossref]

P. St.J. Russell, “Photonic-crystal fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 4729–4749 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/JLT/abstract.cfm?URI=JLT-24-12-4729.
[Crossref]

J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 1135–1184 (2006), http://link.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v78/p1135.
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

H. Hundertmark, D. Wandt, C. Fallnich, N. Haverkamp, and H. Telle, “Phase-locked carrier-envelope-offset frequency at 1560 nm,” Opt. Express 12, 770–775 (2004), http://www.opticsinfobase.ore/oe/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-12-5-770.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (5)

T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, H. Zellmer, A. Tunnermann, and K. P. Hansen, “High average power supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Commun. 228, 71–78 (2003).
[Crossref]

H. Lim, F. O. Ilday, and F. W. Wise, “Generation of 2-nJ pulses from a femtosecond Yb fiber laser,” Opt. Lett. 28, 660–662 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-8-660.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. Bizheva, B. Povazay, J. Herrmann, H. Sattmann, W. Drexler, M. Mei, R. Holzwarth, T. Hoelzenbein, V. Wacheck, and H. Pehamberger, “Compact, broad-bandwidth fiber laser for sub-2-micrometer axial resolution optical coherence tomography in the 1300-nm wavelength region,” Opt. Lett. 28, 707–709 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?URI=ol-28-9-707.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Hundertmark, D. Kracht, D. Wandt, C. Fallnich, V. V. R. K. Kumar, A. K. George, J. C. Knight, and P. St.J. Russell, “Supercontinuum generation with 200 pJ laser pulses in an extruded SF6 fiber at 1560 nm,” Opt. Express 11, 3196–3201 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-11-24-3196.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Petropoulos, H. Ebendorff-Heidepriem, V. Finazzi, R. Moore, K. Frampton, D. J. Richardson, and M. Monro, “Highly nonlinear and anomalously dispersive lead silicate glass holey fibers,” Opt. Express 11, 3568–3573 (2003), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-11-26-3568.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2002 (2)

H. Lim, F. O. Ilday, and F. W. Wise, “Femtosecond ytterbium fiber laser with photonic crystal fiber for dispersion control,” Opt. Express 10,1497–1502 (2002), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=oe-10-25-1497.
[PubMed]

V. V. R. K. Kumar, A. K. George, W. H. Reeves, J. C. Knight, P. St.J. Russell, F. G. Omenetto, and A. J. Taylor, “Extruded soft glass photonic crystal fiber for ultrabroad supercontinuum generation,” Opt. Express 10, 1520–1525 (2002), http://www.opticsexpress.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-25-1520.
[PubMed]

2000 (2)

R. Holzwarth, T. Udem, T. W. Haensch, J. C. Knight, W. J. Wadsworth, and P. St.J. Russell, “Optical frequency synthesizer for precision spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2264–2267 (2000), http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v85/p2264.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. K. Ranka, A. J. Stentz, R. S. Windeler, J. L. Hall, and S. T. Cundiff, “Carrier-envelope phase control of femtosecond mode-locked lasers and direct optical frequency synthesis,” Science 288, 635–639 (2000), http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/288/5466/635.
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Araujo-Hauck, C.

Asimakis, S.

Bizheva, K.

Coen, S.

J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 1135–1184 (2006), http://link.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v78/p1135.
[Crossref]

Cundiff, S. T.

D’Odorico, S.

Dekker, H.

Diddams, S. A.

Drexler, W.

Dudley, J. M.

J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 1135–1184 (2006), http://link.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v78/p1135.
[Crossref]

Ebendorff-Heidepriem, H.

Fallnich, C.

Feng, X.

Finazzi, V.

Fischer, M.

Frampton, K.

Frampton, K. E.

Genty, G.

J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 1135–1184 (2006), http://link.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v78/p1135.
[Crossref]

George, A. K.

Ghalmi, S.

Haensch, T. W.

Hall, J. L.

Hansch, T. W.

Hansen, K. P.

T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, H. Zellmer, A. Tunnermann, and K. P. Hansen, “High average power supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Commun. 228, 71–78 (2003).
[Crossref]

Haverkamp, N.

Herda, R.

Herrmann, J.

Hoelzenbein, T.

Holzwarth, R.

Hundertmark, H.

Ilday, F. O.

Jones, D. J.

Kentischer, T.

Kivistö, S.

Knight, J. C.

Kracht, D.

Kumar, V. V. R. K.

Leong, J. Y. Y.

Lim, H.

Limpert, J.

T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, H. Zellmer, A. Tunnermann, and K. P. Hansen, “High average power supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Commun. 228, 71–78 (2003).
[Crossref]

Manescau, A.

Mänescau, A.

Mei, M.

Monro, M.

Monro, T. M.

Moore, R.

Moore, R. C.

Murphy, M. T.

Okhotnikov, O. G.

Omenetto, F. G.

Pasquini, L.

Pehamberger, H.

Petropoulos, P.

Povazay, B.

Price, J. H. V.

Prochnow, O.

Ramachandran, S.

Ranka, J. K.

Reeves, W. H.

Richardson, D. J.

Ruehl, A.

Russell, P. St.J.

P. St.J. Russell, “Photonic-crystal fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 4729–4749 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/JLT/abstract.cfm?URI=JLT-24-12-4729.
[Crossref]

Sattmann, H.

Schmidt, W.

Schreiber, T.

T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, H. Zellmer, A. Tunnermann, and K. P. Hansen, “High average power supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Commun. 228, 71–78 (2003).
[Crossref]

Schultz, M.

Sizmann, A.

Steinmetz, T.

Stentz, A. J.

Taylor, A. J.

Telle, H.

Tunnermann, A.

T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, H. Zellmer, A. Tunnermann, and K. P. Hansen, “High average power supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Commun. 228, 71–78 (2003).
[Crossref]

Udem, T.

Udem, Th.

Wacheck, V.

Wadsworth, W. J.

Wandt, D.

Wilken, T.

Windeler, R. S.

Wise, F. W.

Zellmer, H.

T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, H. Zellmer, A. Tunnermann, and K. P. Hansen, “High average power supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Commun. 228, 71–78 (2003).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (2)

P. St.J. Russell, “Photonic-crystal fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 4729–4749 (2006), http://www.opticsinfobase.org/JLT/abstract.cfm?URI=JLT-24-12-4729.
[Crossref]

Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. (1)

Opt. Commun. (1)

T. Schreiber, J. Limpert, H. Zellmer, A. Tunnermann, and K. P. Hansen, “High average power supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fibers,” Opt. Commun. 228, 71–78 (2003).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (6)

Opt. Lett. (3)

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

Rev. Mod. Phys. (1)

J. M. Dudley, G. Genty, and S. Coen, “Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 1135–1184 (2006), http://link.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v78/p1135.
[Crossref]

Science (2)

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Fig. 1. Optical micrograph of a 1.2 mm diameter cane (left) and scanning electron micrograph of the core region in the final fiber (right).

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Fig. 2. (Left) Loss of the SF6-glass PCF measured by the cut-back method. It is about 10 times higher than in bulk glass (red dots). (Right) Group velocity dispersion of bulk SF6 glass (blue line) and measured group velocity dispersion of the fiber: Two zero dispersion wavelengths appear at 1060 and 1080 nm, caused either by slight geometrical asymmetry in the core structure or residual stresses and corresponding to orthogonal polarization eigen-states.

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Fig. 3. Set-up for supercontinuum generation: TGC = transmission grating compressor; I = Faraday isolator; PBS = polarization beam splitter. The output spectrum was launched into a multimode fiber and coupled to an optical spectrum analyzer.

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Fig. 4. Optical spectra of the Yb-oscillator (laser) before the PCF and for different launched pulse energies after 4 cm of SF6-glass PCF. The left-hand vertical scale refers to the 66 pJ plot; the other plots have been displaced downwards for clarity. An octave is reached at pulse energies below 20 pJ. The features on the extreme left-hand side (outside the shaded region) are an artefact of the spectrum analyzer. Above, the visible part of the spectrum at maximum launched pulse energy is shown after spatial separation with a grating.

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